Human Development Chapter 7 Study Guide

In Robert Sternberg's framework on successful intelligence, the facet of intelligence involved in performing well on academic problems is known as:

analytic intelligence

Studying only in order to raise one's GPA is an example of:

extrinsic motivation

The reason why so many children dislike school is that classroom learning is based on _________ which impairs ___________

extrinsic motivation; intrinsic motivation

Boys and girls who do well in the face of traumatic life experiences, tend to have good executive functions are known as:

resilient children.

Jeremy has received an IQ score of 65. His diagnostic classification is:

intellectually disabled

"This test predicts the outcome that the test should measure." This test:

is valid

For immigrant children facing _______, it is important to have a welcoming community.

acculturation

Charles Spearman believed that a score on an IQ test reflects a general underlying intelligence factor called:

g

Children who live in single-parent mother-headed families are often:

impoverished

Disciplining by physical measures such as spanking is called:

corporal punishment

Sternberg described _____ intelligence as producing novel ideas or doing innovative work.

creative

In Sternberg's framework, intelligence encompasses all these components EXCEPT for _____ abilities. -practical -analytic -creative -intrapersonal

intrapersonal

Pick the statement that Howard Gardner might make. -Let's focus on measuring a child's unique talents and gifts. -Standard intelligence tests are not accurate. Let's get rid of them. -Let's thoroughly test IQ. -The three types of intelligences are analytic, creative, and practical.

Let's focus on measuring a child's unique talents and gifts.

Physical abuse, neglect, emotional abuse, and sexual abuse are all forms of:

child maltreatment

This age group should never be spanked.

infants

Studies show a disturbing decline in _________ as children progress through elementary school.

intrinsic motivation

In Howard Gardner's perspective on intelligence, the principle that there are eight separate kinds of intelligence—verbal, mathematical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, spatial, musical, kinesthetic, naturalist—plus a possible ninth type, called spiritual intelligence.

Multiple intelligences theory

Divorce is BEST for the children when the: -marriage is filled with conflict. -mothers have sole custody. -parents have joint custody. -parents stop speaking to each other.

marriage is filled with conflict

The analogies portion of the WISC (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children) is in the _____ section of the test.

similarities

All of the following are good strategies for helping children cope with divorce EXCEPT: -avoiding bad-mouthing the ex-spouse. -striving for joint custody in all cases. -giving children input into custody decisions. -keeping the children's life as stable as possible.

striving for joint custody in all cases.

Major academic differences between poor and affluent children arise around what grade level?

kindergarten

Keys to making divorce less traumatic on children lie in minimizing __________, giving children some say in custody arrangements, and promoting high-quality parenting.

parental alienation

hich of the following is NOT a tip for making school more intrinsically motivating? -Relate the teaching material to children's internal goals and desires. -Give children choices about how to work or which assignments to do. -Reward the children who do well with special prizes. -Develop a secure attachment to the class.

Reward the children who do well with special prizes.

Margo had an excellent teacher during her seventh-grade in comparison to the other teachers she had from kindergarten to the end of high school. Which of the following is NOT expected for Margo? -She is more likely to earn more money in her emerging-adulthood years. -She is more likely to attend college. -She is less likely to be a teenage mother. -She is more likely to suffer from a psychological disorder.

She is more likely to suffer from a psychological disorder.

_____ indicates a steady rise in overall performance on IQ tests that has been occurring around the world during the past century.

The Flynn effect

Marja has been diagnosed with a learning disability that gives her difficulty in reading, a lack of fluency, and poor word recognition. Marja has:

dyslexia

Brynn wants to help her mother with chores. She asks to put the dishes away and water the plants. Her mother starts giving Brynn $1 for every chore she completes. Soon Brynn seems to dread doing chores. This is consistent with research showing that when adults give _____ rewards for behaviors that are _____ rewarding, children are less likely to perform these activities. -external; intrinsically -increased; already -internal; extrinsically -better; slightly

external; intrinsically

Raquel has a natural ability to understand other people. Gardner would view Raquel as high in _____ intelligence.

interpersonal

To help a child rebound from the trauma of a divorce, parents should:

keep consistency in the child's life

_____ refers to the parenting style that is low on structure and low on love; in this worst-case scenario, parents are missing in action in children's lives.

rejecting-neglecting

Which statement is true? -A child's temperament is the main factor in predicting abuse. -A child usually invites parental abuse. -A child's temperament can influence the risk of being abused. -A child has no influence on his or her risk of being abused.

A child's temperament can influence the risk of being abused.

What form of child maltreatment may be the MOST common?

emotional abuse

Judith Harris's peer group perspective on socialization is BEST supported by research:

on bullying

Over _____ million children are raised by their grandparents alone.

one

_____ is a measure that evaluates a child's knowledge in specific school-related areas.

An achievement test

The label for any impairment in language or any deficit related to listening, thinking, speaking, reading, writing, spelling, or understanding mathematics.

Specific learning disorder

Which statement about school is FALSE? -Many children eventually find school uninteresting. -Many children hate going to kindergarten. -Many children eventually develop an aversion to school. -Beginning in the elementary grades, school requires a lot of memorization.

Many children hate going to kindergarten.

Which factor has the LEAST influence on a person's behavior? -genetics -parents -peers -appearance

appearance

When married parents have children from former unions, their family is called a _____ family.

blended

How well a child adjusts to the parents' divorce depends primarily on:

the quality of care the custodial parent provides

Communities defined by strong cohesion, a commitment to neighbor-to-neighbor helping, and shared prosocial values among residents is known as:

collective efficacy

Jessica believes that her most important task as a parent is to be there for her children; Karen believes that her most important job is to enforce the family's rules. These women differ in their:

parenting styles

What is the parenting style in which children are given total freedom and unconditional love?

permissive

The practice among divorced parents of bad-mouthing a former spouse, with the goal of turning a child against that person.

Parental alienation

Among immigrants, the tendency to become similar to the mainstream culture after time spent living in a new society is called:

acculturation

Sternberg argued that IQ tests only measure _____ intelligence.

analytic

Sternberg's successful intelligence includes a combination of _____ abilities. -motivated, verbal, and cognitive -verbal, math, and kinesthetic -analytic, creative, and practical -practical, spiritual, and intrapersonal

analytic, creative, and practical

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a community that promotes upward mobility? -The community has more two-parent than single-parent families. -There is less poverty in the community. -There are high-ranked schools in the community. -The community has more crime.

The community has more crime.

The drive to act based on the pleasure of taking that action in itself, not for an external reinforcer or reward.

Intrinsic motivation

In collectivist cultures, parents put more emphasis on _____ than parents in individualistic cultures.

obedience

Renata is a 5-year-old from a poor family in the United States, who is about to enter kindergarten. According to recent statistics, Renata has approximately what chance of being ready to complete kindergarten tasks when she enters school?

1 in 2

One in _____ U.S. children are being raised by single parents.

4

Judith Harris proposed that the main force shaping children's behavior is their _____ rather than their parents.

peers

What percentage of U.S. parents report that they often spank their children?

10 percent

The drive to take an action because that activity offers external reinforcers such as praise, money, or a good grade.

Extrinsic motivation

Over the last 100 years, IQ test scores have been steadily increasing. This is referred to as the _____ effect.

Flynn

_______________ are low on structure and on love. Children are neglected, ignored, and emotionally abandoned.

Rejecting-neglecting parents

All are examples of blended families EXCEPT for children living: -in traditional two-parent families. -with half-brothers and half-sisters. -with foster parents. -with a biological mother and a stepfather.

in traditional two-parent families.

Rafael's parents provide plenty of rules, demand total obedience, and are not very affectionate. Rafael's parents have a(n) _____ parenting style.

authoritarian

The MOST inflexible, rigid parenting style is:

authoritarian

William expects instant obedience from his children when he tells them to clean up their rooms. Richard is willing to negotiate with his children regarding household chores. In Baumrind's parenting styles framework, William is _____ and Richard is _____.

authoritarian; authoritative

For contemporary U.S. parents, the MOST popular discipline strategy is:

removal of privileges

Children who rebound from serious early life traumas and construct a successful adult life are:

resilient

High-quality parenting is especially vital with:

temperamentally at-risk children.

Crystal and Jeremy are divorcing due to Jeremy's affair. Crystal has frank discussions with her children about the reasons for the divorce and about what to expect afterwards. She never misses an opportunity to put the blame for the divorce on Jeremy and to suggest that her children should be angry with their father. Crystal needs to know that: -her children will most likely hate their father. -the children will probably not suffer negative consequences from her behavior. -her children will probably ally themselves with their father against her. -using her children as pawns to express her anger is detrimental to them.

using her children as pawns to express her anger is detrimental to them.

Paula's IQ is 114, yet she reads on a third-grade level in seventh grade. Paula MOST likely:

has a learning disability

Pick the list that includes some of the intelligences evaluated by Gardner's multiple intelligences test. -creative, practical, and analytic -visual, auditory, and reasoning -vocabulary, math, and social studies -interpersonal, intrapersonal, and musical

interpersonal, intrapersonal, and musical

Vincent enjoys playing the guitar and practices for hours at a time. Practicing is a very pleasurable activity for him, and he does not do so for any kind of tangible reward. Vincent is _____ motivated to play the guitar.

intrinsically

___________ tests measure a child's basic potential to succeed at school.

Intelligence quotient (IQ)

_______________'s mantra is "Provide total freedom and unconditional love." Children's wishes rule.

Permissive parents

_____________ rank high on nurturing and setting limits. They have clear standards but also provide some freedom and lots of love.

Authoritative parents

An _____ test evaluates a child's knowledge in a school subject.

achievement

Measures that evaluate a child's knowledge in specific school-related areas are known as:

achievement tests

Analytic intelligence is known as one's:

academic abilities

___________ are more inflexible; "Do what I say." In these families, rules are not negotiable and their style can seem uncaring and cold.

Authoritarian parents

Less than _____ U.S. families are considered to be traditional, nuclear families.

one-half of

The label for significantly impaired cognitive functioning, measured by deficits in behavior accompanied by having an IQ of 70 or below.

Intellectual diability