Human A&P Lecture 1- Chapter 1
Axial region
"everything else"; includes the head, neck, and trunk; forms the main vertical axis of the body
Appendicular region
"flops around"; composes of the upper and lower limbs
Posterior aspect (body cavities)
- Contains cavities completely encased in bone - Physically and developmentally distinct from the ventral cavity -Subdivided into the cranial cavity and the vertebral cavity
Describe the anatomical position
-upright stance -feet parallel and flat on the floor -upper limbs at the sides of the body -palms face anteriorly (toward the front) -head is level -eyes look forward
Rotation
90 degree rotation of the neck; to the left and right laterally
Tissue level of organization
Consists of tissues (4 types)
What are the 4 tissue types?
Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous
Catabolism
Large molecules broken down into smaller ones
Muscular system
Produces body movement, generates heat
Female reproductive system
Produces female sex cells and hormones, site of fertilization and growth of embryo and fetus
Muscle tissue
Produces movement
Histology
The study of tissues
Cranial cavity
(endocranium); formed by bones of the cranium; houses the brain
What are the 6 properties common to all organisms?
- All exhibit complex organization and order - All engage in metabolism, the sum of all chemical reactions that occur within the body - All grow and develop - All exhibit responsiveness, the ability to sense and react to stimuli -All exhibit regulation - All reproduce
Pleura
- Two layered serous membrane associated with the lungs - parietal pleura (outer layer which lines the internal surface of the thoracic wall) - visceral pleura (inner layer which covers the external surface of the lungs - Pleural cavity (potential space between parietal and visceral layers containing serous fluid)
Serous pericardium
- two layered serous membrane - parietal pericardium (outer layer which forms the sac around the heart) - visceral pericardium (inner layer which forms the heart's external surface) -pericardial cavity (potential space between parietal and visceral layers containing serous fluid
Peritoneum
- two layered serous membrane lining the abdominopelvic cavity - parietal peritoneum (outer layer which lines the internal walls of the abdominopelvic cavity) - visceral peritoneum (inner layer which covers the external surface of most abdominal and pelvic organs - peritoneal cavity (potential space between parietal and visceral layers containing serous fluid)
What type of plan would separate the nose and mouth into superior and inferior structures?
A transverse plane
Gross anatomy
AKA- macroscopic anatomy; investigates structures visible to the unaided eye; specimens dissected for examination
Metabolism consists of _______ and ______
Anabolism and Catabolism
Supination/pronation
Anatomical position ("holding bowl of soup"/Flip hands, palmar aspect up
What is the relationship between anatomy and physiology?
Anatomy studies structure and form; physiology studies the function of body parts; their study is intertwined
What are the body's 6 levels of organization from simplest to most complex?
Chemical level Cellular level Tissue level Organ level Organ system level Organismal level
What sub discipline of anatomy may explore how the lower limb differs between humans and chimpanzees?
Comparative anatomy
Nervous tissue
Conducts nerve impulses
Cellular level of organization
Consists of cells. Formed from atoms and molecules from the chemical level
Organ level of organization
Consists of organs, two or more tissue types performing specific functions
Organ system level of organization
Contains related organs that work together to achieve a common function
Nervous system
Controls body movement, responsible for consciousness, intelligence, memory
What are the 4 major planes?
Coronal Transverse Sagittal Midsagittal
Epithelial tissue
Covers exposed surfaces and lines body cavities
Visceral layer
Covers the external surface of organs (the viscera) within that cavity; ORGAN
What are the two main divisions of microscopic anatomy?
Cytology and Histology
Flexion/Extension
Decrease angle/Increase angle
Digestive system
Digests food materials, absorbs nutrients, expels waste products
Sagittal plane
Divides a structure into left and right structures at any number of sites; parallel to mid sagittal plane
Regional anatomy
Examines all of the structures in a particular region of the body
Pathologic anatomy
Examines anatomic changes resulting from disease; considers anatomic and microscopic changes
Physiology
Examines how the body functions
Comparative anatomy
Examines similarities and differences in anatomy of different species
Microscopic anatomy
Examines structures that cannot be observed by the unaided eye; specimens examined under a microscope
Urinary system
Filters blood and removes waste products, expels urine
Surface anatomy
Focuses on superficial anatomic markings and internal body structures
Vertebral canal
Formed by the bones of the vertebral column; houses the spinal cord
Serous fluid
Found in the serous cavity (between membranes); liquid that serves as a lubricant; reduces friction caused by movement of organs against the body wall
Anterior/posterior
Front/back
Tissues
Groups of similar cells performing common functions
Organismal level of organization
Highest level of structural organization; all body functions working interdependently in an organ, the living being
Transverse plan
Horizontal plane dividing the body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom); AKA- cross sectional plane
Plane
Imaginary flat surface passing through the body
Inversion/eversion
Inversion (same as supination)/eversion (same as pronation); ankle falls outwards, slip off curb (bowlegged)/ ankle falls inwards (knock-kneed)
Radiographic anatomy
Investigates internal structures visualized by scanning procedures
Chemical level of organization
Involves atoms, molecules, macromolecules, and organelles
Ventral cavity
Larger, anteriorly placed; does not completely encase organs in bone; partitioned into a super thoracic cavity and an inferior abdominopelvic cavity; lined with serous membranes, continuous layer of cells
Parietal layer
Lines the inner surface of the body wall; SURROUNDINGS
Mediastinum
Median space in the thoracic cavity; contains the heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessels that connect to the heart
Organelles
Microscopic subunits in cells composes of macromolecules
Physiologists focus on the _______ or ______ level while sub disciplines focus on a particular body system
Molecular or cellular level
Macromolecules
More complex molecules (e.g. proteins and DNA)
Cardiovascular system
Moves blood through blood vessels to distribute nutrients, gases, hormones, and pick up waste products
Circumduction
NOT ROTATION; 180 degree movement; ex. thumb
Proximal/distal
Nearer the trunk/farther from the trunk
All organisms must exchange _____, ______, and _____ to carry on metabolism
Nutrient, wastes, and gases
Molecules
One or more combined atoms (e.g. sugar, vitamins)
Serous membranes are composed of two layers: _______ and _______ layers
Parietal and visceral layers
Oblique planes
Pass through structures at an angle
Dorsiflexion
Pointing toes down towards ground
Plantar flexion
Pointing toes upwards towards you
Male reproductive system
Produces male sex cells and hormones, transfers sperm to female
Connective tissue
Protects, supports, and binds structures and organs
Integumentary system
Provides protection, regulates body temperature, houses cutaneous receptors, synthesizes vitamin D, prevents water loss
Skeletal system
Provides support and protection, site of blood cell production, stores calcium and phosphorus
Which directional term wound be most appropriate in the sentence, "The elbow is ______ to the wrist"
Proximal (---The wrist is the reference point)
What are the 4 abdominopelvic quadrants?
RUQ, RLQ, LLQ, LUQ
Respiratory system
Responsible for exchange or gases between blood and the air
What does it mean if an organism is "responsive", and how does this characteristic relate to the survival of the organism?
Responsiveness is the ability to sense and react to stimuli. The ability to make changes in responsive to the environment is crucial for survival
What are the 9 abdominopelvic regions?
Right hypochondriac region Epigastric region Left hypochondriac region Right lumbar region Umbilical region Left lumbar region Right iliac region Hypogastric region Left iliac region
Endocrine system
Secretes hormones, which perform a variety of functions
Section
Slice or cut to expose internal anatomy
Anabolism
Small molecules joined together to form larger ones
Atoms
Smallest unit of matter
Embryology
Studies developmental changes from conception to birth
Systemic anatomy
Studies the anatomy of each functional body system
Anatomy
Studies the form and structure of the body
Homeostasis
The ability of an organism to maintain a consistent internal environment, or "steady state"
If a physician makes an incision into the abdomen superior to the umbilicus and just inferior to the diaphragm, what abdominopelvic region was incised?
The epigastric region
The term ante brachial refers to which body region?
The forearm
Neurophysiology
The functioning of nerves and nervous system organs
Reproductive physiology
The functioning of reproductive hormones and the reproductive cycle
Respiratory physiology
The functioning of respiratory organs
Cardiovascular physiology
The functioning of the heart, blood vessels, and blood
Which body cavity is associated with the lungs, and what are the names of its serous membrane?
The pleural cavity; the parietal pleura is the outer layer of the serous membrane; the visceral pleural is in the inner layer of the serous membrane
Pathophysiology
The relationship between the function of an organ system and disease or injury to the system
Cells
The smallest living structures; vary widely in structure, reflecting specializations needed
Cytology
The study of body cells and their internal structure
Which organ system is responsible for filtering the blood and removing the waste products of the blood in the form of urine?
The urinary system
Dorsal/ventral
Towards the back/towards the belly
Lymphatic system
Transports and filters lymph and participates in immune response
Coronal plane
Vertical plane dividing the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back); AKA- frontal plane
Midsagittal plan
Vertical plane dividing the body into equal left and right halves