HoA 3 - Indian Architecture
Indus Valley Civilization
- Civic & town planning - Structures are utilitarian in character: Granaries, water-course and tanks, sewage
Artificial Caves In Eastern India
- These artificial caves exhibit an amazing technical proficiency , that extremely hard granite tock being cut in geometrical fashion and polished in mirror-like finish. - State-sponsored structures - Consist of two chambers, carved entirely out of granite.
stepwell
- a large hole in the ground with steps at one or more sides - they are used in India to collect and conserve water from the monsoon rains, for use in the dry season.
water and gardens
- appropriate site for a Mandir is near__________________, where lotus and flowers bloom
ARDHAMANDAPA
- entrance porch forming a transitional area between the outside and a mandapa of the temple
VASTU-PURUSHA-MANDALA
- geometrical floor plan in a symmetrical, self-repeating structure derived from central beliefs, myths, cardinality and mathematical principles -Vastu (dwelling structure); Purusha (core of Hindu traditionj); Mandala (circle)
Garbhagriya
- innermost sanctuary of a Hindu and Jain temples where resides the murti (idol or icon) of the primary deity of the temple
Chaityas (shrine or prayer hall)
- it refers to a space with a stupa and a rounded apse at the end opposite the entrance
4. Visvakarma Cave
- one among four caves of barabar - also known Viswa Mitra - located at the eastern sided of Barabar Hill - having a rectangular room open to the outside
3. Karan Chaupar
- one among four caves of barabar - located at the northern side of Barabar Hill - consist of single rectangular room
2. Sudama Cave
- one among four caves of barabar - located at the southern side of Barabar Hill, adjacent to Lomas Rishi cave - it has an arched ceiling
1. Lomas Rishi
- one among four caves of barabar - located at the southern side of the Barabar Hill - consists of two rooms: a rectangular and semi-hemispherical room
MANDAPA
- pillared hall or pavilion for public rituals
KALASA
- pinnacle element in the form of a vase finial of a temple's tower
front, left
- recommend that a pond be built preferably in _____ or to the ____________ of the temple with water gardens if no natural body of water is present
Viharas (monasteries)
- refers to living quarters for monks with an open shared space or courtyard
SIKHARA
- rising tower in the Hindu temple
AMALAKA
- segmented or notched stone disk, usually with ridges on the rim, that sits on the top of a Hindu temple's
Manduka, Bhekapada or Ajira
-64 grid temple is called Brahma but also called_________, __________ or ____________ in various ancient Sanskrit texts
padas
-the square is divided into perfect square grids, called
- horsehoe arches (gavakshas) - distinct curved tower (shikhara) - ribbed disk ornamentation (amalaka)
Architectural contributions of the Gupta temple were:
1.Early Natural Caves 2. Artificial Caves 3. Monolithic rock-cut temples 4. Stepwells
Examples of Indian Rock-cut Architecture
1. Lomas Rishi 2. Sudama Cave 3. Karan Chaupar 4. Visvakarma Cave
Four caves of Barabar
MANDIR
Hindu temples are called
1. Viharas (monasteries) 2. Stupas (veneration placce) 3. Chaityas (shrine or prayer hall)
Three types of structures are associated with the religious architecture of early Buddhism
ribbed disk ornamentation
amalaka
Barabar Hill Caves
are considered the oldest surviving rock-cut caves in India.
Mandala
circle
Purusha
core of Hindu tradition
-Vastu
dwelling structure
horsehoe arches
gavakshas
murti
idol or icon
Stupas (Veneration Place)
is a mound-like or hemispherical structure containing relics typically the remains of Buddhist monks or nuns that is used as a place of meditation
monolithic rock-cut temple
is chiselled out of a single colossal rock in the shape of masonry or wooden temples including embellishment on walls and other areas showcasing fine work of art and engineering.
the square
is considered divine for its perfection and as a symbolic product of knowledge and human thought
64 grid/Brama
is considered the most sacred geometric grid in Hindu temples
Rock-cut architecture
is the practice of creating a structure by carving it out of solid natural rock. More abundant in India, with more than 1, 500 known structures.
Gupta Architecture
is very diverse in style, design and features. This illustrates that Hindu temple architecture was in its formative stage and was yet to arrive at the standardized situation of later centuries.
Viharas
monasteries
PETROGLYPHS
rock-cut designs that were created by carving, chiseling and abrading part of rock surfaces forms the early instances of such rock caves
distinct curved tower
shikhara
Chaityas
shrine or prayer hall
Guptas
the first dynasty to build permanent free-standing Hindu temples and so they began a long tradition of Indian temple.
Stupas
veneration place
Gupta temples
were not designed as a congregation place but as a dwelling place for their deity.