HPHY321 - Exam 2
movement produced by: C5
- abdominal breathing - movement of arm at shoulder and shoulder movement - bend elbow
what nerves pass through this opening in the viscerocranium: jugular foramen
- accessory CN XI - vagus CN X -glossopharyngeal CN IX
movement produced by: T1-T12
- balance - truck stability and movement
movement produced by: C8
- bend fingers - fine motor control of hand
movement produced by: C6-C7
- bend wrist - straighten the elbow
movement produced by: L1-L5
- bends hip, lifts knee - lateral leg raise - straightens leg - pulls foot up - wiggling toes
platysma
- broad and thin muscle in the neck, from the fascia of the pectoralis and deltoid muscles to the muscles on the inferior border of mandible - tenses skin of neck, draws the corners of the mouth down to grimace
ossification of the fetal skull
- calavaria (skull cap) develops by intramembranous ossification - most bones of the cranial base develops via endochondral ossification
which of the following accurately describes bone growth of the skull?
- calvaria develop intramembranous ossification -viscerocranium develop intramembranous and endochondral ossification
orbicularis oris
- circular fibers around mouth and within lips - close mouth and purse lips
descending motor tracts
- deliver efferent impulses from the brain to the spinal cord - the pyramidal or corticospinal tracts - lateral corticospinal tract and anterior corticospinal tracts
what nerves pass through this opening in the neurocranium: internal acoustic canal
- facial CN VII - vestibulocochlear CN VIII
male and female skulls
- female supraorbital margin tends to be sharper, while the males is rounded - the superciliary arch is large and pronounced in men
corrugator supercilii
- fibers travel from junction of nasal/front bone to middle eyebrow in an up and lateral direction - draws the medial portion of the eyebrow downward, concern
nasalis
- fibers travel from maxilla and nasal cartilage to the aponeurosis of the nose - the muscle lifts and widens nostrils and another part compresses
6 unique bones
- frontal - parietal (2) - temporal (2) - occipital - sphenoid - ethmoid
proportions of fetal skull
- frontal and parietal eminences are much more prominent - mastoid process is absent at birth and develops as the sternocleidomastoid strengthens (Wolff's law) facial skeleton is small compared to calvaria
what nerves originate in the medulla oblongata?
- glossopharyngeal -vagus - accessory - hypoglossal - vestibulocochlear
similarities between the sympathetic and parasympathetic
- help maintain homeostasis - have viscera as most of their effectors (innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and gland) - operate via subconscious control - are comprised of a two neuron system
lateral pterygoid
- horizontal fibers from condylar process of mandible to lateral pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone - protrudes mandible and produces side to side movements
buccinator
- horizontal fibers, rectangular muscle from the alveolar process on the maxilla and mandible laterally to the orbicularis oris muscle medially - smiling, chewing
where do the two descending tracts cross?
- lateral crosses at the decussation of the pyramids - anterior crosses at the spinal cord level in which it terminates
two tracts for the anterolateral system?
- lateral spinothalamic tract - anterior spinothalamic tract
viscerocranium
- mandible - maxillae (2) - palatine (2) - zygomatic (2) - lacrimal (2) - nasal (2) - vomer - inferior nasal conchae (2)
what nerves originate from the midbrain
- oculomotor - trochlear
which cranial nerves are motor fibers?
- oculomotor III - Trochlear IV - abducent VI - spinal accessory XI - hypoglossal XII
Which cranial nerves are sensory?
- olfactory I - optic II - Ophthalmic V1 - Maxillary V2 - vestibulocochlear VIII
what nerves pass through this opening in the neurocranium: superior orbital fissure
- ophthalmic CN V1 (from trigeminal) - trochlear CNIV - abducent CN VI -oculomotor CNIII
parasympathetic information
- originate in the brain and sacral spinal cord - long pre, short post - ganglia are in the visceral effector of organs
anterolateral - spinothalamic transmits what signals?
- pain - thermal - touch - pressure (crude) - tickle and itch - sexual sensations
movement produced by: S1-S5
- point foot down - bladder, pelvic floor, external anal sphincter, external urethral sphincter
spinal cord - thoracic level descriptions
- pointed tips of the lateral horn stick out, much more prominent
spinal cord - lumbar level descriptions
- round cord -ventral horn enlargements
mentalis
- skin of chin to mandible with vertical fibers - lifts the skin of the chin, expresses doubt
movement produced by: T1
- spreads fingers apart and brings back together - fine motor control of hand
masseter
- superiomedial fibers from lateral surface of ramus of the mandible to zygomatic arch - elevates and protrudes mandible
where do the main branches of the trigeminal n. (V) move through the skull?
- superior orbital fissure: V1 ophthalmic - foramen rotundum: V2 maxillary - foramen ovale: V3 mandibular
which of the following is a branch or terminal nerve associated with the trigeminal nerve?
- suprorbital n. - mental n. - inferior alveolar n.
sympathetic information
- thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord - short pre, long post - ganglia are close to spinal cord
dorsal column-medial lemniscal system transmits what signals
- touch (fine) - vibration - skin movements - joint proprioception -pressure (fine)
somatic sensations
- touch, pain, temperature, and pressure - proprioception: join and muscles
what nerves originate in the pons
- trigeminal -abducent -facial -vestibulochochlear
which cranial nerves are both sensory and motor?
- trigeminal V (mandibular branch V3) - facial VII - glossopharyngeal IX - vagus X
depressor anguli oris
- vertical fibers from angle of mouth to inferior border of the mandible - depresses the angle of the mouth
temporalis
- vertically aligned fibers fanning out from the cornoid process of the mandible to the temporal fossa of the parietal bone - elevates the mandible (closes the jaw) and retracts the mandible
medial pterygoid
- vertically aligned from medial surface of mandible to medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone - elevates and protrudes mandible and produces side to side movements
movement produced by: C4
- weak breathing - shoulder shrug
how does the relative amount of gray and white matter varies at different spinal levels
- white matter decreases caudally - the long ascending and descending fiber tracts contain fewer axons at successively caudal levels of the spinal cord
zygomaticus major
- zygomatic bone to the angle of the mouth - draws angle of the mouth up during smiling and laughing
fetal fontanelles
-anterior fontanelle - posterior fontanelle - sphenoidal and mastoid fontanelle
orbicularis oculi
-circular muscle surrounding the orbit - palpebral part: close eye lids gently -orbital part: strongly closes lids
two tracts for the DCML
-fasciculus gracilis - fasciculus cuneatus
fetal skull sutures
-front suture: present in newborn and fused by 8 -mandibular symphysis: fused by end of 2
size of skull of fetal vs adult
-head height of newborn is 1/4 of entire body and the adult head height is 1/8 of body height -babies have big heads compared to their bodies
movement produced by: C1-C3
-neck movement -shoulder shrug -weak breathing
which cranial nerves are special sensory?
-olfactory I - optic II - vestibulocochlear VIII
spinal cord - sacral level descriptions
-small round cord - prominent lateral horn
occipitofrontalis
-vertically aligned fibers from the skin of the eyebrows to the epicranial aponeurosis - elevates the eyebrows
spinal cord - cervical level descriptions
-wide flat cord - lots of white matter -ventral horn enlargements
parasympathetic outflow
1. preganglionic axon 2. intramural ganglion 3. postganglionic axon 4. smooth muscle
sympathetic outflow
1. preganglionic axon 2. paravertebral or prevertebral ganglion 3. postganglionic axon 4. smooth muscle
somatic pathways
1. somatic sensory nerve 2. CNS interneuron 3. somatic motor nerve
autonomic pathways
1. somatic sensory nerve 2. interneuron two pathways: 3a. somatic motor nerve goes out the ventral ramus 4a. visceral motor nerve move through the spinal nerve 4b. the preganglionic fiber moves down the white ramus communicans 4c. synapses at the sympathetic ganglion 4d. post-ganglionic visceral motor nerve moves up the gray ramus communicans exits out of the ventral ramus
flow of motor information
1. spinal cord 2. spinal nerve 3. dorsal ramus/ ventral ramus/ rami communicantes (grey/white)
spinal reflex arc
1. stimulus 2.stretch receptor 3. sensory neuron 4. interneuron 5. motor neuron
sympathetic pathways: 3 locations for synapses
1. within same paravertebral ganglia 2. within a different paravertebral ganglia 3. pass through to prevertebral ganglia
where does the anterolateral system cross over?
At the level of intervation
which cranial nerves contain parasympathetic axons?
III, VII, IX, and X
what nerves pass through this opening in the neurocranium: foramen lacerum
NONE
which cranial nerves contain sympathetic axons?
NONE
what nerves pass through this opening in the neurocranium: foramen magnum
accessory CNX1
what are the ascending tracts?
anterolateral-spinothalamic and dorsal column medial lemniscal
dermatome
area of skin innervated by a single pair of spinal nerves
the dorsal root of a spinal nerve contains:
axons of sensory neurons
what does the dorsal ramus innervate?
back
what does the ventral ramus innervate?
body wall/ limbs
parasympatheitc origin of fibers
brain and sacral spinal cord
Optic Nerve Origin/Termination
cerebrum: - originates in the anterior extension of diencephalon - terminates in the thalamus - axons relay to the occipital lobe
olfactory origin and termination
cerebrum: - originates in the forebrain - terminates in temporal lobe
sympathetic location of ganglia
close to the spinal cord
what causes paraplegia (below the hips loss of motor and sensory function)
complete transection between T1 and L1
what causes quadriplegia (below the neck loss of motor and sensory function)
complete transection in the cervical region
What information does the dorsal column medial lemniscal move?
conscious proprioception, vibration, fine touch, and 2-point discrimination of skin and joints of the body and head
the body surface region monitored by a specific pair of spinal nerves is called:
dermatome
cranium
encloses and protects the brain
basic function: abducent
eye movement - lateral rectus
basic function: trochlear
eye movement - superior oblique
basic function: oculomotor
eye movement, raising of eyelid, parasympathetic innervation
what nerves pass through this opening in the neurocranium: stylomastoid foramen
facial CN VII
what innervates the muscle of facial expression
facial nerve VII
basic function: trigeminal
facial sensation, chewing
T or F: after leaving the lateral horn, sympathetic efferents enter the sympathetic ganglion via the ventral rami
false
T or F: there is no sympathetic control of visceral organs in the head
false
basic function: vestibulocochlear
hearing and balance
what nerves pass through this opening in the neurocranium: hypoglossal canal
hypoglossal CNXII
where does the dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway cross over?
in the medulla oblongata
parasympathetic location of ganglia
in the visceral effector organs
what nerves pass through this opening in the viscerocranium: mandibular foramen
inferior alveolar nerve (from mandibular CN V3)
somatic motor activity
innervate skeletal muscles
where do the descending tracts cross?
lateral crosses at the decussation of pyramids and anterior crosses at the spinal cord level in which it innervates
parasympathetic length of fibers
long preganglionic and short postganglionic
paralysis
loss of motor function
parathesia
loss of sensory function
gracile fasciculus
lower extremity
what innervates the muscle of mastication
mandibular nerve V3
what nerves pass through this opening in the neurocranium: foramen ovale
mandicular CN V3 (from trigeminal)
what nerves pass through this opening in the neurocranium: foramen rotundum
maxillary CNV2 (from trigeminal)
what nerves pass through this opening in the neurocranium: foramen spinosum
meningeal branch (from mandibular CN V3)
what nerves pass through this opening in the viscerocranium: mental foramen
mental nerve (from inferior alveolar nerve, branch from CN V3)
myotome
muscle group primarily innervated by a single pair of spinal nerves
basic function: vagus
muscle of internal organs and swallowing, gag reflex, speech, taste from epiglottis and palate
basic function: facial
muscles of facial expression, taste, saliva, and tear production
white ramus communicans
myelinated presynaptic sympathetic fibers
what nerves pass through this opening in the viscerocranium: cribriform plates
olfactory CNI axons
what nerves pass through this opening in the neurocranium: optic foramen
optic CNII
what information does the anterolateral- spinothalamic move?
pain, temperature, tickle/ itch, sexual sensations and deep touch
which of the following bones are associated with the nasal cavity?
palatine, vomer, ethmoid
prevertebral ganglion
presynaptic sympathetic fibers pass through paravertebral ganglion, without synapsing, to synapse at prevertebral ganglion
sympathetic length of fibers
short preganglionic and long postganglionic
basic function: olfactory
smell
a needle used in a spinal tap must be inserted until its tip is in the:
subarachnoid space
what nerves pass through this opening in the neurocranium: supraorbital foramen
supraorbital nerve - from ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve CN N1
basic function: glossopharyngeal
swallowing, gag reflex, speech, taste, external ear sensation, saliva production
what level does the lateral corticospinal tract cross?
the decussation of the pyramids
cell bodies of the primary somatic and visceral sensory neurons are located in:
the dorsal root ganglia
cervical ganglion of the sympathetic trunk
the head and neck regions receive sympathetic innervation via the cervical ganglia (superior, middle, inferior). Limbs receive sympathetic fibers via ventral rami of the spinal nerves
what level does the anterior corticospinal tract cross?
the level of the spinal nerve it innervates
lateral horn
the source of all the sympathetic in the body and only occurs in the sections T1-L2
what does the rami commmunicates innervate?
thoracic and lumbar
sympathetic origin of fibers
thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord
basic function: hypoglossal
tongue movement
basic function: accessory
turn neck and shrug shoulders
fetal skull: frontal suture
typically closes around 7-8 years to form frontal bone
gray ramus communicans
un-myelinated postsynaptic sympathetic fibers
cuneatus fasciculus
upper extremity
what nerve accounts for 90% of all parasympathetic preganglionic fibers?
vagus nerve
a motor neuron going to skeletal muscles of the hand will pass through the:
ventral ramus
basic function: optic
vision
what does the corticospinal (pyramidal) tract transmits what signal?
voluntary motor function descending
paresis
weakness
flow of sensory information
1. dorsal ramus/ ventral ramus/ rami communicantes (white/grey) 2. spinal nerve dorsal root spinal cord
sympathetic pathways: postganglionic nerve
1. grey rami communicans 2. spinal nerve 3. target tissue
sympathetic pathways: preganglionic nerve
1. lateral horn of spinal cord 2. ventral root 3. spinal nerve 4. white rami communicans 5. paravertebral ganglia
sympathetic pathways
1. originate in lateral horn of T1-L2 2. paravertebral sympathetic trunk 3. prevertebral ganglia 4. organ
