Human Anatomy and Physiology Ch. 1
parasagittal planes
(para = near)
Reference woman
125lb
Reference male
155lb
homeostasis
A state of body equilibrium or stable internal environment of the body.
Responsiveness, or excitability
Ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the environment and then respond to them.
Muscular system
Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture, and produces heat.
The axillary and acromial regions are both in the general area of the shoulder. Where specifically is each located?
Axillary region is the armpit. Acromial area is the tip of the shoulder.
Part of the extracellular fluid (blood plasma) is enclosed in ____.
Blood vessels
Systematic Anatomy (Gross)
Body structure is studied system by system
Epithelial tissue covers the ____ and ____.
Body surface, lines it's cavities
Digestive system
Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells.
respiratory system
Brings oxygen into the body. Gets rid of carbon dioxide.
Physiology often focuses on events at the _____ or _____ level.
Cellular, molecular
What level of structural organization is typical of a cytologist's field of study?
Cytologists study the cellular level of organization.
Microscopic anatomy
Deals with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye
Cardiovascular system
Do you the blood, distribute oxygen, and nutrients to all body cells in delivers waste and carbon dioxide to disposal organs
Urinary system
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body and excess ions
For basic types of tissue
Epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, connective tissue, and nervous tissue
positive feedback mechanisms
Feedback that tends to cause the level of a variable to change in the same direction as an initial change causing the variable to deviate further and further from original value or range.
Palpation
Feeling organs with your hands
Endocrine system
Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.
Tissues
Groups of cells with a common structure and function.
Joe went to the emergency room where he complained of severe pains in the lower right quadrant of his abdomen. What might be his problem?
He may have appendicitis if the pain is in the lower right quadrant of his abdomen.
Ausculation
Listening to organ sounds with a stethoscope
What separates living beings from nonliving objects?
Living organisms can maintain their boundaries, move, respond to environmental changes, digest nutrients, carry out metabolism, dispose of wastes, reproduce, and grow. While inanimate objects may exhibit some of these properties, they do not exhibit all of them.
Every living organism must ____.
Maintain its boundaries, so that it's internal environment remains distinct from the external environment.
What name is given to all chemical reactions that occur within body cells?
Metabolism
____ is regulated largely by hormones secreted by endocrine system glands
Metabolism
Muscle tissue provides ____.
Movement
Would you be studying anatomy or physiology if you investigated how muscles shorten? If you explored the location of the lungs in the body?
Muscle shortening is a topic of physiology. The body location of the lungs is an anatomy topic.
The skeletal system provides the bony framework that the ____ pull on as they work
Muscles
What process allows us to adjust to either extreme heat or extreme cold?
Negative feedback mechanisms allow us to adjust to conditions outside the normal temperature range by causing heat to be lost from the body (in hot conditions) and retained or generated by the body (in cold conditions).
Of the uterus, small intestine, spinal cord, and heart, which is/are in the dorsal body cavity?
Of these organs, only the spinal cord is in the dorsal body cavity.
Male reproductive system
Overall function is production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract.
Lymphatic System/Immunity
Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood.. Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes).
Skeletal system
Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to support movement. Made up of bones and joints
Integumentary system
Protects the body as a whole from external environment
Nervous system
Responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands
Embryology
Sub division of developmental anatomy, concerns development changes that occur before birth
Connective tissue ____ and ____ body organs.
Supports, protects
The interstitial fluid, ____ and ____ all of our cells
Surrounds, bathes
Digestive system
Takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and illuminates an absurd matter (feces)
The variable
The factor or event being regulated
In what way does physiology depend on anatomy?
The operation or function of a structure is promoted or prevented by its anatomy
What is the correct structural order for the following terms: tissue, organism, organ, cell?
The order in the structural hierarchy is cell, tissue, organ, and organism.
Digestion
The process by which the body breaks down food into small nutrient molecules
Surface anatomy (gross)
The study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface
Metabolism
a broad term that includes all chemical reactions that occur within body cells
homeostatic imbalance
a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease
What type of cut would separate the brain into anterior and posterior parts?
a frontal (coronal ) section
The receptor
a sensor that monitors the environment. It responds to stimuli (changes) by sending information (input) along the afferent pathway to the second component
sagittal plane
a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts
regional anatomy (gross)
all structures (muscles, bones, blood vessels, nerves, etc.) in one part of the body (such as the abdomen or leg)
Growth
an increase in size of a body part or the organism as a whole.
Cellular Reproduction
an original cell divides and produces two identical daughter cells that may be used for body growth or repair
chemical level
atoms, molecules, and organelles
catabolism
breaking down substances into simpler building blocks
Nervous tissue provides a means of rapid internal communication by ____.
by transmitting electrical impulses
when ____ in your blood rises to dangerously high levels, chemical sensors respond by sending messages to brain centers controlling respiration, and you breathe more rapidly.
carbon dioxide
The effector
carries out the control center's response to the stimulus.
Cytology
cells of the body
Renal physiology
concerns kidney function and urine production
appendicular
consists of the appendages, or limbs, which are attached to the body's axis.
mediastinum
contains the pericardial cavity
Oblique sections
cuts made diagonally between the horizontal and the vertical planes
The control center
determines the set point, which is the level (or range of levels) at which a variable is to be maintained.
organ
discrete structure composed of at least two tissue types (four is more common) that performs a specific function for the body.
cranial cavity
encases the brain
anatomical position
erect, feet forward and slightly apart, arms at side with palms facing forward, head facing forward "standing attention"
Proteins and fats
essential for building cell structures
Cardiovascular physiology
examines the operation of the heart and blood vessels
Neurophysiology
explains the workings of the nervous system
Organ level
extremely complex functions become possible
Principle of complementarity of structure and function
function always reflects structure; what a structure can do depends on its specific form
transverse, or horizontal, plane (cross section)
horizontal from right to lfet dividint eh body into superior and inferior parts
axial
includes the head, neck, and trunk
What are the organ systems?
integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive
All body cells are ______.
interdependent, they work cooperatively to promote the well-being of the entire body.
The plasma membrane separates the ____.
intracellular fluid inside cells from the extracellular fluid outside.
pleural cavities
lateral subdivision of Thoracic Cavity, enveloping a lung, and the Medial Mediastinum
right and left hypochondriac regions
lie lateral to the epigastric region and deep to the ribs (chondro = cartilage).
right and left lateral (lumbar) regions
lie lateral to the umbilical region (lumbus = loin).
Frontal planes (coronal)
lie vertically and divide the body into anterior and posterior parts
median plane, or midsagittal plane
lies exactly in the midline
Cells are the smaller units of ______.
living things
pubic (hypogastric) region
located inferior to the umbilical region (hypo = below).
right and left inguinal, or iliac, regions
located lateral to the hypogastric region (iliac = superior part of the hip bone).
epigastric region
located superior (above) to the umbilical region (epi = upon, above; gastri = belly).
Carbohydrates
major energy fuel for body cells
Both the brain and the spinal cord are covered by membranes called ____.
meninges
survival needs
nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, appropriate atmospheric pressure
Female reproductive system
organs that produce and transport egg cells and secrete female hormones
Organ system
organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose
"right" and "left" refer to those sides of the ____ being viewed—not those of the observer.
person or the cadaver
the body is often cut, or sectioned, along a flat surface called a ____.
plane
All body cells are surrounded by a selectively permeable ____.
plasma membrane
The dorsal body cavity....
protects the fragile nervous system organs, has two subdivisions
vertebral, or spinal, cavity
runs within the bony vertebral column, encloses the delicate spinal cord
The abdominal cavity contains the ____.
stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs.
radiographic anatomy
studies internal structures as visualized by X-ray images or specialized scanning procedures
pathological anatomy
study of structural changes caused by disease
Histology
study of tissues
The thoracic cavity
surrounded by the ribs and muscles of the chest
Anabolism
synthesizing more complex substances from simpler building blocks
Movement
the activities promoted by the muscular system
umbilical region
the centermost region, which includes the umbilicus (navel)
Contractility
the muscle cell's ability to move by shortening is more precisely
negative feedback mechanisms
the net effect of the response to the stimulus is to shut off the original stimulus or reduce its intensity
Excretion
the process by which wastes are removed from the body
Anatomy
the structure of body part and their relationships to one another
Physiology
the study of how the body and its parts work or function
Gross or macroscopic anatomy
the study of the large body structures, visible to the naked eye such as heart, lungs kidneys
organismal level
the sum total of all structural levels working together to keep us alive.
ventral body cavity
thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
Developmental anatomy
traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span
The pelvic cavity contains the ____.
urinary bladder, some reproductive organs, and the rectum.
cellular respiration
using nutrients and oxygen to produce
The ventral body cavity houses internal organs collectively called the ____.
viscera
if you cut your hand on broken glass, a ____ occurs—
withdrawal reflex