HONORS PHYSICAL SCIENCE FINAL HERE ARE 120 TERMS THAT TOOK ME WAY TOO LONG TO PUT TOGETHER
thermometer
a tool that measures the expansion or contraction of a liquid
periodic trend
across any period, the properties of elements gradually change
solution
all the components of the homogeneous mixture are in the same phase
heat of vaporization
amount of energy needed to change any substance from a liquid to a gas
heat of fusion
amount of energy needed to change any substance from a solid to a liquid (or vice versa)
chemical bond
an attraction between two atoms that holds them together in a molecule
elemental formula
an element atom or molecule
transmutation
an element changes into another element by emitting an alpha or beta particle (changing atomic number)
molecule
any group of atoms held together by covalent bonds
system
any substance or well-defined group of atoms, molecules, or objects
isotope
atom of the same element with a different number of neutrons
electrical repulsion
atoms can only get so close to neighboring atoms because of similar charges
covalent bond
atoms in a molecule can be held together by their mutual attraction for electrons they share
octet rule
atoms tend to gain, lost, or share electrons as to have 8 electrons or a full shell
formula for density
density=mass/volume
property
describes a substance
2nd law of thermodynamics
heat never spontaneously flows from a cold substance to a hot one
gamma radiation
high energy form of electromagnetic spectrum
period
horizontal row on the periodic table. there are 7 of them
density
how much mass something has in a certain volume
shell
region of space around an atomic nucleus where an electron may reside
neutron
same mass as a proton, electrically neutral particles in an atomic nucleus
pure
a substance that consists of only a single element or compound
repulsive electrical charge(s)
long-ranged forces
atom
the smallest particle of an element that still retains the properties of that element
chemical property
-a substance's potential to change into a new substance -only observed once the substance changes into a new substance -has to be tested to observed
physical property
-usually evaluated using our senses -usually easily observable -observed without changing a substance into something else
chemical change
a change in a substance that involves the rearrangement of the way the substance's atoms are bonded
endothermic reaction
a chemical reaction where: -temperature decreases -the material takes heat from surroundings -greater energy to break than to make bonds
exothermic reaction
a chemical reaction where: -temperature increases -material has less energy to break bonds than energy in the product
mixture
a combination of 2+ substances in which each substance retains its properties
chemical formula
a compound molecule represented by the element symbols written together
ionic crystal
a group of many ions held together in an orderly 3D array
mass
a measurement of the amount of matter that something has
impure
a mixture that contains two or more elements or compounds
change
a process that occurs
unsaturated solution
a solution that has more room for solute
physical change
a substance changes its phase or other physical property but not it's chemical composition
quanta
beam of light
metalloids
both metallic and nonmetallic
ionic compound
chemical compound containing ions
heterogeneous mixture
different parts of the mixture can be seen as individual substances
metals
elements are shiny, opaque, and good conductors of electricity and heat
nonmetals
elements can be transparent and poor conductors of electricity and heat
freezing
energy is taken away from the liquid and molecular motion slows until the attractive forces between molecules bind the molecules together
boiling
evaporation within a liquid (below the surface of the liquid)
beta particle
fast negatively charged subatomic particle
hydrogen
first element to exist in the universe
atomic symbol
letters of an element's name sometimes from latin which indicates the element was discovered earlier
element
material made up of only one type of atom
melting
molecules in a solid absorb heat and vibrate more and more until the attractive forces between molecules no longer hold them together
chemical reaction
new materials are formed by a change in the way the atoms are bonded together
saturated solution
no more solute can dissolve in the solution
3rd law of thermodynamics
no system can reach absolute zero
photon
particle of light
proton
positive charge found in the atomic nucleus
ion
positive or negative depending on whether it gains or loses an electron compared to their natural state
alpha particle
positively charged subatomic particle
volume
the amount of space that something takes up
solvent
the component in the solution with the biggest amount
suspension
the components of the homogeneous mixture are in different phases
ionic bond
the electric force of attraction between 2 oppositely charged ions
valence electron
the electron of the outermost shell
radioactivity
the emission of high-energy radiation from the nucleus of an atom
calorie
the energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water through 1 °C
atomic nucleus
the large particle at the center of an atom contains protons and neutrons. its surrounded by electrons
radon-222
the leading source of naturally occurring radiation
absolute zero
the lower limit of temperature, no more energy can be taken from a substance at this point (-273 C, 0 K)
temperature
the measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles of a substance
half-life
the measurement of radioactive decay. It is the time needed for 1/2 of radioactive atoms to decay
homogeneous mixture
the mixture has the same consistency throughout
electron
the negatively charged particles in an atom
atomic number
the number of protons contained in each atomic nucleus
solute
the other components in a solution (usually more than one in a solution)
brownian motion
the perpetual jiggling of particles results from collisions between visible particles and invisible atoms
sublimation
the phase change from a solid to a gas (skipping the liquid phase)
dissolving
the process of mixing a solute in a solvent to make the two become a homogeneous mixture
specific heat capacity
the quantity of heat required to change the temperature of a unit of mass of the substance by 1 degree
valence shell
the shell the outermost electrons occupy
heat
the thermal energy that flows from something of a higher temperature to something of a lower temperature (to reach thermal equilibrium)
thermal energy
the total energy of all the atoms and molecules in a substance
conduction
the transfer of heat energy by collisions between particles in a substance
convection
the transfer of heat energy in a gas or liquid by currents in the heated fluids
Joules
the unit for heat
bubble(s)
these can only form when the pressure of the vapor within them is great enough to resist the pressure exerted by the surrounding liquid and atmosphere
positive ions
these ions are generally made from metallic elements
negative ions
these ions are generally made from nonmetallic elements
good insulator(s)
these substances have firmly attached electrons
good conductor(s)
these substances have loosely-held electrons
lewis dot (structures)
this model shows valence electrons of an atom distributed around its atomic symbol
heat transfer
this occurs whenever matter changes phase
robert brown
this person discovered the first direct evidence of atoms while studying grains of pollen in a drop of water
atomic mass
total mass of an atom
mass number
total number of protons and neutrons an element has
radiation
transfer of energy by means of electromagnetic waves
filtration
used to separate a solid-liquid mixture
distillation
using differences in melting points
group
vertical column on the periodic table. there are 18 of them
strong nuclear force
very strong force between nucleons
1st law of thermodynamics
whenever heat flows in or out of a system, the gain or loss of thermal energy equals the amount of heat transferred
