Human Development Ch.18

Today's workers will spend ______ percent of their lives in retirement.

10 to 15

What does the concept of use it or lose it refer to?

The fact that disuse may result in the atrophy of cognitive skills

Older adults who adjust best to retirement have which of the following characteristics?

They are active. They are well educated. They are healthy.

______ is expert knowledge about the practical aspects of life, leading to good judgments, insight into human development, and an understanding of how to cope with life's challenges.

Wisdom

Which of the following statements regarding working memory is true?

Working memory declines during late adulthood.

Older adults perform ______ younger adults on simple vigilance and sustained attention tasks.

as well as

The ability to concentrate on more than one activity at the same time is called attention.

divided

Declines in fluid mechanics in late adulthood are thought to be caused, in part, by a reduced effectiveness in suppressing irrelevant information, otherwise known as

inhibition.

Cognitive mechanics are associated with the speed and accuracy of the processes involved in all of the following components, EXCEPT

language comprehension.

Compared to explicit memory, implicit memory is _____ likely to be affected by age.

less

Generally, older adults are ______ younger adults at selective attention.

less adept than

Older adults perform _____ younger adults on complex vigilance tasks.

less effectively than

When the competing tasks in a divided-attention situation are complex, older adults perform ______ younger adults.

less effectively than

Who is the LEAST likely to be able to continue working past age 65?

lower-income adults

Which of the following is sometimes referred to as the "common cold" of mental disorders?

major depression

is a mood disorder in which the individual is deeply unhappy, demoralized, self-derogatory, and bored.

major depression

Cognitive ______ are often referred to as the "hardware" of the mind because they reflect the neurophysiological architecture of the brain.

mechanics

What is the definition of prospective memory?

memory involving remembering to do something in the future

Older adults can draw on their metacognitive knowledge to help them combat a decline in

memory.

Which of the following would be LEAST likely to help an older adult improve their memory?

reliance

The phenomenon in which individuals remember more events from the second and third decades of their lives than from other decades is known as the ______ bump.

reminiscence

Which of the following are aspects of executive functioning that decline in late adulthood?

replacing old, no longer relevant information updating memory representations that are relevant for the task at hand

Focusing attention on a relevant piece of information while ignoring other, irrelevant information is known as attention.

selective

A person's knowledge about the world and their area of expertise is known as memory.

semantic

Recalling who the president is and the name for the capital of Japan are examples of ______ memory.

semantic

Slower processing speed has been connected with which of the following in older adults?

unsafe driving emergence of dementia

Which of the following is LEAST likely to decline as someone reaches late adulthood?

vocabulary

Due to the effects of aging on explicit memory, an older adult is more likely to forget which of the following?

what they needed at the grocery store

When are older adults more likely to remember the source of information?

when it is important to them

Which of the following is characterized by good judgment and exceptional insight into life's pragmatic concerns and human conditions?

wisdom

______ accounts for 60 to 80 percent of dementias.

Alzheimer disease

effects relating to education, work, and health need to be taken into account when studying the cognitive functioning of older adults.

Cohort

Which of the following statements about changes in cognitive pragmatics is true?

Improvement is likely through middle and late adulthood, until very late adulthood.

attention involves action planning, allocating goals, error detection, and monitoring progress on tasks.

Executive

______ includes a number of higher cognitive processes that allow people to maintain self-control and engage in goal-directed behavior.

Executive function

Which of the following statements are true about executive function in aging adults?

Executive function skills decline in older adults. Older adults are less effective at inhibiting dominant or automatic responses. Older adults are not as cognitively flexible as younger adults.

The conscious memory of facts and experiences is called ______ memory.

Explicit

Which of the following statements about metacognition in adulthood is true?

Improved metacognition can help compensate for declines in memory.

Which of the following statements about differences in selective attention between younger and older adults is true?

In general, younger adults are more adept at selective attention than older adults.

Which of the following statements are true regarding decline in processing speed?

It is likely due to decline in functioning of the brain and central nervous system. Research has shown that aerobic exercise can improve older adults' performance on reaction time tasks. Health and exercise may influence the extent to which processing speed declines.

What is the definition of source memory?

Memory that involves the ability to remember where one learned something

Which of the following statements about semantic memory in older adults is true?

Older adults take longer to retrieve semantic information.

memory involves remembering to do something in the future, for example remembering to take medication, or remembering to go to a doctor appointment.

Prospective

In general, there is ______ in cognitive mechanics associated with aging.

a decline

Studies report that there is _________ association between religious participation and longevity.

a positive

In general, episodic memory is

better among younger adults compared with older adults

The fact that older adults' working memory can be improved through training most implicates which of the following?

brain plasticity

The field of science that studies the links between development, the brain, and cognitive functioning is called

cognitive neuroscience.

Use it or lose it is a component of the approach, which emphasizes the role of social and intellectual engagement in protecting against declines in intellectual development.

cognitive optimization

According to one study, older adults assessed in 2013-2014 engaged in a higher level of abstract reasoning than their counterparts who were assessed two decades earlier. This best exemplifies the impact of which of the following?

cohort effects

An older adult who routinely writes their appointments on calendar so that they remember them is using ______ strategies to reduce the impact of memory decline.

compensation

All of the following are likely associated with the decline in cognitive mechanics, EXCEPT

culture.

Explicit memory is also known as ______ memory.

declarative

Which of the following factors contribute to the decline in fluid mechanics in late adulthood?

decreases in working memory capacity declines in processing speed reduced inhibition

Autobiographical memories are stored as ______ memories.

episodic

The retention of information about life's happenings is known as ______ memory.

episodic

Older adults are most likely to see declines in ______ memory.

episodic and working

A study of 60- to 90-year-olds found that sustained engagement in cognitively demanding, novel activities improved the older adults'

episodic memory.

functioning includes cognitive inhibitions and working memory, which tend to decline in older adulthood.

executive

Younger adults are less able to ignore distracting information than older adults.

false

Cognitive mechanics are similar to _____ intelligence.

fluid

Which of the following are a part of executive functioning?

goal-directed behavior self-control

Which of the following are the characteristics of Alzheimer disease?

gradual deterioration of language deterioration of physical functioning gradual deterioration of memory

With regard to changes in cognition, cognitive pragmatics likely ______ until very late adulthood.

improve

Adults who have the most difficulty adjusting to retirement also have which of the following?

inadequate income poor health other stressors at the time they are retiring

The percentage of older U.S. adults who are still working or returning to work has been ______ since 2000.

increasing

Older adults are ______ younger adults to experience tip-of-the-tongue states.

more likely than

According to research, episodic memory declines ______ semantic memory in older adults.

more than

All of the following are components of cognitive pragmatics, EXCEPT

motor memory.

In a study of 18- to 94-year-olds, who was more likely to have difficulty in retrieving episodic information, facts, and events?

older adults

The ability of older adults to ignore distracting information and better allocate their attention has been shown to increase with which of the following?

physical fitness mindfulness meditation

Which of the following is the most likely cause of an early retirement?

poor health

Cognitive ______ are often referred to as the "software programs" of the mind and are culturally influenced.

pragmatics

Cognitive are similar to crystallized intelligence.

pragmatics

Callie, a 82-year-old woman, forgot that she was supposed to leave a check for the paper delivery person next Wednesday. This reflects a failure in ______ memory.

prospective

Which of the following techniques would a cognitive neuroscientist be LEAST likely to use?

psychoanalysis

Working memory is closely linked to ______ memory.

short term

When the competing tasks in a divided-attention situation are easy, older adults perform ______ younger adults.

similarly to

Ina told her 80-year-old neighbor, Leila, a story about a disagreement between two of their neighbors. A few days later, Leila retold the same story to Ina, forgetting that Ina was one who had initially told it to her. This reflects a failure in ______ memory.

source

The ability to remember where one learned something is known as memory.

source

Focused and extended engagement with an object, task, event, or some other aspect of the environment is called attention

sustained

Age-related deficits in prospective memory occur more often in ______ tasks than in ______ tasks.

time-based; event-based

True or false: For the oldest-old (those aged 85 and older), there is some loss of plasticity that may hinder training cognitive skills.

true

True or false: Health and exercise can positively influence losses in processing speed in older adults.

true

True or false: Some older adults may rely on accumulated knowledge to compensate for slower processing speed.

true

What are the three important factors associated with cohort effects on cognitive functioning?

work education health

The type of memory that allows individuals to manipulate and assemble information when making decisions, solving problems, and comprehending language is called ______ memory.

working

Declines in memory in older adults occur primarily in which of the following types of memory?

working episodic explicit