HTH 378 Chapter 13 questions and terms

opioid dependence was viewed as a what?

"vice of middle life"

morphine is how many times as potent as opium?

10 times

when was heroin placed on the market and by who?

1898; Bayer

number and proportion of Americans dependent on opioids peaked at the start of which century?

20th century

how many injections are needed daily to prevent withdrawal for a heroin user

3-4

opium dependence: the typical user was who?

30-50 year old white females

___% of Americans report using prescription pain relievers (nonmedical use) in the past year

5%

the rate of use of heroin by Americans troops in Vietnam?

5%

a medication used to suppress or relieve coughing

antitussive

opium delivers pleasure and relief from what?

anxiety

why does tolerance develop to most effects from both medical and recreational usage?

because higher doses are needed to maintain effects

what kind of toxicity is associated with injection method of use

chronic toxicity

what are the three medically useful characteristics?

clinically useful, pure chemical, and known potency

___ has long been used to reduce coughing

codeine

heroin was originally marketed as a non-habit-forming substitute for what?

codeine

the secondary active agent in opium

codeine

opioids reduce ___ and counteracts ____

colic; diarrhea

what are the components to the opioid overdose triad?

coma, depressed respiration, and pinpoint pupils

what kind of tolerance exists among all opioids?

cross tolerance

opioids ___ the number of peristaltic contraction

decrease

morphine typically reduces the ____ response to pain and to some extent the knowledge of the pain stimulus

emotional response

morphinelike neurotransmitters found in the brain and pituitary gland

endorphins

morphinelike neurotransmitters found in brain and adrenals

enkephalins

true or false: heroin users never "mature out"

false

true or false: upon returning to the US after Vietnam, users continued to use?

false

diacetylmorphine, a potent derivative of morphine

heroin

what are the two semisynthetics of prescription narcotic analgesics?

heroin and diamorph (unavailable in the US)

there was an increase in morphine use due to what?

hypodermic syringe and war (provided relief from pain and dysentery)

what are the three reasons as to why heroin use was prevalent among American soldiers in Vietnam?

inexpensive, 95% pure, and easy to obtain

what is the most dangerous form of opioid use?

injection of morphine

the two acetyl groups of the heroin molecule increase what, making it how much more potent than morphine?

lipid solubility; 3 times

____ produces withdrawal symptoms that appear later and are less severe than those from heroin

methadone

the primary active agent in opium

morphine

what are the two natural products of prescription narcotic analgesics?

morphine and codeine

raw opium is the substance from which ____ is extracted and then ___ is derived

morphine; heroin

acute toxicity of opioids can be counteracted with what?

naloxone

an opioid antagonist

naloxone

Use of the drug removes withdrawal symptoms is an example of what kind of reinforcement?

negative reinforcement

drugs that can block the actions of opioids

opioid antagonists

what kind of processes play a key role in tolerance?

psychological processes

opioids depress the ___ center in the brain; this is an example of ___ toxicity

respiratory; acute

3 types of opioid dependence developed when?

second half of the 19th century

what was it called when many veterans were dependent on morphine

soldier's disease

true or false: Opioid dependence and compulsive use are not inevitable among occasional users

true

true or false: nonprescription cough remedies can produce hallucinogenic effects at high doses

true

true or false: the effects of morphine and heroin are identical except heroin is believed to be more potent and act faster

true

___% of Americans report using heroin in the past year

0.2%

a raw plant substance containing morphine and codeine

opium

what increased after 1850 as Chinese laborers arrived in US?

opium smoking

what increased as patent medicines spread?

oral intake

what are the three medical uses of opioids?

pain relief, treatment of intestinal disorders, and cough suppressant

Symptoms of withdrawal appear in sequence following the timing of the most recent dose and the individual's history of use is associated with what type of dependence?

physical dependence

Positive effects reliably follow use of the drug is an example of what kind of reinforcement?

positive reinforcement