Human Anatomy and Physiology Exam 3

Which one of the following is the correct sequence of events that correlates to the sequence of events of a nerve impulse? 1. the membrane becomes depolarized 2. sodium channels open and sodium ions diffuse inward 3. the membrane becomes repolarized 4. potassium channels open and potassium ions diffuse outward

2, 1, 4, 3

Place the following structures in order that diagrams the pathway of a nerve impulse: dorsal root of a spinal nerve ventral root of a spinal nerve sensory (ramus) peripheral nerve motor (ramus) peripheral nerve dorsal horn cell bodies of the spinal cord ventral horn cell bodies of the spinal cord

3, 1, 5, 6, 2, 4

As a result of stress, the anterior pituitary releases ________, which stimulates release of hormones from the adrenal cortex that retain sodium and water, increase blood sugar, and begin breaking down fats.

ACTH

Which of the following is not true regarding cerebrospinal fluid?

All of the above are true.

Which disease is a progressive, degenerative disease of the brain that ultimately results in dementia and is associated with a shortage of acetylcholine?

Alzheimer's disease

Sally has a brain injury; she knows what she wants to say but can't vocalize the words. The part of her brain that deals with the ability to say words properly is the ________.

Broca's Area

Hypersecretion of glucocorticoids, often caused by a tumor, results in ________.

Cushing's syndrome

The effect of acetylcholine can be stimulating or inhibiting. Which of the following gives the best explanation for why this is so?

Different postsynaptic cells will have different receptors.

Which of the following is not true regarding cerebral white matter?

It contains cell bodies called ganglia

What type of glial cells wrap around the nerve fibers, forming the myelin sheaths in the CNS?

Oligdendrocytes

The area of the brain that is the most complex and involves cognition, personality, reasoning, judgement, planning, etc. is the __________________.

Prefrontal Cortex (Anterior Association Area)

Match the following: Gateway (relay station) to the cerebrum Ensures coordination and balance Produces automatic behaviors necessary for survival Controls motor function controls ANS, and endocrine function, and regulates various body activities

Thalamus Cerebellum Brain Stem Basal Nuclei Hypothalamus

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of neurons?

They are mitotic.

If the ventral root of a spinal nerve were cut, what would be the result in the tissue or region that nerve supplies?

a complete loss of voluntary movement

Which of the following terms indicates a nerve impulse has been initiated and is being transmitted?

action potential

Male sex hormones, androgens, are produced by the_______________ and the _____________.

adrenal cortex, testes

Which of these anterior pituitary hormones regulates the endocrine activity of the cortex region of the adrenal gland?

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Which of the following describes the nervous system integrative function?

analyzes sensory information, stores information, makes decisions

Which hormone causes the kidneys to reabsorb more water from forming urine and as a result, increases blood volume?

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Which one of the following is NOT a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary?

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Which of the following is/are true regarding water-soluble hormones, such as proteins and peptide hormones?

b and c (utilizes the second-messenger system, binds to a membrane receptor)

Nerves that carry impulses away from the CNS toward the periphery are ________. a. afferent nerves b. efferent nerves c. mixed nerves d. motor nerves e. sensory nerves

b and d

The cerebral cortex

b and d (is the executive suite; involved in higher levels of functioning, lights up the most under MRI imaging during the process of thinking)

Which of the following is/are associated with an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)?

b and d (results from hyperpolarization; the post-synaptic membrane is less likely to fire)

What are the two main functional subdivisions of the nervous system?

central and peripheral

Wendy had a few alcoholic drinks, then found walking and maintaining her balance difficult. Which part of her brain was sedated by the alcohol?

cerebellum

What brain dysfunction results when blood supply to a region (or regions) of the brain is blocked and vital brain tissue dies, as by a blood clot or a ruptured blood vessel?

cerebrovascular accident (CVA), or stroke

Receptors that respond to changes in blood glucose levels would be best classified as....?

chemoreceptors that are also interoceptors

Sensory information is processed at various levels. Which processing level is the second level of integration, in which sensory neurons are linked from the receptor and a nerve impulse is delivered up the ascending pathways to the correct regions of the cerebral cortex?

circuit level

Which of the following effects is characteristic of the parasympathetic nervous system?

decreased heart rate

Which of the following is NOT a typical result of a long-term stress response?

decreased production of glucocorticoids

Which of the following is NOT a change that may be caused by hormonal stimulus?

direct control of the nervous system

The "fight-or-flight" response triggers the release of ________.

epinephrine

The hormone that stimulates follicle development by female ovaries and sperm development by male testes is ________.

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Aldosterone ________.

functions to increase sodium reabsorption, thus retains water resulting in increased blood pressure and possible edema (from hypersecretion)

Collections of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system are called ________.

ganglia

Which of the following is NOT a function of dendrites?

generate nerve impulses and transmit them away from the cell body

During an afternoon class, Lisa starts to feel hungry and worries that her blood sugar level may be dropping. Which hormone is helping to prevent a drop in blood sugar level?

glucagon

Hormones of the hypothalamus stimulate the anterior pituitary gland to secrete its hormones. How would you classify this type of endocrine gland stimulation?

hormonal

Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids that travel through the blood and regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called ________.

hormones

One of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. Which of the following describes this mechanism?

humoral stimulation

Sympathetic division stimulation causes ________.

increased blood glucose, decreased GI peristalsis, and increased heart rate and blood pressure

Which of the following is not true regarding the peripheral nervous system?

it houses the spinal cord and afferent motor endings

The hypothalamus is the "emotional-visceral" center of the brain and, thus, is an important part of the ________.

limbic system

The major targets of growth hormone are ________.

liver, bones and skeletal muscles

Tactile sensation is a combination of touch, pressure, stretch, and vibration. Which of the following is most likely the receptor type that senses tactile stimulation?

mechanoreceptors

Which of the choices below describes the ANS?

motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

Mr. Warren has spinal cord damage that prevents nerve impulses from being carried from the CNS to muscles or glands. What specific type of neuron has been damaged?

motor neuron

The hypothalamus makes two hormones, ________ and ________, that are stored by the posterior pituitary.

oxytocin; antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Hyposecretion of growth hormone during childhood leads to ________.

pituitary dwarfism

The ventral rami of the spinal nerves form a complex network of nerves known as a ________.

plexus

Loss of ability to perform skilled motor activities such as piano playing, with no paralysis or weakness in specific muscles, might suggest damage to the ________.

premotor and/or primary motor cortex

Which of the following is the correct simple spinal reflex arc?

receptor, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, effector

The somatic and autonomic nervous systems differ in all of the following EXCEPT ________.

regulation of activity by higher brain centers

An are of the brain stem that helps filter incoming sensory information and plays a role in awake/sleep cycles and consciousness and the awake/sleep cycles is the ________.

reticular activating system

Which of these effectors is NOT directly controlled by the autonomic nervous system?

skeletal muscle

Some people purchase melatonin as an over-the-counter medication. For what specific purpose?

sleep aid

Immediately after an action potential is propagated, which one of the following ions rapidly diffuses into the cell?

sodium ions

Nerve impulses leading to the skeletal muscle carry information to direct movement. The nerve fibers sending these signals will most likely belong to which division of the nervous system?

somatic nervous system

How would you classify a hormone that is made from cholesterol, such as a sex hormone?

steroid hormone

A reflex that causes muscle relaxation and lengthening in response to muscle tension is called a ________.

tendon reflex

In the second-messenger system, the first messenger is _________________, whereas the 2nd messenger is __________________?

the hormone, an intracellular substance such as an ion or nucleotide (e.g. cAMP)

In a crossed-extensor reflex, if the right foot stepped on a nail, which of the following would occur?

the right leg would flex, and the left leg would extend

The body's major metabolic hormone, which is actually two iodine-containing hormones, is called ________.

thyroid hormone

Myelinated fibers (tracts) form ________ matter while unmyelinated fibers form ________ matter.

white; gray

Dave has discovered a new lipid-soluble hormone. Which of the following is true regarding this hormone?

will be bound to a transport protein in the blood

A man has been told that he is NOT synthesizing enough follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and for this reason he may be unable to father a child. Choose the correct statement to explain this problem.

FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes.