Human A&P Lecture 1- Chapter 1

Axial region

"everything else"; includes the head, neck, and trunk; forms the main vertical axis of the body

Appendicular region

"flops around"; composes of the upper and lower limbs

Posterior aspect (body cavities)

- Contains cavities completely encased in bone - Physically and developmentally distinct from the ventral cavity -Subdivided into the cranial cavity and the vertebral cavity

Describe the anatomical position

-upright stance -feet parallel and flat on the floor -upper limbs at the sides of the body -palms face anteriorly (toward the front) -head is level -eyes look forward

Rotation

90 degree rotation of the neck; to the left and right laterally

Tissue level of organization

Consists of tissues (4 types)

What are the 4 tissue types?

Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous

Catabolism

Large molecules broken down into smaller ones

Muscular system

Produces body movement, generates heat

Female reproductive system

Produces female sex cells and hormones, site of fertilization and growth of embryo and fetus

Muscle tissue

Produces movement

Histology

The study of tissues

Cranial cavity

(endocranium); formed by bones of the cranium; houses the brain

What are the 6 properties common to all organisms?

- All exhibit complex organization and order - All engage in metabolism, the sum of all chemical reactions that occur within the body - All grow and develop - All exhibit responsiveness, the ability to sense and react to stimuli -All exhibit regulation - All reproduce

Pleura

- Two layered serous membrane associated with the lungs - parietal pleura (outer layer which lines the internal surface of the thoracic wall) - visceral pleura (inner layer which covers the external surface of the lungs - Pleural cavity (potential space between parietal and visceral layers containing serous fluid)

Serous pericardium

- two layered serous membrane - parietal pericardium (outer layer which forms the sac around the heart) - visceral pericardium (inner layer which forms the heart's external surface) -pericardial cavity (potential space between parietal and visceral layers containing serous fluid

Peritoneum

- two layered serous membrane lining the abdominopelvic cavity - parietal peritoneum (outer layer which lines the internal walls of the abdominopelvic cavity) - visceral peritoneum (inner layer which covers the external surface of most abdominal and pelvic organs - peritoneal cavity (potential space between parietal and visceral layers containing serous fluid)

What type of plan would separate the nose and mouth into superior and inferior structures?

A transverse plane

Gross anatomy

AKA- macroscopic anatomy; investigates structures visible to the unaided eye; specimens dissected for examination

Metabolism consists of _______ and ______

Anabolism and Catabolism

Supination/pronation

Anatomical position ("holding bowl of soup"/Flip hands, palmar aspect up

What is the relationship between anatomy and physiology?

Anatomy studies structure and form; physiology studies the function of body parts; their study is intertwined

What are the body's 6 levels of organization from simplest to most complex?

Chemical level Cellular level Tissue level Organ level Organ system level Organismal level

What sub discipline of anatomy may explore how the lower limb differs between humans and chimpanzees?

Comparative anatomy

Nervous tissue

Conducts nerve impulses

Cellular level of organization

Consists of cells. Formed from atoms and molecules from the chemical level

Organ level of organization

Consists of organs, two or more tissue types performing specific functions

Organ system level of organization

Contains related organs that work together to achieve a common function

Nervous system

Controls body movement, responsible for consciousness, intelligence, memory

What are the 4 major planes?

Coronal Transverse Sagittal Midsagittal

Epithelial tissue

Covers exposed surfaces and lines body cavities

Visceral layer

Covers the external surface of organs (the viscera) within that cavity; ORGAN

What are the two main divisions of microscopic anatomy?

Cytology and Histology

Flexion/Extension

Decrease angle/Increase angle

Digestive system

Digests food materials, absorbs nutrients, expels waste products

Sagittal plane

Divides a structure into left and right structures at any number of sites; parallel to mid sagittal plane

Regional anatomy

Examines all of the structures in a particular region of the body

Pathologic anatomy

Examines anatomic changes resulting from disease; considers anatomic and microscopic changes

Physiology

Examines how the body functions

Comparative anatomy

Examines similarities and differences in anatomy of different species

Microscopic anatomy

Examines structures that cannot be observed by the unaided eye; specimens examined under a microscope

Urinary system

Filters blood and removes waste products, expels urine

Surface anatomy

Focuses on superficial anatomic markings and internal body structures

Vertebral canal

Formed by the bones of the vertebral column; houses the spinal cord

Serous fluid

Found in the serous cavity (between membranes); liquid that serves as a lubricant; reduces friction caused by movement of organs against the body wall

Anterior/posterior

Front/back

Tissues

Groups of similar cells performing common functions

Organismal level of organization

Highest level of structural organization; all body functions working interdependently in an organ, the living being

Transverse plan

Horizontal plane dividing the body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom); AKA- cross sectional plane

Plane

Imaginary flat surface passing through the body

Inversion/eversion

Inversion (same as supination)/eversion (same as pronation); ankle falls outwards, slip off curb (bowlegged)/ ankle falls inwards (knock-kneed)

Radiographic anatomy

Investigates internal structures visualized by scanning procedures

Chemical level of organization

Involves atoms, molecules, macromolecules, and organelles

Ventral cavity

Larger, anteriorly placed; does not completely encase organs in bone; partitioned into a super thoracic cavity and an inferior abdominopelvic cavity; lined with serous membranes, continuous layer of cells

Parietal layer

Lines the inner surface of the body wall; SURROUNDINGS

Mediastinum

Median space in the thoracic cavity; contains the heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessels that connect to the heart

Organelles

Microscopic subunits in cells composes of macromolecules

Physiologists focus on the _______ or ______ level while sub disciplines focus on a particular body system

Molecular or cellular level

Macromolecules

More complex molecules (e.g. proteins and DNA)

Cardiovascular system

Moves blood through blood vessels to distribute nutrients, gases, hormones, and pick up waste products

Circumduction

NOT ROTATION; 180 degree movement; ex. thumb

Proximal/distal

Nearer the trunk/farther from the trunk

All organisms must exchange _____, ______, and _____ to carry on metabolism

Nutrient, wastes, and gases

Molecules

One or more combined atoms (e.g. sugar, vitamins)

Serous membranes are composed of two layers: _______ and _______ layers

Parietal and visceral layers

Oblique planes

Pass through structures at an angle

Dorsiflexion

Pointing toes down towards ground

Plantar flexion

Pointing toes upwards towards you

Male reproductive system

Produces male sex cells and hormones, transfers sperm to female

Connective tissue

Protects, supports, and binds structures and organs

Integumentary system

Provides protection, regulates body temperature, houses cutaneous receptors, synthesizes vitamin D, prevents water loss

Skeletal system

Provides support and protection, site of blood cell production, stores calcium and phosphorus

Which directional term wound be most appropriate in the sentence, "The elbow is ______ to the wrist"

Proximal (---The wrist is the reference point)

What are the 4 abdominopelvic quadrants?

RUQ, RLQ, LLQ, LUQ

Respiratory system

Responsible for exchange or gases between blood and the air

What does it mean if an organism is "responsive", and how does this characteristic relate to the survival of the organism?

Responsiveness is the ability to sense and react to stimuli. The ability to make changes in responsive to the environment is crucial for survival

What are the 9 abdominopelvic regions?

Right hypochondriac region Epigastric region Left hypochondriac region Right lumbar region Umbilical region Left lumbar region Right iliac region Hypogastric region Left iliac region

Endocrine system

Secretes hormones, which perform a variety of functions

Section

Slice or cut to expose internal anatomy

Anabolism

Small molecules joined together to form larger ones

Atoms

Smallest unit of matter

Embryology

Studies developmental changes from conception to birth

Systemic anatomy

Studies the anatomy of each functional body system

Anatomy

Studies the form and structure of the body

Homeostasis

The ability of an organism to maintain a consistent internal environment, or "steady state"

If a physician makes an incision into the abdomen superior to the umbilicus and just inferior to the diaphragm, what abdominopelvic region was incised?

The epigastric region

The term ante brachial refers to which body region?

The forearm

Neurophysiology

The functioning of nerves and nervous system organs

Reproductive physiology

The functioning of reproductive hormones and the reproductive cycle

Respiratory physiology

The functioning of respiratory organs

Cardiovascular physiology

The functioning of the heart, blood vessels, and blood

Which body cavity is associated with the lungs, and what are the names of its serous membrane?

The pleural cavity; the parietal pleura is the outer layer of the serous membrane; the visceral pleural is in the inner layer of the serous membrane

Pathophysiology

The relationship between the function of an organ system and disease or injury to the system

Cells

The smallest living structures; vary widely in structure, reflecting specializations needed

Cytology

The study of body cells and their internal structure

Which organ system is responsible for filtering the blood and removing the waste products of the blood in the form of urine?

The urinary system

Dorsal/ventral

Towards the back/towards the belly

Lymphatic system

Transports and filters lymph and participates in immune response

Coronal plane

Vertical plane dividing the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back); AKA- frontal plane

Midsagittal plan

Vertical plane dividing the body into equal left and right halves