Honors U.S. History III- Final Exam Review

John Foster Dulles

As Secretary of State. he viewed the struggle against Communism as a classic conflict between good and evil. Believed in containment and the Eisenhower doctrine. He coined the terms brinkmanship and massive retaliation

By definition, "massive retaliation" was an effort to get

"a bigger bang for the buck."

The Egyptian leader who seized control of the Suez Canal was

Gamal Abdel Nasser

Each of the following individuals became opponents of Johnson's war policies EXCEPT:

General William Westmoreland

What was the major factor in Johnson's landslide victory over Barry Goldwater in 1964?

Goldwater's call for the use of nuclear weapons against Cuba and Vietnam

Which statement best summarizes the opinion of Martin Luther King, Jr. about African Americans in the Vietnam War?

He believed it was unfair that they were fighting for a country that treated them unfairly at home.

What statement best describes the Democrats' 1952 presidential candidate. Adlai Stevenson?

He came from a wealthy, politically active family from Illinois.

How did President Eisenhower respond to the Suez Crisis?

He criticized Britain and France and refused to supply them with U.S. loans.

Why did both Republicans and Democrats recruit Dwight Eisenhower to run for president in 1952?

He was a well-known war hero

Head Start

Head Start was the program that provided education for children who were eligible for pre-K. People would be sent to low income houses to teach the children and help them with basic needs. Historically, this helped families get their children the education they needed/deserved.

The supply line became the target of much of the U.S. bombing during the Vietnam War.

Ho Chi Minh Trail

In order to put down a national uprising near the end of 1956, Russian tanks rolled into

Hungary

Little Rock Nine

In September 1957 the school board in Little rock, Arkansas, won a court order to admit nine African American students to Central High a school with 2,000 white students. The governor ordered troops from Arkansas National Guard to prevent the nine from entering the school. The next day as the National Guard troops surrounded the school, an angry white mob joined the troops to protest the integration plan and to intimidate the AA students trying to register. The mob violence pushed Eisenhower's patience to the breaking point. He immediately ordered the US Army to send troops to Little Rock to protect and escort them for the full school year.

This was a training program introduced by President Johnson that was aimed at inner-city and poverty striken youths ages sixteen to twenty-one.

Job Corp

Ho Chi Minh

The Communist leader of North Vietnam who fought against the United States and South Vietnam. Historically, he was the one who started things between himself and the South Vietnamese leader which caused the entirety of the Vietnam War.

Eisenhower Doctrine

The Eisenhower Doctrine allowed for economic and military aid in the middle east for countries fighting communism. Historically, the U.S. was still battling communism from entering countries and the Eisenhower Doctrine helped support the middle east.

Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965

The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 exiled the "quotas" of immigrants in the United States. The numbers of nationalities which were allowed to enter the U.S. grew causing more diversity throughout the U.S. Historically, the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 allowed for more entrances into the U.S. by minorities and it allowed for more diversity.

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration or NASA is the organization created to get rid of the "missile gap" between the united states and Russia. Historically, NASA helped create space missions and encouraged STEM fields in order to ensure the superiority of America.

Which Cold War event first suggested that Soviet military power might be on the same level as the United States?

The U.S. discovered that the Soviet Union had set off an atomic bomb.

Why did some Americans oppose Great Society antipoverty legislation?

They complained that too much of their taxes were spent on the poor.

Why did Johnson pass the Voting Rights Act of 1965?

To ensure African Americans had the right to vote.

This group is best known for its use of the courts in trying to gain civil rights.

NAACP

Because of his political inexperience, the Republican Party chose _________ as Eisenhower's running mate in 1952.

Nixon

Berlin Wall

The Berlin wall was a dividing line between East and West Germany. This caused many problems for the U.S. and other nations and it ultimately caused the country to suffer as a whole.

In his Farewell Address, Eisenhower warned against

the growing military-industrial complex.

What was the primary focus of the protest movement of the 1960s?

to demand U.S. withdrawal from Vietnam.

What was a central reason for staging the March on Washington?

to press for federal civil rights legislation

The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965

treated all nationalities equality.

In 1954 the Geneva Accords stipulated that

unifying elections would be held within two years.

The primary object of the Peace Corps, established by President John F. Kennedy, is to

utilize the skills and talents of young American volunteers to improve literacy, health care, and agricultural production in developing countries.

"I will go to Korea," was stated by which presidential candidate?

Eisenhower

The Alabama police commissioner whose violence against civil rights protesters horrified the nation in 1963

Eugene Connor

Which development in the history of Cuba occurred first?

Fidel Castro forcibly took power in Cuba.

Brown vs. Board of Education

1954- court decision that declared state laws segregating schools to be unconstitutional. Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Montgomery Bus Boycott

1955 protest action to end segregation on buses in Montgomery, Alabama

Tet Offensive

1968; National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet), which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment

Nikita Khrushchev

A Soviet leader during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Also famous for denouncing Stalin and allowed criticism of Stalin within Russia.

Hot Line

A hot line is a direct telephone line. Historically the U.S. has a direct hotline to Russia, in Kremlin, so they can immediately debate about an important topic.

Domino Theory

A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control.

Plessy v. Ferguson ruled that segregation was legal as long as...

African Americans and whites were treated equally.

In Vietnam this herbicide was used to deforest the jungle to allow US troops to see ground movements.

Agent Orange

In fighting the war in Vietnam, U.S. soldiers struggled with which of the following? -Guerrilla Warfare -Loss of fellow soldiers -Lack of support at home

All of the above

Eisenhower considered this the biggest mistake he had ever made.

Appointing Earl Warren as the Chief Justice

French Indochina

Area of southeast Asia controlled by France during Imperialism. Includes Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. The French controlled the area until 1954.

Fidel Castro

Fidel Castro is the communist leader of Cuba. Historically, Fidel Castro almost attacked the U.S. with the help of Russia because of the U.S. failed the Bay of Pigs invasion.

President Kennedy approved an attack on Cuba by CIA trained exiles at

Bay of Pigs

Black Power

Black power was the movement created by African Americans in which they became proud of who they were. New groups like the Black panthers arises and they found a new approach on protection and used the 2nd amendment in their own ways. They created a new found love for their race and historically it is the first time African Americans are pleased with themselves and see black as beautiful.

Who was forced to retreat to Taiwan?

Chinese Nationalists

Who were the Viet Cong?

Communist guerilla fighters of South Vietnam

________ was the United States' main goal in Vietnam.

Containing the spread of communism

What is dynamic conservatism

Dynamic Conservatism is the policy that Eisenhower created meaning "conservative when it comes to economics, and liberal when it comes to human beings." This term helped many people historically and it created a new outlook on Eisenhower's policies.

Tensions between students who opposed the Vietnam War and National Guardsmen resulted in four deaths at

Kent State

During Eisenhower's administration, the conflict in _______ came to an end.

Korea

Who assassinated President Kennedy?

Lee Harvey Oswald

Great Society

Lyndon Johnson's program for reform in society. It offered many people with educational and financial aid which helped many people survive. It was an act to end the "war on poverty." Historically, it created many programs to help the entirety of the cause.

Appealing to many African Americans' anger and frustration over a lack of social and economic power, _______ advocated a militant approach to civil rights.

Malcolm X

Malcom X

Malcolm X formerly known as Malcolm Little was a Civil Rights Leader during this time period. He was a great speaker and when he converted to the NOI he spoke out against the shooting of JFK and was revoked by his speaking privileges. Historically, he helped the Civil Rights movement and was later shot and killed.

Medicare

Medicare is the financial support/ health insurance of the elderly through Social Security. Historically, it helped avoid poverty for elderly and gave for assistance for their daily needs.

President Eisenhower's presidential platform was a commitment to __________ ____________

Moderate Republicanism

Goals of Martin Luther King Jr.

Peaceful integration of the races in all areas of society

What was not part of Eisenhower's Moderate Republicanism plan?

Restore authority to the federal government

Robert McNamara

Robert McNamara was part of LBJ's commission officers who he looked to for support on new ideas and programs. He was also Secretary of Defense in which he helped guide Johnson in his decisions. Historically, McNamara helped Johnson with his needs.

Which of the following organizations was not affiliated with the Black Power movement? -Southern Christian Leadership Conference -Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee -Nation of Islam -Black Panthers for Self-Defense

SCLC

The competition for supremacy between the USA and the USSR after World War II took many forms. The picture below represents a part of which "showdown" between the superpowers?

Space Race

New Frontier

The campaign program advocated by JFK in the 1960 election. He promised to revitalize the stagnant economy and enact reform legislation in education, health care, and civil rights.

Which event did NOT occur in the year 1968? -The Tet Offensive -Assassination of Robert Kennedy -U.S. invasion of Cambodia -Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.

U.S. Invasion of Cambodia

Rosa Parks

United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913)

What was the name of the commission created to settle all of the accusations surrounding the assassination of President Kennedy?

Warren commission

Which of the following best characterizes the level of violence associated with the civil rights activities in the South from 1960 to 1965?

White law enforcement officials beat demonstrators or condoned beatings on numerous occasions and several activists were murdered.

The Truman Doctrine and the Eisenhower Doctrine were United States foreign policies concerning

the containment of communism.

When black students tried to enter Little Rock's Central High School in 1957

the governor called out the National Guard to block them.

Freedom Rides

a series of political protests against segregation by Blacks and Whites who rode buses together through the American South in 1961

In Eastern Europe during the 1950's and 1960's, the Soviet Union responded to challenges to its control by

allowing reforms and free elections, when necessary.

In spite of having a reputation as a "do nothing" president, Dwight D. Eisenhower was in fact

an effective leader

In the United States, television was instrumental in

bringing the brutality of the war into people's living rooms.

Because of the United States' involvement in the Vietnam War, President Johnson in 1968

chose not to run for re-election.

The most important issue of President Kennedy's administration was ______ _______

civil rights

Which is a major reason Cuban revolutionary movements were attracted to communism?

communist groups promised economic reform and an end to government corruption.

President Eisenhower's domestic policy of "dynamic conservatism" was defined as

conservative when it comes to money, liberal when it comes to human beings.

One way in which the Korean War and the Vietnam War are similar is that both

developed from Cold War tensions.

The Alliance for Progress provided what kind of assistance to Latin American countries?

economic

What did Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., urge his followers to do in order to bring about racial justice?

engage in acts of civil disobedience.

In the early years of the Vietnam war, a young man could automatically be deferred (delay military service) from the draft by

enrolling in a college or university.

In the 1950s and 1960s, the decisions of the United States Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren tended to

expand the rights of individuals.

Operation Rolling Thunder was the

first sustained bombing of North Vietnam.

Why did the United States involve itself militarily in Korea and Vietnam in the 1950s and 1960s?

he domino theory, the US felt military support was necessary to contain communism

Medicaid, a federal program, was intended to provide

health insurance

The difference between de facto segregation and de jure segregation is that de facto segregation ___________________, while de jure segregation ___________________.

is the result of circumstances; is mandated by law

From is time in Congress, Johnson was known for his skills in

legislation

Which of the following groups was intended to benefit the most from the Great Society programs?

minorities and poor people

Martin Luther King Jr. encouraged _____________ civil disobedience to promote the civil rights movement.

non-violent

Civil Rights Act of 1964

outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin

John Kennedy made an attractive presidential candidate in 1960 for all of the following reasons EXCEPT

promise to keep the nation on the course of the 1950s.

Ngo Dinh Diem

received American assistance during Eisenhower's administration.

Concerning the uprising in French Indochina, the Truman and Eisenhower administrations

sided with the French.

The Supreme Court ruled in Brown v. Board of Education that separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. Public response to this decision demonstrates that

society is often slow to change in response to Supreme Court decisions.

During the Cold War, the Soviet Union and the democracies in the West competed for influence in the Middle East because of its

strategic location and valuable resources.

Ngo Dinh Diem was probably an unfortunate choice as the basis of American hopes for creation of a viable noncommunist regime in the southern part of Vietnam because he

surrounded himself with corrupt advisors.

The Viet Cong rebelled against the government of South Vietnam when

the Diem government and the U.S. failed to hold elections to reunite the country.

Warren Court

the Supreme Court during the period when Earl Warren was chief justice, noted for its activism in the areas of civil rights and free speech Brown vs. Board