HoA 3 - Indian Architecture

Indus Valley Civilization

- Civic & town planning - Structures are utilitarian in character: Granaries, water-course and tanks, sewage

Artificial Caves In Eastern India

- These artificial caves exhibit an amazing technical proficiency , that extremely hard granite tock being cut in geometrical fashion and polished in mirror-like finish. - State-sponsored structures - Consist of two chambers, carved entirely out of granite.

stepwell

- a large hole in the ground with steps at one or more sides - they are used in India to collect and conserve water from the monsoon rains, for use in the dry season.

water and gardens

- appropriate site for a Mandir is near__________________, where lotus and flowers bloom

ARDHAMANDAPA

- entrance porch forming a transitional area between the outside and a mandapa of the temple

VASTU-PURUSHA-MANDALA

- geometrical floor plan in a symmetrical, self-repeating structure derived from central beliefs, myths, cardinality and mathematical principles -Vastu (dwelling structure); Purusha (core of Hindu traditionj); Mandala (circle)

Garbhagriya

- innermost sanctuary of a Hindu and Jain temples where resides the murti (idol or icon) of the primary deity of the temple

Chaityas (shrine or prayer hall)

- it refers to a space with a stupa and a rounded apse at the end opposite the entrance

4. Visvakarma Cave

- one among four caves of barabar - also known Viswa Mitra - located at the eastern sided of Barabar Hill - having a rectangular room open to the outside

3. Karan Chaupar

- one among four caves of barabar - located at the northern side of Barabar Hill - consist of single rectangular room

2. Sudama Cave

- one among four caves of barabar - located at the southern side of Barabar Hill, adjacent to Lomas Rishi cave - it has an arched ceiling

1. Lomas Rishi

- one among four caves of barabar - located at the southern side of the Barabar Hill - consists of two rooms: a rectangular and semi-hemispherical room

MANDAPA

- pillared hall or pavilion for public rituals

KALASA

- pinnacle element in the form of a vase finial of a temple's tower

front, left

- recommend that a pond be built preferably in _____ or to the ____________ of the temple with water gardens if no natural body of water is present

Viharas (monasteries)

- refers to living quarters for monks with an open shared space or courtyard

SIKHARA

- rising tower in the Hindu temple

AMALAKA

- segmented or notched stone disk, usually with ridges on the rim, that sits on the top of a Hindu temple's

Manduka, Bhekapada or Ajira

-64 grid temple is called Brahma but also called_________, __________ or ____________ in various ancient Sanskrit texts

padas

-the square is divided into perfect square grids, called

- horsehoe arches (gavakshas) - distinct curved tower (shikhara) - ribbed disk ornamentation (amalaka)

Architectural contributions of the Gupta temple were:

1.Early Natural Caves 2. Artificial Caves 3. Monolithic rock-cut temples 4. Stepwells

Examples of Indian Rock-cut Architecture

1. Lomas Rishi 2. Sudama Cave 3. Karan Chaupar 4. Visvakarma Cave

Four caves of Barabar

MANDIR

Hindu temples are called

1. Viharas (monasteries) 2. Stupas (veneration placce) 3. Chaityas (shrine or prayer hall)

Three types of structures are associated with the religious architecture of early Buddhism

ribbed disk ornamentation

amalaka

Barabar Hill Caves

are considered the oldest surviving rock-cut caves in India.

Mandala

circle

Purusha

core of Hindu tradition

-Vastu

dwelling structure

horsehoe arches

gavakshas

murti

idol or icon

Stupas (Veneration Place)

is a mound-like or hemispherical structure containing relics typically the remains of Buddhist monks or nuns that is used as a place of meditation

monolithic rock-cut temple

is chiselled out of a single colossal rock in the shape of masonry or wooden temples including embellishment on walls and other areas showcasing fine work of art and engineering.

the square

is considered divine for its perfection and as a symbolic product of knowledge and human thought

64 grid/Brama

is considered the most sacred geometric grid in Hindu temples

Rock-cut architecture

is the practice of creating a structure by carving it out of solid natural rock. More abundant in India, with more than 1, 500 known structures.

Gupta Architecture

is very diverse in style, design and features. This illustrates that Hindu temple architecture was in its formative stage and was yet to arrive at the standardized situation of later centuries.

Viharas

monasteries

PETROGLYPHS

rock-cut designs that were created by carving, chiseling and abrading part of rock surfaces forms the early instances of such rock caves

distinct curved tower

shikhara

Chaityas

shrine or prayer hall

Guptas

the first dynasty to build permanent free-standing Hindu temples and so they began a long tradition of Indian temple.

Stupas

veneration place

Gupta temples

were not designed as a congregation place but as a dwelling place for their deity.