HSP CH3
Wanting (needing something) and liking (experiencing pleasure) typically go hand-in-hand and complement one another. But, the two motivational experiences can diverge apart from one another, and that is typically what happens during:
Addiction
________ is the so-called stress hormone that is typically released from the adrenal gland to prepare the body for a social-evaluative threat, such as public speaking.
Cortisol
________ is the so-called bonding hormone that typically motivates the "tend and befriend" coping response. This hormone raises levels of trust in others.
Oxytocin
_______ is associated with high competition, status-seeking, and sexual motivation. It is most strongly related to status-seeking behavior after social status has bene questioned or threatened.
Testosterone
The ____ specifically regulates the emotions involved in self-preservation, such as anger, anxiety, and fear.
amygdala
The _____ monitors motivational conflicts. It resolves emotional and decision-making conflicts by recruiting other cortical brain structures for executive control over basic urges and emotions.
anterior cingulate cortex
If a rat had a lesioned (surgically removed) amygdala and was then placed in the same room with a cat, what would the rat's behavior likely be? The rat would likely:
appear tame, neutral, perhaps even playful.
One function of the left prefrontal cerebral cortex is to generate:
approach motivation and emotion.
The ____ controls the autonomic nervous system, hence the body's fight-or-flight system (from sympathetic and parasympathetic activation).
hypothalamus
The ____ controls the pituitary gland, hence the body's endocrine system.
hypothalamus
The _is a small brain structure that comprises less than 1% of the total volume of the brain. Despite its small size, it is a motivational giant associated with motivations such as hunger and thirst.
hypothalamus
The _____ is involved in processing both one's own feelings (e.g., intrinsic motivation) as well as the feelings and emotions of other people (e.g., empathy).
insular cortex
Which of the following brain structures is most closely associated with the subjective experience of "Yes, I like this; I want to."?
left prefrontal cerebral cortex
Given the following scenario, what brain structure would be expected to be highly active? The person looks at a menu, trying to decide which item to order. As she considers the options listed in front of her, her awareness of her past experiences with the various items informs her decision to choose option A over option B.
orbitofrontal cortex
The _____ stores and processes reward-related value information of environmental objects and events to formulate preferences and to make choices between options.
orbitofrontal cortex
People with relatively high activity in their right prefrontal lobes ("right-side asymmetry") show a relatively strong sensitivity to:
potential signals of punishment and negative emotionality.
People with relatively high activity in their left prefrontal lobes ("left-side asymmetry") show a relatively strong sensitivity to:
potential signals of reward and positive emotionality.
Which of the following structures plays a key role in arousal, alertness, and the process of awakening the brain so to process incoming sensory information?
reticular formation
Which of the following structures is most closely associated with the subjective experience of "No, I don't want to do this."?
right prefrontal cerebral cortex
The _____ brain is associated with urges and impulses and with emotion-rich motivations such as hunger, thirst, anger, fear, anxiety, pleasure, desire, reward, and wanting.
subcortical
