Human Development Chp. 7
Repetitive Style
"Do you remember the zoo?" and "What did we do at the zoo?" are examples of what?
Overregularization
"My toy care breaked" is an example of what?
Elaborative style
"What was the first thing we did?" "Why weren't the parrots in their cage?" I thought the lion was scarry "What did you think?" are examples of (Blank) questions.
fine-motor skills, good balance foot movement.
Girl have an edge in _______ ____ and in certain gross-motor skills that require a combination of ______ and _____.
Language
Give and take conversations with adults is related to (BLANK) progress.
Epiphyses
Growth centers in which cartilage hardens into bone, emerge in various parts of the skeleton.
Fast-mapping
How do children build their vocabularies so quickly?
intellectually disabled
Infants born with inadequate thyroxine must receive it at once, or they will be _________________ ________.
Pituitary Gland
Located at the base of the brain which plays a crucial role by releasing two hormones that induce growth.
Hippocampus
Located in the brain inner-brain adjacent to the amygdala.
Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT)
Most developmental impairments and deaths due to diarrhea can be prevented with nearly cost-free _____________ ________________ ______________.
Overregularization
Over exaggerating words that are exceptions.
viewpoint
Piaget believed that when children firs mentally represent the world they tend to focus on their own ________ and simply assume that others perceive, think, and feel the same way they do.
older
Piaget compared pre-school children to _______ more competent children.
cannot
Piaget describe pre-schoolers in terms of what they ________ understand.
Animistic thinking
Piaget regarded egocentrism as responsible for preoperational children's ___________________ ________.
Motor, Cognitive
Shoe tying illustrates the close connection between ______ and ______ development.
Lateralize
Specialize in cognitive functions.
Corpus Collosum
Supports smooth coordination of movements on both sides of the body and intergration of many aspects of thinking.
High Energy Need
Synaptc growth and myelination of neural fibers result in ________ _______ _____.
Heredity
The age at which pre-school age children lose their "baby teeth" is heavily influenced by ________.
Mutual Exclusive Bias
The assumption that words refer to an entirely different category.
Animistic thinking
The belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities such as thoughts, wishes, feelings, and intentions.
Piaget
According to ______ young children's thinking is rigid and limited to one aspect of a situation at a time. Young children are influenced by the way things appear at the moment.
Scaffolding
Adjusting the support offered during a teaching session to fit the child's current level of performance.
Acceptance of individual differences
All children go through the same sequence of development but at different rates.
self-confidence, motor progress
When parents and teachers criticize a child's performance they risk undermining children's _____ and ____.
Information-processing theorists
Who believe that children notice which words appear in the same positions i sentences and are combined in the same way with other words?
Vygotsky
Who said "Language helps children think about their mental activities and behavior and select courses of action, thereby serving as the foundation for all higher cognitive problems."?
Chomsky
Who's theory stated that the grammatical categories into which children group word meanings are present at the outset.
whispers and silent lip movements
With age private speech goes underground, changing into what?
GH
Without medical intervention children who lack _____ reach an average mature height of 4 to 4 1/2 feet.
Irreversibility
An inability to mentally go through a series of steps in a problem and then reserve direction, returning to a starting a point.
First representational forms
Around age 3 when scribbles become pictures.
arms, torsos
As children become steadier on their feet, their _____ and ____ are freed to experiment with new skills.
Boys, girls
Because of their higher activity level _____ are nearly twice as likely as ____ to be injured and their injuries are more severe.
2 and 6
Between ages 2 and 6 the brain increases from 70 percent of its adult weight to 90 percent.
Force, Power
Boys are ahead of girls in skills that emphasize _______ and _____.
left, right
Brains of the ________ handers tend to be less strongly lateralized than those of _______ handers.
motor, cognitive
Children with damage to the cerebellum usually display both _____________ and ____________ deficits.
Emergent literacy
Children's active effort to construct literacy knowledge through informal experienced are called what?
Private speech
Children's self-directed speech is now called what instead on egocentric speech?
Thinking
Connections between in cerebellum and the cerebal cortex also supports _________________.
memory strategies
Deliberate mental activities that improve chances of remembering.
Explicit
(blank) memory goes through the greatest change throughout development.
Ordinality
3 is more than 2 and 2 is more than 1 is an example of what?
Walks up stairs, alternating feet, and down stairs, leading with foot.
3-4 years motor skills.
Corpus Collosum
A large bundle of fibers connecting the two cerebal hemispheres.
Lines
A major milestone in drawing occurs when children use ______ to represent the boundaries of objects.
Preschool
A program with planned educational experiences aimed at enhancing the development of 2 to 5 year olds.
Reticular Formation
A structure in the brain stem that maintains altertness and consciousness, generates synapses, and myelinated from infancy into twenties.
Cerebellum
A structure that aids in balance and control of the body movement.
Child care
A variety of arrangements for supervising children, from care in the caregiver's or child's home to a center-based program.
Play detaches from the real-life conditions associated with it
A yellow stick becoming an imaginary toothbrush and then a magic wand is an example of.....
Girls, Boys
(BLANK) tend to produce more organized and detailed personal narratives than (BLANK)
Criticism
(BLANK) discourages children from freely using language in ways that lead to new skills.
Good child care
(BLANK) enhances cognitive, language, and social development, especially for low-SES children.
Center-based care
(BLANK) is more strongly associated with cognitive gains than are other child-care arrangements.
Inhibition
(BLANK) is strongly related to false-belief.
Conservation
At snack time, Gina and Pam had identical boxes of raisins, but when Pam spread her raisins out on the table, Gina was convinced she had more. This is an example of.....
Cerebal Cortex
By age 4 to 5 many parts of the _________ _____ have overproduced synapses.
Discovery learning
Children are encouraged to discover for themselves through spontaneous interaction with the environment.
More red flowers
Children are shown 16 flowers 4 are blue and 12 are red. They were asked "Are there more flowers or red flowers?" What would the preoperational say?
Three-mountains problem
Children cannot select a picture that shows three mountains from the dolls perspective. They choose the photo that reflects their own vantage point. What is this called?
Pragmatics
Children engaging in effective and appropriate communication.
high, low
Children of ______________ income parents and children of ____________ income parents are likely to be in preschools or childcare centers.
5-6 years
During this age range children display mature throwing and catching pattern.
4-5 years
During this age range children run more smoothly.
Left, Left
Early damage to the ______ hemisphere may cause disabilities which leads to a shift in ______ handedness.
Play becomes less self-centered
Early in the third year children become detached participants making a doll feed its self is a example of....
Expansions
Elaborating on children's speech increasing its complexity.
Scaffold
Elaborative-style parents (blank) the autobiographical memories of their children
Operational
Evidence that preschoolers can be trained to perform well on Piagetian problems also supports the idea that (blank) is not absent at one point in time and present in another.
Egocentrism
Failure to distinguish others' symbolic viewpoints from one's own.
Scripts
General descriptions of what occurs and when it occurs in a particular situation.
Myelinate
Fibers linking the cerebellum to the cerebal cortex grow and ___________________ from birth through pre-school years.
Centration
Focusing on one aspect of a situation, neglecting other important features.
Egocentrism
For Piaget the most fundamental deficiency of preoperational thinking is _________.
langauge development
Improvement in recall in early childhood is strongly associated with what?
Self-guidance
In Vygotsky's view children speak to themselves for what?
War of Poverty
In the 1960s, as part of the (BLANK) in the U.S. many intervention programs for low SES preschoolers were initiated.
early childhood, infancy
Individual differences in body size are even more apparent during _____ than in ____
Semantic memory
Information removed from the context in which it was learned that has become apart of your genera knowledge base.
2-3 years old
Jumps, hops, throws, and catches with rigid upper body during this age range.
Timely Vaccinations
Many low=income children remain without coverage and therefore may not receive ________ ______.
language
Many studies indicate that (BLANK) abilit strongly predicts preschoolers false-belief understanding.
Building blocks
Materials that promote math skills and concepts through media.
Episodic memory
Memory for everyday experiences.
Thyroxine
Neccessary for the brain development and for GH to have its full impact on body size.
Connective Fibers
Neurons that are seldom stimulated lose their ______ ____ and the number of synapses gradually declines.
"Milk avoid-ance"
Offering sweet fruit drinks or soft drinks promotes __________ ______________.
scribbles
One 18-month-old made her crayon hop and as it produced a series of dots she explained 'Rabbit goes hop-hop!" is an example of what drawing stage?
Untreated dental caries
One-thirs of U.S. children living in poverty have ______.
Ordinality
Order relationships between quantities.
Sensorimotor
Piaget believed that ________ activity leads to internal images of experience which children then label with words.
Elaborative style
Parents follow children's lead when asking questions, adding information to the child's statements.
Daughters
Parents reminisce in greater detail with sons or daughters?
accommondating
Piaget argued that preschoolers egocentric bias prevents them from.....
Amygdala
Plays a central role in processing of novelty and emotional information.
Hippocampus
Plays a vital role in memory and in images of space that help us find our way.
Injury
Poverty, single, parenthood, and low parental education are strongly associated with_______.
Hierarchial Classification
Preoperational children have difficulty with .......
2 to 7 years old
Preoperational stage ranges from....
Contrasting
Preschoolers figure out the meaning of new words by (BLANK) to the words they already know.
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Prompts the thyroid gland in the neck to release thyroxine.
Repetitive style
Provide little information and keep repeating the same questions.
Phonological awareness
The ability to reflect on and manipulate the sound structure of spoken language.
Conservation
Refers to the idea that certain physical characteristics of objects remain the same even when their outward appearance changes.
accomondating
Reflecting on and revising faulty reasoning in response to physical and social worlds.
Handedness
Reflects the greater capacity of one side of the brain.
Unautobiographical memory
Representations of personally meaningful one-time events.
cognitively deficient
Researchers have challenged Piaget's view of pre-schoolers as what?
Recasts
Restructuring inaccurate speech into correct form and expansion.
Egocentric speech
Sammy said "Where's the red piece?" while working on a puzzle. This is an example of what?
Academic Programs
Teacher's structure children's learning teaching through formal learning.
Sensitivity to children's readiness to learn
Teachers introduce activities tat build on children's current thinking, challenging their incorrect ways of viewing the world.
Child-Centered programs
Teachers provide activities for the child to choose from and much learning takes place through play.
2 to 6 years old
The "play years" are from ______ to ____ years old
left cerebal hemisphere
The __________ __________ _______ is especially active between 3 and 6 years and then levels off.
Amygdala
The __________ is sensitive to facial emotional expressions, especially fear.
Inner Speech
The internal verbal dialogues we carry on while thinking and acting in our everyday situations.
Cardinality
The last number in a counting sequence indicates the quantity of items in a set.
Unintentional injuries
The leading cause of childhood mortality in industrialized nations.
Sociodramatic Play
The make-believe play with others that is under way by the end of the second year and increases in complexity during early childhood.
Complex
The more _________________ the task, the more essential is communication between the hemispheres.
Auto traffic accidents, suffocation, drowning, and poisoning
The most common injuries resulting in childhood deaths are....
Shoe tying
The most complex self-help skill to master is ______ _____.
Head Start
The most extensive federal program in the 1960s was what?
Motor vehicle accidents
The most frequent source of injury for children.
Irreversibility
The most important illogical feature of preoperational thought is ......
Hierarchial Classification
The organization of objects into classes and subclasses on the basis of simiarities and differences.
Metacognition
Thinking about thought
Care of their own bodies, drawings and paintings
To parents fine-motor progress is most apparent in two areas _______________________ and _________________________.
nutritionally deficient diet
Troughout childhood and adolescence a __________ _______ _____ is associated with attention and memory difficulties, poorer intelligence and achievement test scores.
Dual Representation
Viewing a symbolic object as both an object in its own right and a symbol.
Make-believe play
Vygotsky saw (blank) as the ideal social context for fostering cognitive development in early childhood.
Scripts
What do children rely on during make-believe play?
Picture-book reading
What is a especially rich context for category learning?
Television
What is the dominant form of youth media?
More realistic drawing
When 5 to 6 year olds create more complex drawings this is called.
Regular smokers
Young children in homes with ________ are at increased risk for decayed teeth.
Piaget
_______ acknowledged that language is our most flexible means of mental representation.
Cross-cultural
_______ research suggests that children benefit from adult guidance in learning to draw just as they do in learning to talk.
Three- mountain problem
________ _________ _____ is the most convincing demonstration of egocentrism.
Piaget
________ believed that through pretending young children practice and strengthen newly acquired representational schemes.
Piaget
________ stated that young children are not capable of operations- mental representations of actions that obey logical rules.
Left
____________ handedness is elevated among people with intellectual disabilities and mental illness.
Language
____________ skills expand at and astonishing pace in early childhood.
Genes
_____________ influence growth by controlling the body's production of hormones.
Spatial
_____________ skills develop gradually over childhood and adolescence.
Coercing, restriction
__________________ children to eat results in withdrawl from food whereas food ____ leads to excessive eating.
Growth Hormone (GH)
_______________________ is neccessary for development of almost all body tissues.
Language
`By detaching thought from action ______ permits far more thinking than was possible earlier.
