HTH 370 Exam 3

Concerns about aluminum and vaccines

- Aluminum is present in several vaccines to improve the immune response. - Some parents are concerned that aluminum in vaccines might be harmful to babies. However... Healthy babies quickly eliminate aluminum from their bodies without harmful effects.

What are Hep B complications (5)

- Fulminant hepatitis - Hospitalization - Cirrhosis - Hepatocellular carcinoma - Death

Components of WSCC model (10)

- Health Education - Nutrition Environment & Services - Employee Wellness - Social & Emotional School Climate - Physical Environment - Health Services - Counseling, Psychological, & Social Services - Community Involvement - Family Engagement - Physical Education & Physical Activity

What 4 components of the WSCC model have a greater emphasis

- Social & Emotional School Climate - Physical Environment - Community Involvement - Family Engagement

Foods to avoid giving infants (6)

- Soda - Coffee - Non-breast milk until 12 months - Added salt and sugar - Fried, processed foods - Seasonings

2017 - 1 in __ youth/adolescents are overweight or obese

1 in 5

1 in ___ children have raised blood pressure, which can be lowered in part by a healthy diet, with less sodium

1 in 6

Delay the introduction of 100% juice until at least ________________ and limit to no more than ______ oz/day; juice should only be fed from a ______.

1 year of age; 4-6 oz/day; only from a cup

The American Cancer Society identified the basics of a high quality school health program to have what 4 key elements?

1) Active leadership from school administrators, school/community health council, and school employee with responsibility for coordination 2) A coordinated and collaborative approach overseen by a school health council, that sets priorities based on community needs and values, and that links with community resources. 3) A safe and nurturing learning environment with supportive policies and practices, facilities that are hazard free, and consistent health-enhancing messages. 4) A commitment of time, personnels, and resources.

When did we see a resurgences of measles (3) and why?

1) from 1989-1991 largely because of unvaccinated children 2) in 2008, measles was imported. caused 140 reported cases. (3-fold increase from previous year) 3) in 2014, many people were unvaccinated and measles were brought from the Philippines who had a large outbreak

Recommendations for complementary foods for infants 6-8 months (4)

1-2 ounces of grain products (iron-fortified infant cereals, bread, small pieces of crackers) 2-4 ounces of vegetables (cooked, plain, strained, pureed, mashed) 2-4 ounces of fruits (plain, strained, pureed, mashed) 1-2 ounces of protein-rich foods (plain, strained, pureed, mashed meat, poultry, fish, eggs, cheese, yogurt, or mashed legumes)

How have food environments been contributing to childhood obesity (5)

1.) Lack of breast feeding support 2.) Food advertising - less healthy options advertised 3.) Soft drink consumption - Sugar drinks & less healthful foods on school campuses - Greater availability of high-energy-dense foods and sugar drinks 4.) Access to healthy affordable foods 5.) Increased portion sizes

What are 2 of the 31 new objectives of Healthy People 2020 that we discussed in class

1.) Reduce, eliminate, or maintain elimination of cases of vaccine-preventable diseases 2.) Achieve and maintain effective vaccination coverage levels for universally recommended vaccines among young children

When should children get the Tdap vaccine?

11-12 years old

When should children get the MenACWY vaccine?

11-12 years old booster recommended at age 16

When should children get the HPV vaccine?

11-12 years old should get 2-shot series at least 6 months apart

When should children get the MMR vaccine?

12-15 months again between 4-6 years

When should children get the varicella vaccine?

12-15 months again between 4-6 years

When was 1st flu pandemic

1580, at least 4 pandemics in 19th century

When should children get the MenB vaccine?

16-18 y/o IF THEY CHOOSE TO

How many measles cases and outbreaks occurred between Jan. 1 and Oct. 16, 2015

189 cases 5 outbreaks (represent 80% of cases)

The influenza virus was first isolated in _______

1933

The Coordinated School Health Model has been used in schools since...

1987

When should children get the IPV vaccine?

2 AND 4 months again between 6-18 months

When should children get the PCV13 vaccine?

2, 4, AND 6 months again 12-15 months

When should children get the Hib vaccine?

2, 4, AND 6 months again between 12-15 months

When should children get the DTaP vaccine?

2, 4, AND 6 months again between 15-18 months again between ages 4 and 6

Recommendations for complementary foods for infants 8-12 months (4)

2-4 ounces of grain products (Iron-fortified infant cereals, baby crackers, bread, noodles, corn girts, soft tortilla pieces) 4-6 ounces of vegetables (cooked, finely chopped, diced) 4-6 ounces of fruits (finely chopped, diced) 2-4 ounces of protein-rich foods (ground, finely chopped, diced meat, poultry, fish, eggs, cheese, yogurt, or mashed legumes

Before the HepB vaccine was introduced, how many children under age 10 became infected each year

20,000

When was the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine licenses

2000

When was the WSCC model launched to build onto the CSH model

2014

According to WHO, when will total eradication of polio happen and why so late?

2018, because of possible re-emergence through various sources

______________________ adolescents are living with diagnosed diabetes.

208,000

There are ____________________ overweight children worldwide.

213 million

In 2009, the average cost of an obesity-related hospital stay was ____ percent higher than a stay with no mention of obesity.

24% ($9,900 vs $8,000)

How many vaccine preventable diseases are there in all

28

US children ages 6-18 years eat an average of about _________ mg of sodium a day before salt is added at the table. Recommended = ________ mg/day

3,300 mg.. Recommended = 2,300 mg

As many as _______ of adolescents have been shown to have what is known as the metabolic syndrome

3-4%

Average length of a hospital stay for hospitalizations with no mention of obesity was ____ days in 2009, but when obesity was a coexisting condition, the average stay was _____ days.

3.8; 5.3

What age group is varicella most fatal in?

30+

During the first 6 months of life, infants could receive about ______ milligrams of aluminum from vaccines.

4

Women should maintain breastfeeding as the exclusive source of nutrition for the first ____________________ of life

4-6 months

___________ of new diagnosed cases of Type 2 are in adolescents

4.8% - 6.2% in females - 3.7% in males

What % of children are overweight by age group? 6 or older 2-5 y/o 6-11 y/o 12-19 y/o

6+ = ~20% 2-5 = 13.9% 6-11 = 18.4% 12-19 = 20.6%

What is effectiveness of flu vaccine in people under 65? In elderly? In preventing hospitalization? In preventing death?

70%-90% effective among healthy persons younger than 65 years of age 30%-40% effective among frail elderly persons 50%-60% effective in preventing hospitalization 80% effective in preventing death

According to the CDC, ______ of overweight children had at least one cardiovascular risk factor such as elevated blood pressure, elevated cholesterol or triglycerides, or elevated insulin levels. _______ had two of more cardiovascular risk factors.

70%; 39%

In 2014, ________ of White children 19-35 months old were fully immunized as opposed to ________ of Black children 19-35 months old.

72.6% as opposed to 65.4%

Estimated ______ of sexually active women will have been infected by HPV by age 50

80%

In 1999, only ______ cases of acute hepatitis B were reported in children under 10 y/o. Also only ____ case reports from 2001 and 2002.

89 ; 19

______ of US children eat too much sodium per day

90%

Obesity in children is defined as a body mass index (BMI) at or greater than the _____ percentile for youth of the same age and gender.

95th

Define pneumococcus

A bacterium that is a leading cause of meningitis (a brain and spiral cord inflammation) and blood infections in adults and children.

What is the WSCC model?

A collaborative approach that focuses on learning and health to meet the needs and reach the potential of each child Integrates the community and the school

Define thimerosal. What does it contain? Is it still used today in children's vaccines?

A preservative used in some vaccines in very small amounts. Protects vaccines from bacterial contamination. Contains ethylmercury Today, other than some flu vaccines, none used to protect pre-school aged children contain thimerosal

Antigen

A protein that, when introduced in the blood, triggers the production of an antibody

Trends associated with food consumption as children start to get older (7)

A reduction in regular breakfast consumption Increase in foods prepared away from the home An increase in the percentage of total calories from snacks An increase in fried and nutrient-poor foods A significant increase in portion size at each meal An increase of sweetened beverages, whereas dairy product consumption has decreased A shift away from high-fiber fruits and vegetables as well as a general decline in fruit and vegetable consumption other than potatoes

Difference between active and passive immunity

Active immunity results when exposure to a disease organism triggers the immune system to produce antibodies to that disease. Passive immunity is provided when a person is given antibodies to a disease rather than producing them through his or her own immune system

What part of the immune response creates antibodies?

Adaptive Immune System

ACIP stands for

Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices

What 3 countries continue to have transmission of polio

Afghanistan Nigeria Pakistan

AAP stands for

American Academy of Pediatrics

What is Mumps and its symptoms. How is it spread? What vaccines are available?

An acute viral illness caused by the mumps virus. Symptoms: Fever, headache, muscle aches, tiredness, and loss of appetite; followed by swelling of salivary glands. The parotid salivary glands are most frequently affected. Spread by coughing and sneezing Mumps vaccine (MMR)

Who was Edward Jenner and what did he accomplish?

An english doctor that invented the small pox vaccine.

Most common STI in US

Anogenital HPV Estimated 20 million currently infected 6.2 million new infections/year

Why is the WSCC model important?

Approximately 95% of all U.S. children and youth attend school ---The success of this model will impact the majority of children and youth in the U.S.

ASCD =

Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development

What are the 5 types of meningitis

Bacterial Viral Fungal Parasitic Non-infectious

Why Vaccinate Children for Hepatitis B?

Because of common scrapes, falls, and lack of personal hygiene, children (particularly in daycare settings) are more exposed to bodily fluids than you may think.

Louis Pasteur

Began pasteurizing milk to kill bacteria Known for the Germ Theory

Risk factors of obesity (4)

Birth weight of 4,000 grams (8.82 pounds) or greater High parental BMI Low birth weight plays a role with childhood obesity, as well. (Under 2,500 grams or 5.5 lbs) Overweight in childhood

Factors that affect food prep (4)

Both parents work outside the home Work schedules that demand that parents be away from home at mealtime Single-parent households Schools provide less education on food preparation (eg, home economics) than in the past.

What standards should providers implement when administering vaccines (2)

CDC's Task Force on Community Preventive Services recommendations and Public Health Service's Standards for Pediatric Immunization Practices.

What two micronutrients intakes are below recommended levels

Calcium and Potassium

Parent, Guardian, and Caregiver responsibilities for child nutrition (8)

Choose breastfeeding for first nutrition try to maintain for 12 mo Control when food is available and when it can be eaten Provide social context for eating behavior Teach about food and nutrition at the grocery store, and when cooking meals Counteract inaccurate information from the media and other influences Teach other care providers about what you want your children to eat Serve as role models and lead by example; "do as I do" rather than "do as I say" Promote and participate in regular daily physical activity

What class of obesity is increasing fastest

Class III obesity (BMI>40 or 100+ lbs overweight)

What has been least obese state since federal measures were implemented

Colorado

Describe the "Community Involvement" construct of the WSCC.

Community groups, organizations, and local businesses create partnerships with schools, share resources, and volunteer to support student learning, development, and health-related activities

It is difficult for students to be successful in school if they are: (8)

Depressed Tired Being bullied Stressed Sick Using alcohol or other drugs Hungry Abused

What is Varicella (chickenpox) and its symptoms. How is it spread? What vaccines are available?

Description-A virus of the herpes family Symptoms-A skin rash of blister-like lesions, usually on the face, scalp, or trunk Transmission-Spread by coughing and sneezing (highly contagious) Vaccine- Varicella vaccine can prevent this disease.

What are measles complications (6)

Diarrhea Otitis media Pneumonia Encephalitis Death Hospitalization

Origin of Vaccines

Early Chinese Inoculation The son of a Chinese statesman was said to have been inoculated against smallpox, probably by having powder from pulverized smallpox scabs blown into his nostril. Inoculation may also have been practiced by scratching matter from a smallpox sore into the skin.

T/F: Boys are most affected by childhood obesity.

False. Boys and girls have been equally affected

Describe the "Family Engagement" construct of the WSCC.

Families and school staff work together to support and improve the learning, development, and health of students The relationship between school staff and families reinforces health and learning in multiple settings: - At home - In school - In out-of-school programs - In the community

What month has peak influenza activity

February

When is a 3-shot series for HPV needed?

For those with weakened immune systems or those who start the series at age 15 or older

Goals of the WSCC model (3)

Forge a relationship between communities and young people to ensure their whole and healthy development. For communities to redefine learning to focus on the whole person. Align policy, practice, and resources to support not only academic learning and growth for the success of each child.

Define health education. What should curricula be based on and what should it address?

Formal, structured learning experiences that provide an opportunity for the student to gain the knowledge and skills to make quality health decisions Curricula should be based on the needs of the students and coincide with the community Curricula should address the National Health Education Standards

During the transition from a milk-based diet to adult foods, what becomes the most commonly consumed vegetable.

French fries

What are the HPV vaccines? What does it do and not do? Recommendations for who should get the vaccine

Gardasil, Gardasil - 9, and Cervarix - Protects against several subtypes of HPV, but not all - Does not protect against sexually transmitted disease - Significantly decreases the risk of cervical cancer Recommendations now include men and boys as well as women and girls ages 9-26

According to obesity article, what are the 5 main factors of childhood obesity

Genetics Metabolism Community/neighborhood design/safety Short sleep duration Eating/physical activity behaviors

Who required mandatory inoculation of soldiers?

George Washington (smallpox vaccine)

___________________ is necessary for academic success.

Good health

What is HPV? What can it cause?

HPV is a group of more than 150 related viruses Some HPV types can lead to cancer. Men and women can get cancer of mouth/ throat, and anus/rectum caused by HPV infections. Men can also get penile HPV cancer. In women, HPV infection can also cause cervical, vaginal, and vulvar HPV cancers. There are vaccines that can prevent infection with the types of HPV that most commonly cause cancer.

Describe the "Health Services" construct of the WSCC.

Health services connect school staff, students, families, community and healthcare providers to promote the health care of students and a healthy and safe school environment

Describe the "Nutrition Environment and Services" construct of the WSCC.

Healthy eating has been linked to improved learning outcomes and helps ensure that students are able to reach their potential Provide Students with opportunities to learn about and practice healthy eating Provide meals that meet federal standards for the National School Lunch and Breakfast Programs

The __________________ vaccine is the best protection a child can have against this dangerous lifelong disease

Hepatitis B

How can schools improve nutrition (5)

Identify a "champion" within the school to coordinate healthy nutrition programs Establish a multidisciplinary team including student representation to assess all aspects of the school environment using the School Health Index Adapt marketing techniques to influence students to make healthy choices Restrict in-school availability of and marketing of poor food choices Ban food advertising on school campuses

What does IAC stand for? Purpose?

Immunization Action Coalition works to increase immunization rates and prevent disease

What are the two public health interventions that have had the most impact on world health.

Immunization and clean water

How has the childhood immunization schedule been changed since 1985? (# of vaccines for what # of diseases)

In 1985, there were 3 vaccines to protect against 7 diseases Today, there are 11 that protect against 14

Healthy People 2020 Overall goal for immunizations

Increase immunization rates and reduce preventable infectious diseases.

Potential prevention strategies for childhood obesity (6)

Increase physical activity. Limit television time to 1 to 2 hours per day. Breastfeed — breastfed babies seem to have lower risk of overweight in early childhood. Reduce soft drink consumption. Reduce portion size. Increase fruit and vegetable consumption

IOM stands for

Institute of Medicine

The BMI of growing children takes on a __-shaped trajectory.

J-shaped trajectory

Obesity rates for children ages 2-19 by race (Latinos, blacks, whites, asians)

Latinos - 21.9% Blacks - 19.5% Whites - 14.7% Asians - 8.6%

On what grounds have parents expressed concerns about a link between the MMR vaccine and autism

MMR vaccine is first given at age 12 to 15 months. The first signs of autism (poor social interaction and speech, repetitive behaviors) often appear between 12 to 18 months of age.

MMR

Measles, Mumps, Rubella

What types of legislation is under consideration for schools and nutrition (6)

Measurement of BMI by school staff for health surveillance and/or to report information to parents Restriction of certain types of food and beverages available on school grounds Taxation of specific foods or sedentary forms of entertainment Establishment of local school wellness policies using a multidisciplinary team of school staff and community volunteers Food-labeling regulations, including appropriate descriptions of portion sizes (eg, a medium-sized sugar-containing drink should be 6-8 oz) Regulation of food advertising directed at children

_______________ is the most sever symptom associated with polio.

Paralysis

What other complications can occur in individuals with polio (3)

Paresthesia (feeling of pins and needles in the legs) Meningitis (infection of the covering of the spinal cord and/or brain) occurs in about 1 out of 25 people with poliovirus infection Paralysis or weakness in the arms, legs, or both, occurs in about 1 out of 200 people with poliovirus infection

What does VPHBP stand for

Perinatal Hepatitis B Prevention

________________ are much less likely to receive all routine immunizations.

Poor children

Describe the "Counseling, Psychological, and Social Services" construct of the WSCC.

Prevention and intervention services that support the mental, behavioral, and social-emotional health of students Services include: - Psychological, psychoeducational, and psychosocial assessments - Direct and indirect interventions to address psychological, academic, and social barriers to learning - Referrals to school and community support

Antibodies

Proteins that attach to antigens, keeping them from harming the body

Describe the "Social and Emotional School Climate" construct of the WSCC.

Refers to the psychosocial aspects of students' educational experience that influence their social and emotional development A positive school climate is conducive to effective teaching and learning: - by promoting health, growth, and development - by providing a safe and supportive learning environment

Why are people allowed to refuse to vaccinate (2)? What are they called and provide a couple characteristics

Religious or philosophical grounds Called exemptors - occur in clusters - are more likely to get disease

Ways of improving immunization rates (3)

Requiring immunization by law to attend school or daycare Programs that educate the community and include other interventions Reducing immunization costs to the family and expanding access to immunization services

Describe the "Employee Wellness" construct of the WSCC.

School employees are powerful role models for students Healthy school employees are less likely to be absent Fostering school employees' physical and mental health protects school staff as well as helps to support students' health and academic success

Sources of nourishment for kids (7)

Schools Childcare After school youth programs Restaurants Vending machines Convenience stores Work sites

Describe the "Physical Education and Physical Activity" construct of the WSCC.

Schools should integrate a comprehensive school physical activity program that reflects coordination across 5 components: - Physical education - Physical activity during school - Physical activity before and after school - Staff involvement - Community engagement Physical education should serve as an academic subject in K-12 based on the National Standards for Physical Education PE Should provide students the ability to learn and practice skills to maintain physically active lifestyles Teachers should be certified or licensed and endorsed by the state to teach PE

Describe vaccines made by using part of the bacteria. Examples (3)?

Some bacteria cause disease by making harmful toxins - The toxin is inactivated with a chemical to no longer cause harm (once inactivated it is called a toxoid) - The toxoid illicit an immune response Examples - tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis

Who benefits from the WSCC model? (4)

Students that are in school School staff Families Communities

Why can meningitis be more deadly for children than adults

Symptoms in children are less obvious

Describe the "Physical Environment" construct of the WSCC.

The physical school environment encompasses: - The school building and its contents - The land on which the school is located - The area surrounding the school A healthy school environment promotes learning by ensuring the health and safety of students and staff

5 vaccine issues issues among concerned parents

The use of thimerosal (ethylmercury) as an additive in vaccines An unsubstantiated link between the MMR vaccine (combination for measles, mumps, and rubella) and autism The necessity of vaccinating children against hepatitis B Pneumococcal conjugate (a new vaccine to protect against meningitis) The relative danger of varicella (chickenpox)

How can Hepatitis B be transmitted (3)

Through contact with the blood or other bodily fluids of an infected person Through unprotected sexual contact with an infected person During birth, when the virus passes from an infected mother to her baby

Why is aluminum in vaccines in the first place?

To improve immune response

What's been a main complaint of both providers AND parents about childhood vaccines

Too many injections at one visit

T/F: Childhood vaccination remains the only real defense against many diseases. Without vaccinations, children are at risk for lifelong health problems and premature death.

True

T/F: Children, teenagers, and adults who get hepatitis B can have lifelong serious health problems.

True

T/F: Even if no scientific evidence is at hand, the companies that make vaccines and the government agencies that oversee them put safety first.

True

T/F: Immunization is recognized as one of the greatest achievements in the prevention of death and disease in children all over the world.

True

When should children get the influenza vaccine?

Two doses at least 4 weeks apart for children between 6 months and 8 years old who are getting it for first time then once yearly

When should children get the HepA vaccine?

Two doses needed for lasting protection 1st - 12-23 months old 2nd - 6-18 months after first dose

Describe the influenza virus strains (3)

Type A - moderate to severe illness - all age groups - humans and other animals Type B - milder disease - primarily affects children - humans only Type C - rarely reported in humans - no epidemics

School nutrition programs reflect the _______________________________ and other criteria to achieve nutrition integrity.

U.S. Dietary Guidelines for Americans

Explain the weight status categories that are classified by BMI percentiles

Underweight - <5th percentile Healthy - 5th to 85th percentile Overweight - 85th to 95th percentile Obese - greater than or equal to 95th percentile

What is the most likely way that the United States will progress from its present plateau in immunization rates

Use of immunization registries

Describe vaccines made by using part of the virus. Example?

Used when an immune response can be illicited from only a part of the virus The protein that resides on the surface of the virus is used Example - Hepatitis B is the only one

How do vaccines work

Vaccines contain weakened versions of live viruses or bacteria. They prepare your body to fight off disease. When a vaccine gets into your body, you make antibodies—special proteins that fight the intruders

What does VFC stand for

Vaccines for Children

What does VIIS stand for

Virginia Immunization Information System

Describe vaccines made by inactivating the virus. What is a limitation? Examples of the vaccines (3)

Virus is completely killed - Cannot reproduce; cannot cause disease - The virus is still "seen" by the body's cells of the immune system and can generate protection against disease Limitation: Several doses needed to illicit immune response Example - influenza, rabies, polio

Describe vaccines made by weakening the virus. What is a limitation? Examples of the vaccines (3)

Viruses cause disease by reproducing thousands of times in the body - A weakened virus produced for a vaccine reproduces itself less than 20 times - Reproduce enough to cause immunity, but not disease Limitation - cannot be given to those with weak immune systems Examples - MMR, Varicella, Zoster

What 4 four ways are vaccines made

Weaken the virus Inactivate the virus Use part of the virus Use part of the bacteria

What is Polio?

a crippling and potentially deadly infectious disease. It is caused by the poliovirus. The virus spreads from person to person and can invade an infected person's brain and spinal cord, causing paralysis About 1 out of 4 people with poliovirus infection will have flu-like symptoms

Complications from chickenpox

bacterial infections of the skin and soft tissues in children including Group A streptococcal infections Pneumonia infection or inflammation of the brain (encephalitis, cerebellar ataxia) blood stream infections (sepsis)

How did WW2 accelerate vaccine development

because of fear of another epidemic in flu and other viruses, mass vaccinations of soldiers began

When should children be vaccinated for HepB?

between 1-2 months AND again between 6-18 months

Infants under 12 months of age should not consume juice unless ________________________.

clinically indicated

With the introduction of a _______________________, the number of injections has declined to __________ injections per visit

combination vaccine; 3 per visit

What are immunization registries? What can they do? HP2020's objective?

computerized information systems that collect data about all children within a geographic area such as a county or state. Can identify areas with low immunization coverage for intervention where most needed Healthy People 2020 objective—95% of children <6 yrs of age become part of an immunization registry

Parents should introduce healthy foods and ...

continue offering if initially refused

A British study by Dr. Brent Taylor showed that the number of diagnosed autism cases ____________________ after the MMR vaccine was introduced in 1988.

did not increase

BMI for children is gender and age specific due to ...

differences in body composition between the sexes and at different ages.

What is Hepatitis B and its symptoms. How is it spread? What vaccines are available?

disease of the liver caused by hepatitis B virus Symptoms - Potentially none when first infected (likelihood of early symptoms increases with the person's age) - If present: yellow skin or eyes, tiredness, stomach ache, loss of appetite, nausea, or joint pain Spread through contact with the blood of an infected person or by having sex with an infected person Hepatitis B vaccine

During the past 3 decades, obesity has more than _________ in children and _____________ in adolescents

doubled in children and quadrupled in adolescents

OVERALL, all groups of children tend to display healthier growth patterns ______________________________.

during the school year than summer

Complications of chicken pox (4)

encephalitis, a brain infection; severe staph and strep secondary infections; hepatitis;  and pneumonia.

A Td booster dose is recommended every ___ years. Tdap is given _____________.

every 10 years; Tdap given only once

According to 2017 USDA recommendations for birth to 6 months, only ___________________ is needed until month 7.

human milk (or formula)

Define toxoid

inactivated toxin

A United States study by Dr. Loring Dales showed that the number of autism cases in young children _______________ even when the number of MMR vaccines ___________________ over the same time period.

increased; decreased

What is meningitis and what can it lead to.

inflammation of the brain and spinal cord can lead to brain damage, mental retardation, and death

Hepatitis B affects what organ

liver

2000 - 2009, the rate of hospitalizations with obesity ___________________.

more than doubled

Obesity in youth has _____________________ since 1970s.

more than tripled

In 2014, American youth were eating 1.25 cup fruit daily, consistent with recommendations.. but what was the concern?

most of it was coming from 100% juice which is not ideal

What is metabolic syndrome

obesity, hypertension, high cholesterol, AND abnormal glucose.

When should children be vaccinated for RV?

once at 2 months AND 4 months AND 6 months

In 1999, an average of ______________ a week died in the United States from complications of chickenpox.

one child a week

Infants who catch hepatitis B from their mothers at birth are at a greater risk for

premature death from liver cancer or liver failure later in life.

What is Measles (Rubeola) and its symptoms. How is it spread? What vaccines are available?

respiratory disease caused by a virus Symptoms- rash, high fever, cough, runny nose, and red, watery eyes, lasting about a week. Spread by coughing and sneezing (highly contagious) Vaccine- Measles vaccine contained in MMR, MR and measles vaccines

Varicella

scientific name for chicken pox

Allow ________________________ in the presence of normal BMI or weight for height

self-regulation of total caloric intake

Describe Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)

serious disease caused by a bacteria. It usually strikes children under 5 years old

How long have scientists been working on the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and why were they so determined

since 1911.. Scientists kept working because pneumococcus bacteria causes about 1 in 5 cases of bacterial meningitis in the United States and is the leading cause of bacterial meningitis in children

Have regular family meals to promote ...

social interaction and role model food-related behavior

What does the success of immunization registries depend on (3)

the leadership of the federal government and professional organizations the involvement of doctors in private practice and the commitment of resources.

What does the BMI percentile indicate?

the relative position of the child's BMI number among children of the same sex and age.

The WSCC focus is directed at... Focuses on...

the whole school with the school in turn drawing its resources and influences from the whole community and serving to address the needs of the whole child health to close the achievement gaps of children in school.

T/F: Black and Hispanic of both genders are at greater risk than Caucasians.

true

The majority of people who got measles were...

unvaccinated