HPHY321 - Exam 2

movement produced by: C5

- abdominal breathing - movement of arm at shoulder and shoulder movement - bend elbow

what nerves pass through this opening in the viscerocranium: jugular foramen

- accessory CN XI - vagus CN X -glossopharyngeal CN IX

movement produced by: T1-T12

- balance - truck stability and movement

movement produced by: C8

- bend fingers - fine motor control of hand

movement produced by: C6-C7

- bend wrist - straighten the elbow

movement produced by: L1-L5

- bends hip, lifts knee - lateral leg raise - straightens leg - pulls foot up - wiggling toes

platysma

- broad and thin muscle in the neck, from the fascia of the pectoralis and deltoid muscles to the muscles on the inferior border of mandible - tenses skin of neck, draws the corners of the mouth down to grimace

ossification of the fetal skull

- calavaria (skull cap) develops by intramembranous ossification - most bones of the cranial base develops via endochondral ossification

which of the following accurately describes bone growth of the skull?

- calvaria develop intramembranous ossification -viscerocranium develop intramembranous and endochondral ossification

orbicularis oris

- circular fibers around mouth and within lips - close mouth and purse lips

descending motor tracts

- deliver efferent impulses from the brain to the spinal cord - the pyramidal or corticospinal tracts - lateral corticospinal tract and anterior corticospinal tracts

what nerves pass through this opening in the neurocranium: internal acoustic canal

- facial CN VII - vestibulocochlear CN VIII

male and female skulls

- female supraorbital margin tends to be sharper, while the males is rounded - the superciliary arch is large and pronounced in men

corrugator supercilii

- fibers travel from junction of nasal/front bone to middle eyebrow in an up and lateral direction - draws the medial portion of the eyebrow downward, concern

nasalis

- fibers travel from maxilla and nasal cartilage to the aponeurosis of the nose - the muscle lifts and widens nostrils and another part compresses

6 unique bones

- frontal - parietal (2) - temporal (2) - occipital - sphenoid - ethmoid

proportions of fetal skull

- frontal and parietal eminences are much more prominent - mastoid process is absent at birth and develops as the sternocleidomastoid strengthens (Wolff's law) facial skeleton is small compared to calvaria

what nerves originate in the medulla oblongata?

- glossopharyngeal -vagus - accessory - hypoglossal - vestibulocochlear

similarities between the sympathetic and parasympathetic

- help maintain homeostasis - have viscera as most of their effectors (innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and gland) - operate via subconscious control - are comprised of a two neuron system

lateral pterygoid

- horizontal fibers from condylar process of mandible to lateral pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone - protrudes mandible and produces side to side movements

buccinator

- horizontal fibers, rectangular muscle from the alveolar process on the maxilla and mandible laterally to the orbicularis oris muscle medially - smiling, chewing

where do the two descending tracts cross?

- lateral crosses at the decussation of the pyramids - anterior crosses at the spinal cord level in which it terminates

two tracts for the anterolateral system?

- lateral spinothalamic tract - anterior spinothalamic tract

viscerocranium

- mandible - maxillae (2) - palatine (2) - zygomatic (2) - lacrimal (2) - nasal (2) - vomer - inferior nasal conchae (2)

what nerves originate from the midbrain

- oculomotor - trochlear

which cranial nerves are motor fibers?

- oculomotor III - Trochlear IV - abducent VI - spinal accessory XI - hypoglossal XII

Which cranial nerves are sensory?

- olfactory I - optic II - Ophthalmic V1 - Maxillary V2 - vestibulocochlear VIII

what nerves pass through this opening in the neurocranium: superior orbital fissure

- ophthalmic CN V1 (from trigeminal) - trochlear CNIV - abducent CN VI -oculomotor CNIII

parasympathetic information

- originate in the brain and sacral spinal cord - long pre, short post - ganglia are in the visceral effector of organs

anterolateral - spinothalamic transmits what signals?

- pain - thermal - touch - pressure (crude) - tickle and itch - sexual sensations

movement produced by: S1-S5

- point foot down - bladder, pelvic floor, external anal sphincter, external urethral sphincter

spinal cord - thoracic level descriptions

- pointed tips of the lateral horn stick out, much more prominent

spinal cord - lumbar level descriptions

- round cord -ventral horn enlargements

mentalis

- skin of chin to mandible with vertical fibers - lifts the skin of the chin, expresses doubt

movement produced by: T1

- spreads fingers apart and brings back together - fine motor control of hand

masseter

- superiomedial fibers from lateral surface of ramus of the mandible to zygomatic arch - elevates and protrudes mandible

where do the main branches of the trigeminal n. (V) move through the skull?

- superior orbital fissure: V1 ophthalmic - foramen rotundum: V2 maxillary - foramen ovale: V3 mandibular

which of the following is a branch or terminal nerve associated with the trigeminal nerve?

- suprorbital n. - mental n. - inferior alveolar n.

sympathetic information

- thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord - short pre, long post - ganglia are close to spinal cord

dorsal column-medial lemniscal system transmits what signals

- touch (fine) - vibration - skin movements - joint proprioception -pressure (fine)

somatic sensations

- touch, pain, temperature, and pressure - proprioception: join and muscles

what nerves originate in the pons

- trigeminal -abducent -facial -vestibulochochlear

which cranial nerves are both sensory and motor?

- trigeminal V (mandibular branch V3) - facial VII - glossopharyngeal IX - vagus X

depressor anguli oris

- vertical fibers from angle of mouth to inferior border of the mandible - depresses the angle of the mouth

temporalis

- vertically aligned fibers fanning out from the cornoid process of the mandible to the temporal fossa of the parietal bone - elevates the mandible (closes the jaw) and retracts the mandible

medial pterygoid

- vertically aligned from medial surface of mandible to medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone - elevates and protrudes mandible and produces side to side movements

movement produced by: C4

- weak breathing - shoulder shrug

how does the relative amount of gray and white matter varies at different spinal levels

- white matter decreases caudally - the long ascending and descending fiber tracts contain fewer axons at successively caudal levels of the spinal cord

zygomaticus major

- zygomatic bone to the angle of the mouth - draws angle of the mouth up during smiling and laughing

fetal fontanelles

-anterior fontanelle - posterior fontanelle - sphenoidal and mastoid fontanelle

orbicularis oculi

-circular muscle surrounding the orbit - palpebral part: close eye lids gently -orbital part: strongly closes lids

two tracts for the DCML

-fasciculus gracilis - fasciculus cuneatus

fetal skull sutures

-front suture: present in newborn and fused by 8 -mandibular symphysis: fused by end of 2

size of skull of fetal vs adult

-head height of newborn is 1/4 of entire body and the adult head height is 1/8 of body height -babies have big heads compared to their bodies

movement produced by: C1-C3

-neck movement -shoulder shrug -weak breathing

which cranial nerves are special sensory?

-olfactory I - optic II - vestibulocochlear VIII

spinal cord - sacral level descriptions

-small round cord - prominent lateral horn

occipitofrontalis

-vertically aligned fibers from the skin of the eyebrows to the epicranial aponeurosis - elevates the eyebrows

spinal cord - cervical level descriptions

-wide flat cord - lots of white matter -ventral horn enlargements

parasympathetic outflow

1. preganglionic axon 2. intramural ganglion 3. postganglionic axon 4. smooth muscle

sympathetic outflow

1. preganglionic axon 2. paravertebral or prevertebral ganglion 3. postganglionic axon 4. smooth muscle

somatic pathways

1. somatic sensory nerve 2. CNS interneuron 3. somatic motor nerve

autonomic pathways

1. somatic sensory nerve 2. interneuron two pathways: 3a. somatic motor nerve goes out the ventral ramus 4a. visceral motor nerve move through the spinal nerve 4b. the preganglionic fiber moves down the white ramus communicans 4c. synapses at the sympathetic ganglion 4d. post-ganglionic visceral motor nerve moves up the gray ramus communicans exits out of the ventral ramus

flow of motor information

1. spinal cord 2. spinal nerve 3. dorsal ramus/ ventral ramus/ rami communicantes (grey/white)

spinal reflex arc

1. stimulus 2.stretch receptor 3. sensory neuron 4. interneuron 5. motor neuron

sympathetic pathways: 3 locations for synapses

1. within same paravertebral ganglia 2. within a different paravertebral ganglia 3. pass through to prevertebral ganglia

where does the anterolateral system cross over?

At the level of intervation

which cranial nerves contain parasympathetic axons?

III, VII, IX, and X

what nerves pass through this opening in the neurocranium: foramen lacerum

NONE

which cranial nerves contain sympathetic axons?

NONE

what nerves pass through this opening in the neurocranium: foramen magnum

accessory CNX1

what are the ascending tracts?

anterolateral-spinothalamic and dorsal column medial lemniscal

dermatome

area of skin innervated by a single pair of spinal nerves

the dorsal root of a spinal nerve contains:

axons of sensory neurons

what does the dorsal ramus innervate?

back

what does the ventral ramus innervate?

body wall/ limbs

parasympatheitc origin of fibers

brain and sacral spinal cord

Optic Nerve Origin/Termination

cerebrum: - originates in the anterior extension of diencephalon - terminates in the thalamus - axons relay to the occipital lobe

olfactory origin and termination

cerebrum: - originates in the forebrain - terminates in temporal lobe

sympathetic location of ganglia

close to the spinal cord

what causes paraplegia (below the hips loss of motor and sensory function)

complete transection between T1 and L1

what causes quadriplegia (below the neck loss of motor and sensory function)

complete transection in the cervical region

What information does the dorsal column medial lemniscal move?

conscious proprioception, vibration, fine touch, and 2-point discrimination of skin and joints of the body and head

the body surface region monitored by a specific pair of spinal nerves is called:

dermatome

cranium

encloses and protects the brain

basic function: abducent

eye movement - lateral rectus

basic function: trochlear

eye movement - superior oblique

basic function: oculomotor

eye movement, raising of eyelid, parasympathetic innervation

what nerves pass through this opening in the neurocranium: stylomastoid foramen

facial CN VII

what innervates the muscle of facial expression

facial nerve VII

basic function: trigeminal

facial sensation, chewing

T or F: after leaving the lateral horn, sympathetic efferents enter the sympathetic ganglion via the ventral rami

false

T or F: there is no sympathetic control of visceral organs in the head

false

basic function: vestibulocochlear

hearing and balance

what nerves pass through this opening in the neurocranium: hypoglossal canal

hypoglossal CNXII

where does the dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway cross over?

in the medulla oblongata

parasympathetic location of ganglia

in the visceral effector organs

what nerves pass through this opening in the viscerocranium: mandibular foramen

inferior alveolar nerve (from mandibular CN V3)

somatic motor activity

innervate skeletal muscles

where do the descending tracts cross?

lateral crosses at the decussation of pyramids and anterior crosses at the spinal cord level in which it innervates

parasympathetic length of fibers

long preganglionic and short postganglionic

paralysis

loss of motor function

parathesia

loss of sensory function

gracile fasciculus

lower extremity

what innervates the muscle of mastication

mandibular nerve V3

what nerves pass through this opening in the neurocranium: foramen ovale

mandicular CN V3 (from trigeminal)

what nerves pass through this opening in the neurocranium: foramen rotundum

maxillary CNV2 (from trigeminal)

what nerves pass through this opening in the neurocranium: foramen spinosum

meningeal branch (from mandibular CN V3)

what nerves pass through this opening in the viscerocranium: mental foramen

mental nerve (from inferior alveolar nerve, branch from CN V3)

myotome

muscle group primarily innervated by a single pair of spinal nerves

basic function: vagus

muscle of internal organs and swallowing, gag reflex, speech, taste from epiglottis and palate

basic function: facial

muscles of facial expression, taste, saliva, and tear production

white ramus communicans

myelinated presynaptic sympathetic fibers

what nerves pass through this opening in the viscerocranium: cribriform plates

olfactory CNI axons

what nerves pass through this opening in the neurocranium: optic foramen

optic CNII

what information does the anterolateral- spinothalamic move?

pain, temperature, tickle/ itch, sexual sensations and deep touch

which of the following bones are associated with the nasal cavity?

palatine, vomer, ethmoid

prevertebral ganglion

presynaptic sympathetic fibers pass through paravertebral ganglion, without synapsing, to synapse at prevertebral ganglion

sympathetic length of fibers

short preganglionic and long postganglionic

basic function: olfactory

smell

a needle used in a spinal tap must be inserted until its tip is in the:

subarachnoid space

what nerves pass through this opening in the neurocranium: supraorbital foramen

supraorbital nerve - from ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve CN N1

basic function: glossopharyngeal

swallowing, gag reflex, speech, taste, external ear sensation, saliva production

what level does the lateral corticospinal tract cross?

the decussation of the pyramids

cell bodies of the primary somatic and visceral sensory neurons are located in:

the dorsal root ganglia

cervical ganglion of the sympathetic trunk

the head and neck regions receive sympathetic innervation via the cervical ganglia (superior, middle, inferior). Limbs receive sympathetic fibers via ventral rami of the spinal nerves

what level does the anterior corticospinal tract cross?

the level of the spinal nerve it innervates

lateral horn

the source of all the sympathetic in the body and only occurs in the sections T1-L2

what does the rami commmunicates innervate?

thoracic and lumbar

sympathetic origin of fibers

thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord

basic function: hypoglossal

tongue movement

basic function: accessory

turn neck and shrug shoulders

fetal skull: frontal suture

typically closes around 7-8 years to form frontal bone

gray ramus communicans

un-myelinated postsynaptic sympathetic fibers

cuneatus fasciculus

upper extremity

what nerve accounts for 90% of all parasympathetic preganglionic fibers?

vagus nerve

a motor neuron going to skeletal muscles of the hand will pass through the:

ventral ramus

basic function: optic

vision

what does the corticospinal (pyramidal) tract transmits what signal?

voluntary motor function descending

paresis

weakness

flow of sensory information

1. dorsal ramus/ ventral ramus/ rami communicantes (white/grey) 2. spinal nerve dorsal root spinal cord

sympathetic pathways: postganglionic nerve

1. grey rami communicans 2. spinal nerve 3. target tissue

sympathetic pathways: preganglionic nerve

1. lateral horn of spinal cord 2. ventral root 3. spinal nerve 4. white rami communicans 5. paravertebral ganglia

sympathetic pathways

1. originate in lateral horn of T1-L2 2. paravertebral sympathetic trunk 3. prevertebral ganglia 4. organ