HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

epilepsy

A brain problem that causes seizures

Digestion starts in the stomach.

False

Food moves from the mouth to the stomach through the long tube called the trachea.

False

Neurons do not have a nucleus like most cells.

False

The lens of the human eye is fixed in shape.

False

The skin functions solely as part of the nervous system.

False

cerebrospinal fluid

Fluid within the meninges around the brain and spinal cord

Describe how the ear converts sound into messages that the brain can interpret.

Sound goes down the auditory canal to the eardrum which causes it to vibrate. When the eardrum vibrates it makes three small very specialized bones that are attached to the eardrum increase the vibrations then sending them to the inner ear. These bones are called the hammer, the anvil, and the stirrup, each one is named for its shape the hammer send the vibration to the anvil then the anvil to the stirrup to the inner ear. The inner ear is made up of two parts the cochlea and the semicircular canals. What the cochlea does is takes the sound vibrations and translates them into impulses for the nervous system. The impulse is then sent to the proper region of the cerebral cortex by a cranial nerve called the auditory nerve. As the vibration frequency increases, the cochlea detects a higher-pitched sound.

A concussion causes disruption of brain function.

True

A light image formed on the retina is inverted.

True

The cell receptors which transmit pain are beneficial.

True

jaundice

a condition resulting from bile in the blood, in which a patient's skin has a yellow color

A body system consists of:

a group of organs which perform a common function

The pupil of the eye is:

a hole through the center of the anterior choroid

located on kidneys.

adrenal.

Localized distortion of light through the cornea is called

astigmatism

The outer ear consists of:

auditory canal auricle

How do nerve signals pass through the synapse?

by acetylcholine by chemical reactions

The parathyroid glands affect the metabolism of ________.

calcium.

The brain and the spinal cord are considered the _______________ nervous system.

central

1. neurons 2. electrical relay 3. voluntary muscles 4. right body 5. coordination 6. involuntary muscles 7. emotions/ visual/ thought

cerebral cortex thalamus cerebrum left hemisphere cerebellum medulla frontal lobe

The inner ear mechanism which converts mechanical vibrations into nerve impulses is the:

cochlea

Chemicals that originate and have their effects in their local tissue environment are called _________.

cytokines and paracrine.

An adrenal hormone (adrenaline) that stimulates autonomic nerve action.

epinephrine.

Glands which secrete hormones through ducts are called the _____ glands.

exocrine.

Difficulty with seeing objects close to the eye is called:

farsightedness hyperopia

1. insulation 2. food supply 3. follicle 4. sweat gland 5. touch

fat cells 1 capillaries 2 hair shaft 3 cooling 4 nerve endings 5

villi

finger-like projections which serve to increase the inner surface area for absorption of food

The ultimate function of ciliary muscles is to ____________ the eye.

focus

The area of the eye with a concentration of cones is the:

fovea

The hormone secreted by the pancreas which raises the blood sugar level.

glucagon.

Chemical produced in one part of the body which has its effect on another part.

hormone.

The primary digestive substance in the stomach is_____________.

hydrochloric acid

When ascending in an aircraft, the pressure in the middle ear, relative to the outside air, will:

increase

A famous bacterial skin disease mentioned in the Bible is called

leprosy

Which organ produces bile?

liver

Impulses travel through neurons because of the reversal of

membrane polarization

The rate at which chemical reactions occur in the body is known as ________.

metabolism.

In which part of the ear does pressure need to be equalized when changing altitude or scuba diving?

middle ear

Difficulty with seeing distant objects is called:

nearsightedness myopia

A neuron is a _____________ cell.

nerve

The study of the coordinated functions of a living organism is called

physiology

The retinal cells responsible for night vision are:

rods

absorption

taking in nutrients through the small intestine

A hormone which regulates the rate of body metabolism.

thyroxine.

The ultimate purpose of the digestive system is to:

transform nutrients so that they can be absorbed into the blood

The spinal cord runs through and is protected by the

vertebrae

Night blindness can be caused by a deficiency of:

vitamin A

electroencephalogram

A graph showing the brain's electrical activity

acetylcholine

A transmitter chemical that causes muscle contraction

cholinesterase

An enzyme which neutralizes acetylcholine at the synapse

polarized

Separation of charge in the neurons that prepares them for transmitting an impulse

insulin

a hormone secreted by the pancreas which lowers the level of the blood sugar

An irritation of the stomach lining results in

an ulcer

"Motor end plates" are associated with:

axon muscle contraction transmitter chemicals

intestinal flora

bacteria within the large intestine which help break down digested food material

The photoreceptor cells which are sensitive to colors are called the

cones

Hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex.

corticoids.

The disassembly of food inside an organism is called:

digestion

Glands which secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream are called the ________ glands.

endocrine.

Saliva contains a(n)_________ which accelerates the digestion of ______________.

enzyme starches

Number the three bones of the ear in the order that they receive and respond to a sound wave. First Second Third

hammer anvil stirrup

Match the related units of a neuron. polarization branching "tree-like" structure single thread space between neurons transmits signal from cell body receives signals electrical cable

impulse dendrite axon synapse axon dendrite multiple axons

What is the purpose of all the folds in the cerebrum?

increases the surface area

Which functions of the skin are lost when a patient is burned?

insulation cooling water retention infection resistance (all the above)

A pancreatic hormone which lowers the level of blood sugar.

insulin.

The portion of the eye that acts as a camera shutter is the:

iris

The ________________ system allows us to interact with our environment, the physical world.

nervous

Gathering and interpreting information is a function of the:

nervous system

base of brain.

pituitary.

What is starch?

polymer of sugar

The main purpose of the cerebrospinal fluid is for

protection

A serious skin disease resulting in patches of dead skin cells dropping off is called

psoriasis

digestion

responsible for changing the food we eat into simpler substances which can be used as nutrients for the body

What is the function of the gall bladder?

stores bile

The tympanic membrane is:

the ear drum

Off-center viewing of a dim object at night is helpful because:

the faint object will focus off the fovea

pylorus

the valve at the lower end of the stomach

A gland in the neck that produces the hormone thyroxine.

thyroid gland.

located in the neck.

thyroid.

color blindness hyperopia night blindness myopia astigmatism

trouble distinguishing colors eyeball too short vitamin A deficiency eyeball too long light refracted aspherically

Glands which are ductless and secrete their products directly into the circulatory system.

endocrine gland.

The region within the pancreas which produces insulin.

islets of Langerhans.

The primary nerve which transmits the sensations of smell is called the ______________ nerve

olfactory

Protective membranes surrounding the brain are called

the meninges

1. A transparent liquid which is located between the cornea and iris. 2. Muscles attached to the lens to change its shape 3. A photoreceptor cell which functions best in bright light. It detects color. 4. The transparent portion of the sclera at the front of the eye 5. A special part of the choroid layer composed of colorful tissue 6. The nerve connecting the eye to the brain 7. Specialized cells located in the retina that receive light images 8. A delicate light-sensitive membrane covering the inside of the eyeball 9. A photoreceptor cell which is sensitive to dim light, but detects no color 10. A fibrous material surrounding the eye to give it shape 11. A transparent jellylike substance filling the eyeball

aqueous humor 1 ciliary muscles 2 cone 3 cornea 4 iris 5 optic nerve 6 photoreceptor 7 retina 8 rod 9 sclera 10 vitreous humor 11

1. The nerve that transmits sound impulses to the cerebral cortex 2. The snail-shaped structure which translates sound vibrations into nerve impulses 3. The inner layer of skin 4. The outermost layer of skin 5. The nerve that sends smell messages to the brain 6. Catches and directs sound waves 7. A structure in the inner ear composed of three looped tubes 8. The ear drum tympanic membrane 8

auditory nerve 1 cochlea 2 dermis 3 epidermis 4 olfactory nerve 5 auricle 6 semicircular canal 7 tympanic membrane 8

Which of the following tastes may be detected at very low concentration?

bitter

The axons of the retinal culminate in the optic nerve which forms a ______________ spot on the retina.

blind

The largest and uppermost part of the brain is called the:

cerebrum

associated with the small intestine.

pancreas.

Four small endocrine glands within the thyroid gland in the neck.

parathyroid gland.

A hormone secreted by the parathyroid gland which regulates calcium metabolism.

parathyroid hormone.

1. contains many sensory areas 2. measures electrical changes of the heart 3. fatty layer around axons 4. measures brain waves 5. willful muscle contraction; emotions 6. sensations for hearing, taste, and smell 7. space between neurons 8. vagus nerve 9. spinal cord - input/output

parietal lobe 1 electrocardiogram 2 sheath 3 electroencephalogram 4 frontal lobe 5 temporal lobe 6 synapse 7 cranial nerve 8 spinal nerves 9

The eye layer which receives light images is the _____.

retina

The layers of the eye are the _____.

sclera retina choroid

The inner ear mechanism which senses orientation and balance is the:

semicircular canals

What is the "reflex arc"?

sensation and reaction circuit bypassing the brain

The breakdown of food into molecules small enough to enter the blood stream is primarily accomplished by the:

small intestine

The liver and pancreas are connected to the:

small intestine