Human Development Chapter 6 Study Guide
Working memory _____ during preschool and early elementary school. -expands dramatically -decreases dramatically -expands slightly -stays the same
expands dramatically
Rhashan, a 3-year-old, is continually testing his abilities in the wider world. Josh, a second grader, is learning that he has to work for what he wants. Pick Erikson's psychosocial stages for each boy.
Rashan- initiative Josh- industry
John has sympathy for his friend Tom who recently went through a divorce. This means that John feels:
bad for Tom, without feeling his intense distress
Children who pick on others, get picked on, and then pick on others again are:
bull-victims
Ian goes to school and pulls the hair of a younger child. When Ian returns home, his brother's friends push Ian around and pretend they are going to punch him. The next day at school, Ian trips another child on the school bus. Ian's behavior appears to be that of a(n):
bully-victim
Five-year-old Brenda is often loud, rude, aggressive, and disruptive. She probably has _____ tendencies.
externalizing
Children with _____ act on their immediate emotions and behave aggressively.
externalizing tendencies
Nine-year-old Nanette realizes that she is not a scholar, but she is a star athlete, which is the life domain she really cares about. Nanette MOST likely has: high, moderate, low, or no self-esteem
high self-esteem
Synaptogenesis refers to the process of:
making billions of connections between neurons
The cerebral cortex takes until _____ to physiologically mature.
the twenties
Who is the typical bullying target?
unpopular children
_____ develop(s) quickly in children in early childhood because the neurons in the visual and motor cortex are in their pruning phase.
walking
The tendency of highly aggressive children to see motives and actions as threatening when they are actually benign.
Hostile attributional bias
The ideal discipline style for socializing prosocial behavior, which involves getting a child who has behaved hurtfully to empathize with the pain he has caused the other person.
Induction
Which statement about friends is false? -They protect children as they venture into the world. -They rarely disagree or fight, especially in Western cultures. -They teach children how to relate to others. -They help insulate children from being bullied.
They rarely disagree or fight, especially in Western cultures.
Childhood obesity is defined as having:
a BMI at or above the 95th percentile
Humans have _____ compared to other species. -smaller frontal lobes -a larger medulla -a larger cerebral cortex -smaller parietal lobes
a larger cerebral cortex
Selective attention refers to a person's ability to
focus only on the relevant information
Selective attention refers to a person's ability to:
focus only on the relevant information
The brain region involved in higher reasoning is the:
frontal lobe
This is the area at the uppermost front of the brain.
frontal lobe
Tyrell disregards his academic failures and blames others for his problems. Tyrell's teachers should:
gently provide accurate feedback about his failures
Pruning in the frontal lobes starts _____ in other brain regions.
later than
Children with internalizing tendencies are more likely to develop:
learned helplessness
A situation in which one or more children harass or target a specific child for systematic abuse.
Bullying
Rationalizing moral or ethical lapses by invoking justifications, such as "He deserved that"
moral disengagement
Which behavior works BEST to decrease bullying? bystanders who laugh at the bullying victims who report the bully to a teacher victims who fight back bystanders who confront the bully
bystanders who confront the bully
Feeling upset about having caused harm to a person or about having violated one's internal standard of behavior.
guilt
If a child is being bullied, the child's BEST defense is to:
have a strong sense of self-efficacy
Obesity rates among children: -have doubled in the last 5 years. -decreased steadily in the 1990s. -have remained stable over the past 20 years. -increased dramatically in the 1980s.
increased dramatically in the 1980s
Erikson viewed the main goal of middle childhood as:
industry
According to Erikson, preschoolers face the challenge of:
initiative versus guilt
the frontal lobes help people consider
options and inhibit immediate responses
_______________--- the ability to think through our actions and manage our cognitions--- dramatically improve during middle childhood.
Executive functions
To promote realistic self-esteem, one must enhance children's self-efficacy and encourage:
accurate self-perceptions
_____ is the ability to observe one's abilities and actions from an outside frame of reference and to reflect on one's inner state.
self-awareness
_____ is evaluating oneself as either good or bad as a result of comparing the self to other people.
self-esteem
A feeling of being personally humiliated is known as:
shame
Tamika felt humiliated when her teacher yelled at her in front of the class. Jebron felt terrible about insulting his younger brother. Tamika experienced _____, while Jebron felt _____.
shame; guilt
Brandon is in the third grade. What stage of development is he in?
middle childhood
James is 9 years old. Which stage of development is he currently in, according to Piaget?
concrete operations
This is aggressive behavior that is repeatedly carried out via electronic media and is potentially more harmful than traditional bullying.
cyberbullying
Characterized by excessive restlessness and distractibility, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is MOST commonly diagnosed among _____ with _____ being affected MOST often. -elementary schoolers; girls -preschoolers; girls -elementary schoolers; boys -preschoolers ; boys
elementary schoolers; boys
Which of these is likely a risk factor for ADHD? obesity poverty punitive parenting environmental toxins
environmental toxins
Disruptive and aggressive behavior in children may indicate:
externalizing tendencies
The Erikson stage during which children test their abilities, such as climbing high in a tree, is called:
industry versus inferiority
This is a state that develops when a person feels incapable of affecting the outcome of events and gives up without trying.
learned helplessness
What percentage of children are subjected to chronic harassment?
10-20 percent
Peter is at the peak age for physical aggression. Peter is about age:
2 1/2
Deficits in executive functions are the main symptoms of:
ADHD
Exceptionally aggressive children (with externalizing disorders) who repeatedly bully and get victimized.
Bully-victims
When do MOST people master learning strategies such as rehearsal and selective attention?
in elementary school
Which neurotransmitter has been implicated in ADHD?
dopamine
___________, the ability to manage and control our feelings, is crucial to having a successful life.
Emotion regulation
The frontal lobes develop _____ (slowly/quickly)
slowly
Lee is 10 years old. According to Piaget, which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Lee's cognition? -He can think abstractly in a scientific way. -He has a realistic understanding of the world. -He can reason conceptually about concrete objects. -His thinking is similar to adults.
He can think abstractly in a scientific way.
According to _____, we think logically for the first time during _____. Erikson; early childhood Erikson; adolescence and emerging adulthood Piaget; concrete operations Piaget; formal operations
Piaget; concrete operations
Which statement is true about popular children as they move into middle school? -Popular middle-school children are those who are most liked. -Popular middle-school children may not be well liked. -Popular middle-school children rarely fit gender stereotypes. -Popular middle-school children become well-adjusted adults.
Popular middle-school children may not be well liked.
Theorists who chart the development of how memory, concentration, and one's ability to plan one's actions are using -an information processing perspective. -operant conditioning. -classical conditioning. -a Piagetian perspective.
an information processing perspective.
Why does self-esteem decline during elementary school?
children can realistically compare their abilities to their peers
Effective interventions to reduce bullying center on: -making bullying a socially unacceptable activity. -changing the parents of the bully. -getting bullied children to stand up for themselves. -changing how the bully feels about himself or herself.
making bullying a socially unacceptable activity.
During _________ we learn that the key to success lies in industry, managing our impulses, and working for what we want.
middle childhood
People who feel sympathy rather than empathy for others are _____ likely to help those in need because _____. -less; sympathy is not a strong enough emotion -less; empathy permits one to really feel another's pain -more; sympathy prevents people from thinking about their own problems -more; empathy can cause anxiety and the desire to run away
more; empathy can cause anxiety and the desire to run away
When asked to explain why Josie is her best friend, Shareese answers, "Because she makes me laugh and is nice to me." These girls are MOST likely _____ children, because they describe their friendship in terms of _____qualities.
older; internal
According to Susan Harter, children base their self-esteem on all of the following factors EXCEPT: -scholastic competence. -behavioral conduct. -organizational abilities. -physical appearance.
organizational abilities
_____ children are frequently named in the most-liked category and never appear in the disliked group. They also stand out as being really liked by everyone.
popular
Long-term weight problems can be detected as early as:
preschool
Hurtful behavior that one initiates in order to get something or reach a goal is called _____ aggression.
proactive
This type of aggression occurs in response to being hurt, threatened, or deprived.
reactive aggression
Mr. and Mrs. Franklin are taking their son to see a psychiatrist who helps children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The psychiatrist might consider all of the following interventions EXCEPT: -recommending the child be exposed to demanding timed tasks. -encouraging physical exercise. -recommending the child be exposed to white noise while studying. -using psycho-stimulant medications.
recommending the child be exposed to demanding timed tasks.
Since she does not have a pen, paper, or GPS in her car, Deedra memorizes her friend's phone directions by repeating the turns and street names in her mind over and over. Deedra is using a learning strategy called:
rehearsal
_____ children land in the disliked category often and never appear in the preferred list. They also stand out among their classmates in a negative way.
rejected
Eleven-year-old Sarah loves to tattle on her older sister. Last week, Sarah told her sister's boyfriend that her sister had kissed another boy. Sarah showed _____ aggression.
relational
A child's ability to filter out extraneous information and focus on what he or she needs to know is called:
selective attention
Shame, or the feeling of being personally humiliated, makes one want to:
withdraw from others
Basira runs into her old friend Gina from high school. Gina wants to give Basira her phone number but neither woman has a pen. Basira memorizes the number and calls Gina that evening. This means that Basira transferred the phone number from her _____ to more permanent memory storage.
working memory
When asked why Jorge likes his friend Victor, he replies, "Because we both love playing with swords." These boys are probably _____ children because they describe their friendships in terms of _____ qualities.
younger; external