HONORS PHYSICAL SCIENCE FINAL HERE ARE 120 TERMS THAT TOOK ME WAY TOO LONG TO PUT TOGETHER

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thermometer

a tool that measures the expansion or contraction of a liquid

periodic trend

across any period, the properties of elements gradually change

solution

all the components of the homogeneous mixture are in the same phase

heat of vaporization

amount of energy needed to change any substance from a liquid to a gas

heat of fusion

amount of energy needed to change any substance from a solid to a liquid (or vice versa)

chemical bond

an attraction between two atoms that holds them together in a molecule

elemental formula

an element atom or molecule

transmutation

an element changes into another element by emitting an alpha or beta particle (changing atomic number)

molecule

any group of atoms held together by covalent bonds

system

any substance or well-defined group of atoms, molecules, or objects

isotope

atom of the same element with a different number of neutrons

electrical repulsion

atoms can only get so close to neighboring atoms because of similar charges

covalent bond

atoms in a molecule can be held together by their mutual attraction for electrons they share

octet rule

atoms tend to gain, lost, or share electrons as to have 8 electrons or a full shell

formula for density

density=mass/volume

property

describes a substance

2nd law of thermodynamics

heat never spontaneously flows from a cold substance to a hot one

gamma radiation

high energy form of electromagnetic spectrum

period

horizontal row on the periodic table. there are 7 of them

density

how much mass something has in a certain volume

shell

region of space around an atomic nucleus where an electron may reside

neutron

same mass as a proton, electrically neutral particles in an atomic nucleus

pure

a substance that consists of only a single element or compound

repulsive electrical charge(s)

long-ranged forces

atom

the smallest particle of an element that still retains the properties of that element

chemical property

-a substance's potential to change into a new substance -only observed once the substance changes into a new substance -has to be tested to observed

physical property

-usually evaluated using our senses -usually easily observable -observed without changing a substance into something else

chemical change

a change in a substance that involves the rearrangement of the way the substance's atoms are bonded

endothermic reaction

a chemical reaction where: -temperature decreases -the material takes heat from surroundings -greater energy to break than to make bonds

exothermic reaction

a chemical reaction where: -temperature increases -material has less energy to break bonds than energy in the product

mixture

a combination of 2+ substances in which each substance retains its properties

chemical formula

a compound molecule represented by the element symbols written together

ionic crystal

a group of many ions held together in an orderly 3D array

mass

a measurement of the amount of matter that something has

impure

a mixture that contains two or more elements or compounds

change

a process that occurs

unsaturated solution

a solution that has more room for solute

physical change

a substance changes its phase or other physical property but not it's chemical composition

quanta

beam of light

metalloids

both metallic and nonmetallic

ionic compound

chemical compound containing ions

heterogeneous mixture

different parts of the mixture can be seen as individual substances

metals

elements are shiny, opaque, and good conductors of electricity and heat

nonmetals

elements can be transparent and poor conductors of electricity and heat

freezing

energy is taken away from the liquid and molecular motion slows until the attractive forces between molecules bind the molecules together

boiling

evaporation within a liquid (below the surface of the liquid)

beta particle

fast negatively charged subatomic particle

hydrogen

first element to exist in the universe

atomic symbol

letters of an element's name sometimes from latin which indicates the element was discovered earlier

element

material made up of only one type of atom

melting

molecules in a solid absorb heat and vibrate more and more until the attractive forces between molecules no longer hold them together

chemical reaction

new materials are formed by a change in the way the atoms are bonded together

saturated solution

no more solute can dissolve in the solution

3rd law of thermodynamics

no system can reach absolute zero

photon

particle of light

proton

positive charge found in the atomic nucleus

ion

positive or negative depending on whether it gains or loses an electron compared to their natural state

alpha particle

positively charged subatomic particle

volume

the amount of space that something takes up

solvent

the component in the solution with the biggest amount

suspension

the components of the homogeneous mixture are in different phases

ionic bond

the electric force of attraction between 2 oppositely charged ions

valence electron

the electron of the outermost shell

radioactivity

the emission of high-energy radiation from the nucleus of an atom

calorie

the energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water through 1 °C

atomic nucleus

the large particle at the center of an atom contains protons and neutrons. its surrounded by electrons

radon-222

the leading source of naturally occurring radiation

absolute zero

the lower limit of temperature, no more energy can be taken from a substance at this point (-273 C, 0 K)

temperature

the measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles of a substance

half-life

the measurement of radioactive decay. It is the time needed for 1/2 of radioactive atoms to decay

homogeneous mixture

the mixture has the same consistency throughout

electron

the negatively charged particles in an atom

atomic number

the number of protons contained in each atomic nucleus

solute

the other components in a solution (usually more than one in a solution)

brownian motion

the perpetual jiggling of particles results from collisions between visible particles and invisible atoms

sublimation

the phase change from a solid to a gas (skipping the liquid phase)

dissolving

the process of mixing a solute in a solvent to make the two become a homogeneous mixture

specific heat capacity

the quantity of heat required to change the temperature of a unit of mass of the substance by 1 degree

valence shell

the shell the outermost electrons occupy

heat

the thermal energy that flows from something of a higher temperature to something of a lower temperature (to reach thermal equilibrium)

thermal energy

the total energy of all the atoms and molecules in a substance

conduction

the transfer of heat energy by collisions between particles in a substance

convection

the transfer of heat energy in a gas or liquid by currents in the heated fluids

Joules

the unit for heat

bubble(s)

these can only form when the pressure of the vapor within them is great enough to resist the pressure exerted by the surrounding liquid and atmosphere

positive ions

these ions are generally made from metallic elements

negative ions

these ions are generally made from nonmetallic elements

good insulator(s)

these substances have firmly attached electrons

good conductor(s)

these substances have loosely-held electrons

lewis dot (structures)

this model shows valence electrons of an atom distributed around its atomic symbol

heat transfer

this occurs whenever matter changes phase

robert brown

this person discovered the first direct evidence of atoms while studying grains of pollen in a drop of water

atomic mass

total mass of an atom

mass number

total number of protons and neutrons an element has

radiation

transfer of energy by means of electromagnetic waves

filtration

used to separate a solid-liquid mixture

distillation

using differences in melting points

group

vertical column on the periodic table. there are 18 of them

strong nuclear force

very strong force between nucleons

1st law of thermodynamics

whenever heat flows in or out of a system, the gain or loss of thermal energy equals the amount of heat transferred


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