HTH 378 Chapter 13 questions and terms
opioid dependence was viewed as a what?
"vice of middle life"
morphine is how many times as potent as opium?
10 times
when was heroin placed on the market and by who?
1898; Bayer
number and proportion of Americans dependent on opioids peaked at the start of which century?
20th century
how many injections are needed daily to prevent withdrawal for a heroin user
3-4
opium dependence: the typical user was who?
30-50 year old white females
___% of Americans report using prescription pain relievers (nonmedical use) in the past year
5%
the rate of use of heroin by Americans troops in Vietnam?
5%
a medication used to suppress or relieve coughing
antitussive
opium delivers pleasure and relief from what?
anxiety
why does tolerance develop to most effects from both medical and recreational usage?
because higher doses are needed to maintain effects
what kind of toxicity is associated with injection method of use
chronic toxicity
what are the three medically useful characteristics?
clinically useful, pure chemical, and known potency
___ has long been used to reduce coughing
codeine
heroin was originally marketed as a non-habit-forming substitute for what?
codeine
the secondary active agent in opium
codeine
opioids reduce ___ and counteracts ____
colic; diarrhea
what are the components to the opioid overdose triad?
coma, depressed respiration, and pinpoint pupils
what kind of tolerance exists among all opioids?
cross tolerance
opioids ___ the number of peristaltic contraction
decrease
morphine typically reduces the ____ response to pain and to some extent the knowledge of the pain stimulus
emotional response
morphinelike neurotransmitters found in the brain and pituitary gland
endorphins
morphinelike neurotransmitters found in brain and adrenals
enkephalins
true or false: heroin users never "mature out"
false
true or false: upon returning to the US after Vietnam, users continued to use?
false
diacetylmorphine, a potent derivative of morphine
heroin
what are the two semisynthetics of prescription narcotic analgesics?
heroin and diamorph (unavailable in the US)
there was an increase in morphine use due to what?
hypodermic syringe and war (provided relief from pain and dysentery)
what are the three reasons as to why heroin use was prevalent among American soldiers in Vietnam?
inexpensive, 95% pure, and easy to obtain
what is the most dangerous form of opioid use?
injection of morphine
the two acetyl groups of the heroin molecule increase what, making it how much more potent than morphine?
lipid solubility; 3 times
____ produces withdrawal symptoms that appear later and are less severe than those from heroin
methadone
the primary active agent in opium
morphine
what are the two natural products of prescription narcotic analgesics?
morphine and codeine
raw opium is the substance from which ____ is extracted and then ___ is derived
morphine; heroin
acute toxicity of opioids can be counteracted with what?
naloxone
an opioid antagonist
naloxone
Use of the drug removes withdrawal symptoms is an example of what kind of reinforcement?
negative reinforcement
drugs that can block the actions of opioids
opioid antagonists
what kind of processes play a key role in tolerance?
psychological processes
opioids depress the ___ center in the brain; this is an example of ___ toxicity
respiratory; acute
3 types of opioid dependence developed when?
second half of the 19th century
what was it called when many veterans were dependent on morphine
soldier's disease
true or false: Opioid dependence and compulsive use are not inevitable among occasional users
true
true or false: nonprescription cough remedies can produce hallucinogenic effects at high doses
true
true or false: the effects of morphine and heroin are identical except heroin is believed to be more potent and act faster
true
___% of Americans report using heroin in the past year
0.2%
a raw plant substance containing morphine and codeine
opium
what increased after 1850 as Chinese laborers arrived in US?
opium smoking
what increased as patent medicines spread?
oral intake
what are the three medical uses of opioids?
pain relief, treatment of intestinal disorders, and cough suppressant
Symptoms of withdrawal appear in sequence following the timing of the most recent dose and the individual's history of use is associated with what type of dependence?
physical dependence
Positive effects reliably follow use of the drug is an example of what kind of reinforcement?
positive reinforcement