Human Anatomy and Physiology Ch. 1

parasagittal planes

(para = near)

Reference woman

125lb

Reference male

155lb

homeostasis

A state of body equilibrium or stable internal environment of the body.

Responsiveness, or excitability

Ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the environment and then respond to them.

Muscular system

Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture, and produces heat.

The axillary and acromial regions are both in the general area of the shoulder. Where specifically is each located?

Axillary region is the armpit. Acromial area is the tip of the shoulder.

Part of the extracellular fluid (blood plasma) is enclosed in ____.

Blood vessels

Systematic Anatomy (Gross)

Body structure is studied system by system

Epithelial tissue covers the ____ and ____.

Body surface, lines it's cavities

Digestive system

Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells.

respiratory system

Brings oxygen into the body. Gets rid of carbon dioxide.

Physiology often focuses on events at the _____ or _____ level.

Cellular, molecular

What level of structural organization is typical of a cytologist's field of study?

Cytologists study the cellular level of organization.

Microscopic anatomy

Deals with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye

Cardiovascular system

Do you the blood, distribute oxygen, and nutrients to all body cells in delivers waste and carbon dioxide to disposal organs

Urinary system

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body and excess ions

For basic types of tissue

Epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, connective tissue, and nervous tissue

positive feedback mechanisms

Feedback that tends to cause the level of a variable to change in the same direction as an initial change causing the variable to deviate further and further from original value or range.

Palpation

Feeling organs with your hands

Endocrine system

Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.

Tissues

Groups of cells with a common structure and function.

Joe went to the emergency room where he complained of severe pains in the lower right quadrant of his abdomen. What might be his problem?

He may have appendicitis if the pain is in the lower right quadrant of his abdomen.

Ausculation

Listening to organ sounds with a stethoscope

What separates living beings from nonliving objects?

Living organisms can maintain their boundaries, move, respond to environmental changes, digest nutrients, carry out metabolism, dispose of wastes, reproduce, and grow. While inanimate objects may exhibit some of these properties, they do not exhibit all of them.

Every living organism must ____.

Maintain its boundaries, so that it's internal environment remains distinct from the external environment.

What name is given to all chemical reactions that occur within body cells?

Metabolism

____ is regulated largely by hormones secreted by endocrine system glands

Metabolism

Muscle tissue provides ____.

Movement

Would you be studying anatomy or physiology if you investigated how muscles shorten? If you explored the location of the lungs in the body?

Muscle shortening is a topic of physiology. The body location of the lungs is an anatomy topic.

The skeletal system provides the bony framework that the ____ pull on as they work

Muscles

What process allows us to adjust to either extreme heat or extreme cold?

Negative feedback mechanisms allow us to adjust to conditions outside the normal temperature range by causing heat to be lost from the body (in hot conditions) and retained or generated by the body (in cold conditions).

Of the uterus, small intestine, spinal cord, and heart, which is/are in the dorsal body cavity?

Of these organs, only the spinal cord is in the dorsal body cavity.

Male reproductive system

Overall function is production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract.

Lymphatic System/Immunity

Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood.. Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes).

Skeletal system

Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to support movement. Made up of bones and joints

Integumentary system

Protects the body as a whole from external environment

Nervous system

Responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands

Embryology

Sub division of developmental anatomy, concerns development changes that occur before birth

Connective tissue ____ and ____ body organs.

Supports, protects

The interstitial fluid, ____ and ____ all of our cells

Surrounds, bathes

Digestive system

Takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and illuminates an absurd matter (feces)

The variable

The factor or event being regulated

In what way does physiology depend on anatomy?

The operation or function of a structure is promoted or prevented by its anatomy

What is the correct structural order for the following terms: tissue, organism, organ, cell?

The order in the structural hierarchy is cell, tissue, organ, and organism.

Digestion

The process by which the body breaks down food into small nutrient molecules

Surface anatomy (gross)

The study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface

Metabolism

a broad term that includes all chemical reactions that occur within body cells

homeostatic imbalance

a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease

What type of cut would separate the brain into anterior and posterior parts?

a frontal (coronal ) section

The receptor

a sensor that monitors the environment. It responds to stimuli (changes) by sending information (input) along the afferent pathway to the second component

sagittal plane

a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts

regional anatomy (gross)

all structures (muscles, bones, blood vessels, nerves, etc.) in one part of the body (such as the abdomen or leg)

Growth

an increase in size of a body part or the organism as a whole.

Cellular Reproduction

an original cell divides and produces two identical daughter cells that may be used for body growth or repair

chemical level

atoms, molecules, and organelles

catabolism

breaking down substances into simpler building blocks

Nervous tissue provides a means of rapid internal communication by ____.

by transmitting electrical impulses

when ____ in your blood rises to dangerously high levels, chemical sensors respond by sending messages to brain centers controlling respiration, and you breathe more rapidly.

carbon dioxide

The effector

carries out the control center's response to the stimulus.

Cytology

cells of the body

Renal physiology

concerns kidney function and urine production

appendicular

consists of the appendages, or limbs, which are attached to the body's axis.

mediastinum

contains the pericardial cavity

Oblique sections

cuts made diagonally between the horizontal and the vertical planes

The control center

determines the set point, which is the level (or range of levels) at which a variable is to be maintained.

organ

discrete structure composed of at least two tissue types (four is more common) that performs a specific function for the body.

cranial cavity

encases the brain

anatomical position

erect, feet forward and slightly apart, arms at side with palms facing forward, head facing forward "standing attention"

Proteins and fats

essential for building cell structures

Cardiovascular physiology

examines the operation of the heart and blood vessels

Neurophysiology

explains the workings of the nervous system

Organ level

extremely complex functions become possible

Principle of complementarity of structure and function

function always reflects structure; what a structure can do depends on its specific form

transverse, or horizontal, plane (cross section)

horizontal from right to lfet dividint eh body into superior and inferior parts

axial

includes the head, neck, and trunk

What are the organ systems?

integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive

All body cells are ______.

interdependent, they work cooperatively to promote the well-being of the entire body.

The plasma membrane separates the ____.

intracellular fluid inside cells from the extracellular fluid outside.

pleural cavities

lateral subdivision of Thoracic Cavity, enveloping a lung, and the Medial Mediastinum

right and left hypochondriac regions

lie lateral to the epigastric region and deep to the ribs (chondro = cartilage).

right and left lateral (lumbar) regions

lie lateral to the umbilical region (lumbus = loin).

Frontal planes (coronal)

lie vertically and divide the body into anterior and posterior parts

median plane, or midsagittal plane

lies exactly in the midline

Cells are the smaller units of ______.

living things

pubic (hypogastric) region

located inferior to the umbilical region (hypo = below).

right and left inguinal, or iliac, regions

located lateral to the hypogastric region (iliac = superior part of the hip bone).

epigastric region

located superior (above) to the umbilical region (epi = upon, above; gastri = belly).

Carbohydrates

major energy fuel for body cells

Both the brain and the spinal cord are covered by membranes called ____.

meninges

survival needs

nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, appropriate atmospheric pressure

Female reproductive system

organs that produce and transport egg cells and secrete female hormones

Organ system

organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose

"right" and "left" refer to those sides of the ____ being viewed—not those of the observer.

person or the cadaver

the body is often cut, or sectioned, along a flat surface called a ____.

plane

All body cells are surrounded by a selectively permeable ____.

plasma membrane

The dorsal body cavity....

protects the fragile nervous system organs, has two subdivisions

vertebral, or spinal, cavity

runs within the bony vertebral column, encloses the delicate spinal cord

The abdominal cavity contains the ____.

stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs.

radiographic anatomy

studies internal structures as visualized by X-ray images or specialized scanning procedures

pathological anatomy

study of structural changes caused by disease

Histology

study of tissues

The thoracic cavity

surrounded by the ribs and muscles of the chest

Anabolism

synthesizing more complex substances from simpler building blocks

Movement

the activities promoted by the muscular system

umbilical region

the centermost region, which includes the umbilicus (navel)

Contractility

the muscle cell's ability to move by shortening is more precisely

negative feedback mechanisms

the net effect of the response to the stimulus is to shut off the original stimulus or reduce its intensity

Excretion

the process by which wastes are removed from the body

Anatomy

the structure of body part and their relationships to one another

Physiology

the study of how the body and its parts work or function

Gross or macroscopic anatomy

the study of the large body structures, visible to the naked eye such as heart, lungs kidneys

organismal level

the sum total of all structural levels working together to keep us alive.

ventral body cavity

thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

Developmental anatomy

traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span

The pelvic cavity contains the ____.

urinary bladder, some reproductive organs, and the rectum.

cellular respiration

using nutrients and oxygen to produce

The ventral body cavity houses internal organs collectively called the ____.

viscera

if you cut your hand on broken glass, a ____ occurs—

withdrawal reflex