Basic Nursing: Chapters 8,9,10

associate degree and diploma

-At this educational level, there are four research roles you can fulfill: 1) Be aware of the importance of research to evidence-based practice 2) Help identify problem areas in nursing 3) Help collect data with a more experienced nurse researcher 4) Use evidence-based practice in planning nursing interventions

baccalaureate degree

-At this educational level, you should be able to: 1) Critique research for application to clinical practice 2) Identify nursing research problems and help implement research studies 3) Apply research findings to establish sound, evidence-based clinical practice

patricia benner

-A caring theorist -Caring is the central concept in her model -Theory stresses that each person is unique, so that caring is always specific and relational for each nurse-person encounter -She developed the novice to expert; identified five stages of knowledge development and acquisition of nursing skills

jean watson

-A caring theorist -Developed a nursing theory called the Science of Human Caring in 1988 -Describes what caring means from a nursing perspective

madeleine leininger

-A caring theorist -Founder of transcultural nursing -First nurse in the US to earn a doctoral degree in cultural and social anthropology -Her theory focuses on caring as cultural competence (using knowledge of cultures and of nursing to provide culturally congruent and responsible care) -Her idea came from working with children from diverse cultures who were under her care in a psychiatric hospital -She performed research to confirm her idea -Person (ways of caring vary in cultures), nurse (values cultural diversity and is willing to make accommodations for the health benefit of that person), environment (wherever the nurse and person are together in the healthcare system), and health (defined by the person and may be culturally specific in its definition) -"A monk had just had surgery and refused to take pain medication. He wanted to offer the pain up to God. I believed he was jeopardizing his health, yet respected his right to live his beliefs. We worked out a compromise so he took his pain meds every 8 hours instead of every 3-4 hours. I made sure to attend to his ambulation, hygiene, and other needs during the time the medication was in effect"

intuition and inspiration

-A feeling or an inner sense -Example: For the patient in pain, you might have a feeling that a complication was developing, that pain was due to more than just ineffective pain medication -As a novice, always check with a more experienced nurse before acting on your intuition

concepts

-A mental image of a phenomenon -Represent observations and experiences -Typically used to draw similarities, make distinctions among, organize, and categorize information, objects, or like ideas -Example: Fever- we know the subjective feeling it produces, theoretical knowledge tells us it is an elevated body temperature, physiology gives us the knowledge of temperature regulation, the visual of a thermometer and someone warm to the touch or perspiring- Fever is a symbol for all those ideas and images -Simple to complex and from concrete to abstract

conceptual model

-A model that is expressed in language- the symbols are words -All models are _______________ because they all represent ideas -Example: The full spectrum model

hildegard peplau

-A psychiatric nurse who influenced the advancement of standards in nursing education, promoted self-regulation in nursing through credentialing, and was a strong advocate for advanced nursing practice -Her idea was that "health could be improved for psychiatric patients if there were a more effective way to communicate with them" -In the early 1900s, talking to and developing a personal relationship with psychiatric patients was not done -Patients did not have the benefit of drugs so they were often agitated and extremely difficult to communicate with -Her research showed that developing a relationship with psychiatric patients does make their treatment more effective -Developed a theory of interpersonal relations, which focuses on the relationship a nurse has with a patient

conceptual/theoretical framework

-A set of concepts that are related to form a whole or pattern -They are not developed using research processes and have not been tested in practice -Broader and more philosophical than theories -Example: Many theorists classify the early nursing theories as these; others classify them as theories -They are hard to tell apart from theories

definition

-A statement of the meaning of a term or concept that sets forth the concept's characteristics or indicators- things that allow you to identify the concept -Can be general or specific -theoretical and operational

inductive reasoning

-A type of logical reasoning that is often used in the nursing process -Example: If you walk into a person's room and note that the patient has a 101 degree F temp., a pulse of 104 beats/min, and respiration rate of 20 breaths/min, you could reasonably conclude the person is ill -Moves from specific to general -Gather separate pieces of information, recognized a pattern, and formed a generalization -Specific data "out there" and I bring the data "In" to make the generalization

deductive reasoning

-A type of logical reasoning that starts with a general premise and moves to a specific idea. -Example: You receive a call from the ER that they are receiving a new patient with pyelonephritis (kidney infection). Because you know what is involved in the general premise (pyelonephritis), you come to an idea the patient will probably have fever and back pain -Have the "big picture" about what is true in general, and from that you can figure out logically what is likely to be true for a particular individual

statements

-Also call propositions -Systematically describe the linkages and interactions among the concepts of a theory -Taken as a whole, they make up the theory -Example: Maslow's theory- two concepts are physiological needs and self-esteem needs- an example of a ____________________ would be "Physiological needs must be met to an acceptable degree before a person can attempt to meet his self-esteem needs"

validation theory

-Arises from social work and provides for a way to communicate with older people with dementia -Theory asks the caregiver to go where the demented person is in his or her own mind -Example: Mr. Wilkey is talking about his mother who has been dead for many years. Learning of her death would be shocking and traumatic. So, instead of telling him, you ask him about her; the color of her eyes, what songs she sings to him, or other questions that will stimulate meaningful conversation about his mother.

phenomena (of concern)

-Aspects of reality that you can observe and experience -The subject matter of a discipline -Think of them as the marking boundaries (domain) of a discipline- making one discipline unique from another -Example: For nurses, theirs are human beings and their body-mind-spirit responses to illness and injuries -Watson's theory of caring gave use the words and ideas for describing the nursing __________ in terms of human beings in their environments.

doctoral degree

-At this educational level, nurses are specifically educated to be nurse researchers -They are qualified to: 1) Conduct nursing research 2) Serve as leaders in applying research results to the clinical arena 3) Develop ways to monitor the quality of nursing care being administered by nurses (adapted from the ANA, 1981) 4) In addition, they should disseminate their research findings via publications and conferences

master's degree

-At this educational level, nurses with graduate degrees should be able to: 1) Analyze problems so that appropriately designed research can be used to solve the problem 2) Through clinical expertise, apply evidence-based practice to nursing care situations 3) Provide support to ongoing research projects 4) Conduct research for the purpose of assuring quality nursing care

virginia henderson

-Began her career as a US Army nurse in 1918 -Pamphlet, "Basic Principles of Nursing Care" was published in 1960 by the ICN -Her idea was that "nurses deserve to know what it means to be a nurse" -She identified 14 basic needs that are addressed by nursing care -Her definition of nursing states "The ultimate function of the nurse is to assists the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or to a peaceful death) that he would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will or knowledge. And do this in such a way as to help him gain independence as rapidly as possible" -Defined what nursing is in the 20th century through her work

identify clinical problem

-Comes from being alert and being interested in what you are doing each day in your clinical setting -Common sources of these are experience, social issues, theories, ideas from others, and the nursing literature -Parts: *experience *social issues *theories *ideas from others *nursing literature

IOM

-Core competencies for health providers are the basis for SENC competencies used in our text

system theory

-Created by Ludwig von Bertalanffy -One of the premises of systems theory is that all complex phenomena, regardless of their type, have some principles, laws, and organizations -System is made up of separate components which constantly interact with one another and with other systems -It maintains some organization even though it is constantly facing internal and external changes -Goal of any system is to process input (energy, info., or materials that enter the system) for use within the system or environment (everything outside the system) or both

watson's science of human caring

-Developed by Dr. Jean Watson -This theory describes what caring means from a nursing perspective -Found that nurses need to be taught how to care (nurses used to be more mechanistic) -Nurses were valued for the tasks they performed in patient care, like what Florence Nightingale taught -Caring theories demonstrate the value of non-task oriented aspects of nursing

benner's novice to expert (model)

-Dr. Patricia Benner wrote the book, "From Novice to Expert" where she proposed a theory -The theory describes the progression of a beginning nurse to increasing levels of expertise -Novice- beginning or new nurse -Gave the necessary information to understand how you learn and perform your nursing responsibilities

qualitative research

-Focuses on the lived experience of people -Uses words, quotations from persons interviewed, observations, and other non-numeric sources of data -Has no hypothesis and data is subjective -Purpose is not to generalize the data, but to share the experience of the person or persons in the study -No need for large numbers -Example: A case study of one person can examine the lived experience of a 19 year old, single mother of twins or a middle-aged women with HIV -Example: The Nun Study long term project designed to study aging and disability caused by Alzheimer's disease. Included interviews with Catholic nuns, 75-102 years old, in a convent. They examined samples of writing from nuns' diaries, reports and letters.

principles of growth and development

-Growth and development usually follow an orderly, predictable pattern -Growth and development follow a cephalocaudal pattern -Growth and development proceed in a proximodistal pattern -Simple skills develop separately and independently -Each body system grows at its own rate -Body system functions become increasingly differentiated over time

stress and adaptation theory

-Hans Selye developed this theory -Forerunner of many existing theories about stress -States that a certain amount of stress is good for people; it keeps them motivated and alert -Too much stress= distress; this results in physiological symptoms and eventual illness -Example: College students have so much they need to do that they become distressed. The body responds to this with a cold or an illness to force the body to slow down and go to bed

assumptions

-Ideas we take for granted -Ideas that the researcher or theorist presumes to be true and does not intent to test with research -May or may not be stated -Example: Watson assumed nursing had its own professional concepts and that one of them was caring

QSEN

-Identifies quality and safety competencies for nurses -One important competency is evidence based practice (the ability to "integrate the best available current evidence with clinical expertise and patient/family preferences and values for delivery of optimal healthcare")

quantitative research

-Main purpose is to gather data from enough subjects, using sound sampling methods, to be able to generalize the results to a similar population -Generalizing results means that you think, "What I found to be so for this sample group of people will probably be the same for all people who are similar" -Has a hypothesis and data is objective -Example: "My finding for this group of women over 40 in the US will be useful for all women over 40 in the US" -Researchers carefully control data collection and are careful to maintain the objectivity of the process -Reported as numbers -Example: The Framingham Studies

evaluate quality

-May be fortunate enough to find clinical practice guidelines related to your topic, but if not you will need to critically appraise the individual research articles found -Two topics: analytic reading, research appraisal

informed consent

-Must be obtained from every participant in the study -It is obtained by discussing what is expected of the participant, providing written information on the project of the participant, and obtaining the participant's written consent to be a subject -Critical concepts: *Right not to be harmed- information given to participant outlines the safety protocols of the study; if at any time preliminary data indicate potential harm, the study must be stopped *Right to full disclosure- participants have the right to answers: Research purpose? Risks? Benefits? Payment? What if I get sick or feel worse? Contact information? *Right to self-determination- the right to say no, at any time, for any reason; nurses must support a participant during the process of withdrawal and not allow anyone to coerce them back into the study *Rights to privacy and confidentiality- right to have their identity protected; generally given a number rather than a name; when the study is complete and data analyzed, researcher is responsible for protecting raw data

person, environment, health, nursing

-Name the essential concepts of nursing THEORY. -They represent phenomena of concern for nursing. -Divides the theory "puzzle piece" into four more pieces and explain how they are related to one another; -Example: A theory that does not include the concept of a person would not deal with their reaction to health or lack of health. As a result, the person's learning needs, fears, family concerns, or discharge arrangements would no be considered -Watson explored the concepts of caring as they relate to these concepts of thoery

formulate a searchable question

-Once you find a topic, state it in such a way that you can find it in the vast amount of literature published. -PICOT enables you to search efficiently by asking focused questions: Patient, or Problem Intervention Comparison interventions* Outcomes Time* *may not always be needed

search literature

-Once you state your guideline question, you now look for research articles related to the question, or problem statement -Use: *indexes and databases (electronic bibliographic file)-ex: Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) *journals (refereed journals, research article, specialty journals, general interest journals)

ANA (standards)

-Position of this group that all nurses share a commitment to the advancement and ethical conduct of nursing science

authority and tradition

-Rely on an expert or to do "what has always been done" -Example: For the patient with unrelieved pain, this would mean you might ask a more experienced nurse what to do; or you can consult a procedure manual

florence nightingale

-Revolutionize nursing -Her idea was that "more men would survive if they had a clean and healthy environment and nutritious food (so the body could heal itself)" -The germ theory of infectious diseases had not yet been identify -Used her research to develop her theory that a clean environment would improve the health of patients -Because of her theory and research, she dramatically reduced the death rate of the soldiers and changed the way the entire British Army hospital system was managed

education (in nursing)

-Some schools of nursing use theories to guide curriculum planning, programs, and projects -Frequently they are grand theories, such as Watson's theory of caring or Rogers' science of unitary human beings -An in-service director in a nursing home may use a mid-range (or practice) theory about comfort

clinical practice theories (in nursing practice)

-Specifically guide what you do each day -Limited in scope (do not attempt to explain all of nursing -Examples: *A theory on human interaction directs nurse-client communication *Another theory provides a guide for teaching people how to be self reliant *Nightingale's theory emphasized the importance of the environment in the care of patients & her work affected the design and building of hospitals for decades

nursing theories

-Stated by Florence Nightingale- they describe and explain what is and what is not nursing -They describe, explain, and predict human behavior -Used in practice, education, and research -The theory you use influences what you look for, notice, perceive as a problem, what outcomes you hope to achieve, and what interventions you will choose.

maslow's hierarchy of basic human needs

-Still used in most nursing education and practice settings today -He observed that certain human needs are common to all people, but some needs are more basic than other -His theory identifies 8 levels of needs -Lower level (physiological) needs must be met to some degree before the higher needs (self-esteem) can be achieved -Example: You sit down to study, but the room is cold, you will likely decide to put on a sweater or turn up the heat before you can focus on what you are learning -A person can consciously choose to ignore a lower level need in order to achieve a higher level need -From most basic to least basic: physiological, safety and security, love and belonging, self-esteem, self-actualization, transcendence of self

model

-Symbolic representation of a framework or concepts- a diagram, graph, picture, drawing or physical model -Broader and more philosophical than theories -Example: Plastic body parts in anatomy are 3-D _______________ of the real human body -Some are complex, some are simple

institutional review boards (IRBs)

-The mechanism for overseeing ethical standards established by the USDHHS -Every hospital, university, or other health care facility has these -Consists of healthcare professionals and people from the community who are willing to review and critique research proposals -2 main responsibilities: 1) Protect the research participants from harm 2) Ensure that the research is of value

scientific method

-The process in which the researcher, through use of the senses, systematically collects observable, verifiable data to describe, explain, or predict events -Goals: To find solutions to problems and to develop explanations of the world (theories) -Has two unique characteristics that the other ways of gaining knowledge do not: objectivity and the use of empirical data

research utilization

-The reason for conducting research is to establish evidence based practice. -True evidence-based practice requires that after discovering, critiquing the best available evidence, nursing expertise must be applied to see how the recommended interventions fit into the practice setting and whether they are compatible with patient preferences. -Research is more than an exercise that nurses engage in to earn master's and doctoral degrees -Ultimate reason for conducting research is to establish an evidence based practice or to gain greater understanding of a phenomenon -Nurses in practice have a responsibility for finding and using the credible, scientific research that others do; must have reasons for what you do and research can provide those reasons

theory, model, framework

-The terms _____(1)_________, ___________(2)__________, and _______(3)___________ all refer to a group of related concepts. -The terms differ in meaning, depending on the extent to which the set of concepts has been used and tested in practice and on the level of detail and organization of the concepts. -A ______(1)________ has a higher level of research, detail, and organization of concepts than a _______(2)_________ and a ________(3)_________.

paradigm

-The worldview or ideology of a discipline -It is the broadest, most global conceptual framework of a discipline -Not theories, "how we see things" -Example: the medical _____________ views a person through a lens that focuses on identifying and treating disease -The lens causes you to look in depth at the person's "parts" (e.g., cells, organs) -Example: the nursing _____________ views the person through a lens that focuses more broadly on the entire person and how he responds to isolated changes in his cells and organs

logical reasoning

-Theories are developed through this specific way of thinking -Using your knowledge and the facts available, you form conclusions -Develop an argument or statement based on evidence that will result in a logical conclusion -Most common types are inductive and deductive -Example: For the patient in pain, you might think "My patient is 70lbs overweight, yet I administered the standard dose of medication. Likely she needs a higher dose"

research (in nursing)

-Theories help generate new knowledge by suggesting questions for researchers to study -Researchers also use theories and models as a framework for structuring a study -Theories provide a systematic way to define the questions for study, identify the variables to measure, and interpret the findings

framingham studies

-They are a longitudinal, multidisciplinary research project. -Consisted of several studies carried out over 50 years to identify health and healthcare practices in Massachusetts. -Influenced healthcare practices for diabetes mellitus, breast cancer, heart disease, osteoarthritis, and other disease entities. -There was a time when mammography was considered unreliable and unimportant in screen for breast cancer, but this project changed that attitude and resulted in an improvement in the healthcare of women.

developmental theories

-They look at stages through which individuals, groups, families, and communities progress over time -Theses theories are useful in nursing practice because they identify norms and expectations at various stages of development and help you identify activities and interventions that are appropriate for your client

trial and error plus common sense

-Try what makes sense to do, and if that does not work try something else -If you find something that works partially, then use it -Example: A patient has been medicated, but is still in pain. You can try to reposition him, but if that does not help then you can try distraction, visualization techniques and more. If visualization provides some relief, you would probably try that technique first when a similar situation occurs with another patient

evidence based practice

-Verify clinical practice decisions -Improve clinical care practices, interventions, and patient outcomes -Dispel myths in clinical practice -Contributes to the science of nursing -Leads to repeatability of intended patient outcomes -Standardize effective care

analyzing research

-When reading analytically ask yourself: 1) What is the book, journal, or article about as a whole? That is, what is the theme of the article, and how is it developed? 2) What is being said, in detail, and how? What are the author's main ideas, claims, and arguments? In a research article, you will find this mainly in the abstract and the conclusions. 3) Is the book, journal, or article true in whole or part? You must decide this for yourself. The strategies in the section Research Appraisal may help you to determine the truth of a research report. 4) What of it? Is it of any significance? Is there any way to use the information to improve patient care, to add to your education, or to enhance other areas of nursing?

research barriers

1) Lack of knowledge of nursing research 2) Negative attitudes toward research 3) Inadequate forums for disseminating research 4) Lack of support from the employing institution 5) Study findings that are not ready for the clinical environment

research process

A problem-solving process, similar to but not the same as the nursing process.

differentiated

Body system functions become increasingly ________________________ over time. -Have you ever seen a newborn respond to a loud noise? The newborn's startle response involves the whole body. -With maturity, the response becomes more focused, for example, covering the ears. -An adult is often able to identify the location of the sound and distinguish the origin of the sound.

mechanistic nursing

Getting the tasks done.

empirical data

In the scientific method, the researcher uses their senses to gather this through observation. They attempt to verify the information gathered through a variety of methods so that the research conclusions are based in reality rather than on the researcher's beliefs, biases, or hunches.

Chapter 9

Chapter 9

meta-analysis

Combines and analyzes the data from several different studies. Goode and colleagues used this when showing that saline was just as effective as heparin to keep blood from clotting and blocking the IV catheter when discontinuing an intravenous fluid infusion.

own rate

Each body system grows at its _________ ___________. -This principle is readily apparent in fetal development and the onset of puberty. -In the years leading up to puberty, the cardiovascular, respiratory, and nervous systems grow and develop dramatically, yet the reproductive system changes very little. -Puberty is a series of changes that lead to full development of the reproductive system and triggers growth in the musculoskeletal system.

objectivity (self-correction)

In the scientific method, the researcher uses techniques to keep her personal beliefs, values, and attitudes separate from the research process.

practice

First "puzzle piece"- an idea which usually comes out of experiences. For example, "Why don't I slow down and spend more time with the patients' families? That would really help them."

proximodistal

Growth and develop proceed in a _____________________ pattern. -Beginning at the center of the body and moving outward -Examples; *_________________ growth- This occurs in utero, for example, when the baby's central body is formed before the limbs. *_________________ development- The infant first begins to focus his eyes, then lifts his head, and later pushes up and rolls over. As the infant gains strength and coordination distally, he will crawl and later walk.

cephalocaudal

Growth and develop usually follow a _________________________ pattern. -Begins at the head, progresses down to the chest, trunk and lower extremities -Examples; *_________________ growth- when an infant is born, the head is the largest portion of the body. In the first year, the head, chest, and trunk gain in size, yet the legs remain short. Growth of legs is readily apparent in the second year. *__________________ development- This is the tendency of infants to use their arms before their legs.

follow an orderly, predictable pattern

Growth and development usually _________________ ______ ______________ _______________ ________________. -However, timing, rate of change, and response to change are unique for each individual -Example: All children learn to sit before they walk. One child may learn to sit at 6 months and walk at 10 months, whereas another may first sit 7 months and not walk until 15 months. *Both children are progressing at a normal time frame

nursing

How was ______________ involved? For example, was the __________ compassionate? Angry? Efficient? A novice or an expert?

holistic nursing

Meeting the needs of the whole person.

trial and error plus common sense, authority and tradition, intuition and inspiration, logical reasoning

Name all the ways to gain nursing knowledge.

identify clinical problem, formulate a searchable question, search the literature, evaluate the quality, integrate the research into your practice

Name all the ways you can find the best evidence for your own interventions.

practice, research, theory

Name the "puzzle-pieces" of full-spectrum nursing.

assumptions, phenomena, concepts, definitions, statements

Name the components of a theory.

select and define the problem, select a research design, collect data, analyze data, use the findings

Name the steps of the research process.

informed consent, institutional review boards

Name the two main rights of research participants.

social issues

Part of the identification of clinical nursing problems. Broader issues that affect or require nursing care (gender equality, sexual harassment, domestic violence). Must be concerned about patients who do not have access to healthcare or about the health problems of a particular group or subculture.

experience

Part of the identification of clinical nursing problems. Curiosity about why things are done and what might happen if changes were made, you will find plenty of problems (ex: problems with staffing, equipment, nursing interventions, or coordination among health professionals).

theories

Part of the identification of clinical nursing problems. Must be tested in order to be useful; suggest research to test a theory in which you are interested. If it is accurate, what behaviors would you expect to find, or what evidence would you need to support the it?

nursing literature

Part of the identification of clinical nursing problems. Read widely in your field of interest. May identify clinical problems by reading articles and research reports in nursing journals.

ideas from others

Part of the identification of clinical nursing problems. The instructor may suggest a topic to research, or you brainstormed with other nurses/students. Agencies and organizations fund research that often ask for proposals on certain topics (the ANA; the national institute of nursing research).

theoretical definition

Refers to a conceptual meaning of a term (e.g., pain) -Example: Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage

growth

Refers to physical changes that occur over time, such as increases in height, sexual maturation, or gains in weight and muscle tone. It is the physical aspect of development.

development

Refers to the process of adapting to one's body and environment over time, which is enabled by increasing complexity of function and skill progression. A few examples of this are a child who comes to recognize right from wrong, an adolescent who decides on a vocation, and an older adult who recognizes the nearness of death. Growth is the physical aspect of this.

clinical practice theory

Research results get taken to nursing administrators to determine whether it could be put into practice in the organization- as a policy or standardized care plan. It is immediately applicable in the clinical setting.

research

Second "puzzle piece"- after considering an idea, the nurse may decide it is worth investigating. They may ask, "How does spending more time with family members affect the quality of care the patient receives?"

separately, independently

Simple skills develop _________________ and ___________________. -Later they are integrated into more complex skills -Many complex skills represent a combination of simple skills -Example; Feeding yourself requires the ability to find your mouth, grasp an object, control movement of that object, coordinate movement of the hand from the plate to the mouth, and swallow solid food.

operational definition

Specifies how you would observe or measure the concept (e.g., when doing research on pain) -Example: Pain is the patient's verbal statement that he is in pain.

nursing research

The systematic, objective process of analyzing phenomena of importance to nursing. Its purpose is to develop knowledge about issues that are important in nursing. It encompasses all clinical practice arenas, nursing education, and nursing administration.

theory

Third "puzzle piece"- If the research supports the nurses idea, she could use her finding to develop this. It is an organized set of related concepts that helps us find meaning in our experiences (nursing), organize our thinking around an idea (caring), and develop new ideas and insights into the work we do. Answers "What is this? How does it work?" Based on observations of facts, but is not a fact itself. A way of viewing phenomena (reality); defines and illustrates concepts and explains how they are related or linked, but can be revised. It also usually contains several concepts.

simple, concrete concepts

Those that you can observe directly (e.g., height, gender)

abstract, complex concepts

Those that you observe indirectly (e.g., gender, nutritional status)

abstract concepts

Those you must infer from many direct and indirect observations (e.g., self-esteem, wellness)

mid range theory

Used in education in nursing, but not as common. It is narrower and more specific than grand theory. Can be used to create nursing protocols procedures and design educational programs

grand theory

Used in education in nursing, it covers broad areas of concern within a discipline. It is usually abstract and does not outline specific nursing interventions. Instead, it tends to deal with the relationships among nurse, person, health, and environment.

important nursing theorists

What do Florence Nightingale, Virginia Henderson, Hildegard Peplau, Patricia Benner, Madelein Leininger, and Jean Watson all have in common? (besides being females) They are ....

health

What was the ____________ condition of the person? For example, was the person seeking information for self-care? Critical? In pain? Ready for discharge? It is an essential concept of nursing theory.

environment

What was the _________________? A community center? A bathing room in a nursing home? The person's bedside in a hospital? It is an essential concept of nursing theory.

person

Who was the ____________(s) involved? Refers to the patient or resident or the family and supporters. It is an essential concept of nursing theory.

abstract, defined differently by theorists, used interchangeably in nursing

Why are the terms paradigm, framework, model, or theory so difficult to differentiate between?