human development final textbook quiz questions

Which statement about late-life friendships is true? A. Although friendship formation continues throughout life, aging adults prefer familiar, established friendships over new ones. B. As agemates die, the very old report fewer friends, as they shy away from making intergenerational and other-sex friendships. C. Older people tend to choose friends who are diverse in age, sex, and ethnicity, and whose values vary from their own. D. With age, online social networks expand to include many people with whom aging adults have no offline connection.

A. Although friendship formation continues throughout life, aging adults prefer familiar, established friendships over new ones.

Which of the following approaches is most effective in reducing adolescent antisocial acts? A. Assign offenders to multisystemic therapy that combines family intervention with integration into positive school, work, and leisure activities. B. Imprison offenders in juvenile correctional facilities, separate from adult prisoners. C. Adopt a zero tolerance policy in schools, severely punishing all disruptive and threatening behavior, major and minor. D. Assign offenders to individual therapy sessions.

A. Assign offenders to multisystemic therapy that combines family intervention with integration into positive school, work, and leisure activities.

Which of statement about osteoporosis is true? A. Because the bones gradually become more porous over the years, osteoporosis may not be evident until fractures occur. B. High caffeine and sodium intake in early and middle adulthood can help prevent osteoporosis. C. The earlier a woman reaches menopause, the less likely she is to develop osteoporosis. D. Osteoporosis usually develops earlier in men than it does in women, making women less likely to be diagnosed.

A. Because the bones gradually become more porous over the years, osteoporosis may not be evident until fractures occur.

Which of the following middle-aged adults is likely to benefit most in self-esteem and psychological well-being from sustaining a youthful subjective age? A. Ellis, who is American B. Briand, who is Spanish C. Pat, who is Belgian D. Bari, who is French

A. Ellis, who is American

Which of the following adult learners is most likely to succeed academically? A. Emilee, who has cultivated personal relationships with several professors B. Parker, who must pay his tuition and fees out of his own pocket C. Ben, who has no other nontraditional students in his classes D. Natalia, who studies at home while her young children play nearby 1 attempt used

A. Emilee, who has cultivated personal relationships with several professors

A high school sophomore has just committed suicide. What is the best course of action for administrators and teachers? A. Keep an especially watchful eye on vulnerable adolescents. B. Report the incident to local newspapers as a means of preventing additional suicides. C. Avoid contact with vulnerable adolescents, who prefer to be left alone to grieve. D. Openly discuss what peer survivors could have done to prevent this unnecessary death.

A. Keep an especially watchful eye on vulnerable adolescents.

________ report more frequent visits with grandchildren than do ________. A. Maternal grandmothers; paternal grandmothers B. Maternal grandfathers; maternal grandmothers C. Paternal grandfathers; paternal grandmothers D. Paternal grandmothers; maternal grandmothers

A. Maternal grandmothers; paternal grandmothers

Which statement about personality change in middle adulthood is correct? A. Middle-aged adults are more agreeable and conscientious than they were when younger. B. Midlifers typically view themselves as having difficulty managing multiple roles effectively. C. Middle-aged adults see themselves as more concerned with meeting others' expectations. D. Compared to young adults, middle-aged adults are less accepting of their own good and bad qualities.

A. Middle-aged adults are more agreeable and conscientious than they were when younger.

High school students who are required to serve their communities ________. A. express as strong a desire to remain civically engaged as students who volunteer B. are more likely to live in low-SES, inner-city neighborhoods C. are less likely to remain civically engaged than students who volunteer D. are less advanced in moral reasoning than students who volunteer

A. express as strong a desire to remain civically engaged as students who volunteer

Which statement about older adults' spirituality and religiosity is true, according to James Fowler's theory of faith development? A. Older adults, especially late in life, develop an enlarged vision of a common good that serves the needs of all humanity. B. In late adulthood, involvement in religious activities is more common among middle-SES than low- or high-SES individuals. C. Many older Catholics are likely to convert to an Eastern religion, such as Buddhism. D. Older adults attach little value to religious beliefs and behaviors.

A. Older adults, especially late in life, develop an enlarged vision of a common good that serves the needs of all humanity.

Which statement about dying at home is true? A. The home can offer an atmosphere of loving care in which the dying person is unlikely to feel abandoned. B. Home deaths have increased over the past two decades because more people are unable to afford hospital care. C. Most Americans prefer to die in a hospital rather than at home because they want to make sure they receive the best medical care. D. Most homes are adequately equipped to handle the medical and comfort-care needs of the dying.

A. The home can offer an atmosphere of loving care in which the dying person is unlikely to feel abandoned.

Which of the following factors contributes to middle-aged women's accelerated loss of bone density compared to that of men? A. Women's reserve of bone minerals is lower than men's to begin with. B. Women are less likely to have an enriched diet with bone-healthy nutrients. C. Men's testosterone production remains stable while women's estrogen production drops. D. Women are more likely to engage in smoking and heavy alcohol consumption, increasing their risk.

A. Women's reserve of bone minerals is lower than men's to begin with.

In the United States, medical aid-in-dying is ________ A. a practice supported by the majority of Americans and just over half of physicians C. legal in five states but only for patients who are suicidal C. available to patients who, though not terminally ill, are in unbearable pain D. legal only in the states of Oregon, Washington, and Vermont

A. a practice supported by the majority of Americans and just over half of physicians

Rather than ________, the grief process is best conceived as ________. A. a series of distinct phases; a set of tasks that lead to recovery B. a trauma; an attempt to restore well-being C. primarily an emotional loss; a series of changes to daily life D. a series of emotional ups and downs; a linear ascent to a fulfilling life

A. a series of distinct phases; a set of tasks that lead to recovery

Sheree, age 4, understands that once a living thing dies, it cannot be brought back to life and that all living things eventually die, but she has not yet mastered the death subconcepts of ________ and ________, which are more challenging. A. applicability; causation B. nonfunctionality; causation B. universality; nonfunctionality D. applicability; universality

A. applicability; causation

Compared to their white counterparts, African-American aging adults who _______________ more often give and receive diverse forms of social support. A. attend church regularly B. receive formal home-helper services C. live with extended family members D. believe in God

A. attend church regularly

The personal fable may lead adolescents to ________. A. conclude they are beyond reach of death B. believe that everyone feels the same way they do about death C. take extra safety precautions against life-threatening behavior D. experience high levels of death anxiety

A. conclude they are beyond reach of death

Thirteen-year-old Vanessa describes herself as both "shy" and "outgoing." These disparities probably result from the expansion of Vanessa's social world, which ________. A. creates pressure to display different selves in different relationships B. encourages her to express her true self only when with her friends C. leads to a cohesive sense of who she really is D. encourages her to express her true self only when with her family

A. creates pressure to display different selves in different relationships

First births to women in their thirties have increased greatly over the past three decades because many __________. A. delay childbearing until their vocational lives are well-established B. wait until the risk of miscarriage and chromosomal disorders is low C. want to reduce their likelihood of having twins and triplets D. delay childbearing until the reproductive system is fully mature

A. delay childbearing until their vocational lives are well-established

Music thanatology ________. A. eases physical and emotional distress in dying patients B. is used to increase dying patients' periods of alert wakefulness C. cannot enhance the effects of pain control medication D. eases caregivers' stress but has little psychological benefit for dying patients

A. eases physical and emotional distress in dying patients

Rafael has heard that girls often lag behind boys in spatial skills. To help his preschool daughter develop spatial skills, he should ________. A. engage in more block play and model building with her B. establish a daily story hour at home C. sign her up for gymnastics and swimming D. encourage her to engage in more make-believe play

A. engage in more block play and model building with her

Current theorists agree that for most young people, identity development is a process of ________ followed by ________. A. exploration; commitment B. questioning; autonomy C. confusion; a crisis D. exploration; role confusion

A. exploration; commitment

A living will ________. A. is usually recognized only for patients who are terminally ill or expected to die shortly B. guarantees that individuals will have personal control over their end-of-life care C. does not allow doctors to give pain-relieving medication because it may shorten life D. is more flexible than the durable power of attorney for health care

A. is usually recognized only for patients who are terminally ill or expected to die shortly

Which of the following interventions helps dieting adults maintain their weight loss? A. keeping an accurate record of how much they eat each day B. engaging in short-term dieting rather than attempting long-term dietary change C. seeking medical intervention to reduce their BMR D. exercising daily until they reach their desired weight

A. keeping an accurate record of how much they eat each day

In the ACTIVE study, gains in processing speed resulting from training predicted ________. A. more favorable self-rated health B. a decline in ability to perform IADLs C. a rise in depressive symptoms D. greater willingness to give up driving

A. more favorable self-rated health

According to research findings in diverse cultures, complex work augmented later cognitive flexibility ________. A. more than cognitive flexibility influenced preference for complex work B. more in adults in their thirties than in those in their fifties and sixties C. primarily in college-educated individuals D. less in higher-SES adults than in lower-SES adults

A. more than cognitive flexibility influenced preference for complex work

In the Netherlands, where voluntary euthanasia is legal, ________. A. most doctors find the practice emotionally burdensome B. reports of involuntary euthanasia have increased sharply C. public approval is substantially lower than in the United States D. doctors can administer lethal drugs without patient approval

A. most doctors find the practice emotionally burdensome

Which of the following contributes to declines in odor sensitivity in older adults? A. neuron loss in certain brain regions B. reduced exposure to new and stimulating scents C. slowing of blood circulation D. loss in taste sensitivity

A. neuron loss in certain brain regions

In dying patients inclined toward denial, a "game" can be set in motion in which participants are aware that the patient is dying but act as though it were not so, which ________. A. often leads to futile medical interventions that cause great suffering B. eases the patient's transition to acceptance of death C. temporarily worsens psychological pain but ultimately makes dying easier D. results in premature cessation of medical interventions

A. often leads to futile medical interventions that cause great suffering

Two aspects of language production show age-related losses: word-retrieval and ________. A. planning what to say B. social appropriateness C. grammatical correctness D. elderspeak

A. planning what to say

In response to Kohlberg's "Heinz dilemma," Camilla says, "He shouldn't steal the drug because he could get into big trouble, and he might have to go to jail." Camilla's response is consistent with Kohlberg's ________ level of moral understanding. A. preconventional B. reflective C. conventional D. principled

A. preconventional

Older lesbians and gay men in long-term partnerships ________. A. rate their mental health more favorably than do their single lesbian and gay agemates B. frequently lack the skills to effectively cope with and manage late-life physical and cognitive changes C. have seldom experienced much discrimination, despite the lengthy historical period of hostility toward them D. usually point to people other than their partner as their most important source of social support

A. rate their mental health more favorably than do their single lesbian and gay agemates

By midlife, half of the ________ in the eyes is/are lost, which in turn leads to a gradual loss of ________. A. rods; cones B. blood vessels; light sensitivity C. vitreous; lens clarity D. neurons; vitreous density

A. rods; cones

Of siblings who established a positive bond in childhood, we can anticipate that in adolescence, ________. A. they will invest less time and energy in each other, but their attachment will remain strong B. their relationship will become conflict-ridden, as each strives for autonomy C. their relationship will intensify, resembling a best friendship D. older siblings will have increasing power over younger siblings' choices of friends

A. they will invest less time and energy in each other, but their attachment will remain strong

Evaluations of the Strong African American Families (SAAF) program show that it was most effective in reducing substance use among teenagers ________. A. with genetically-based vulnerability to self-regulation difficulties B. who experimented with alcohol rather than illegal drugs C. whose friends rarely engaged in alcohol and drug use D. from two-parent families Submit

A. with genetically-based vulnerability to self-regulation difficulties

Surveys reveal that throughout middle age and into late adulthood, ________ are more likely to report a drop in sexual activity due to lack of a partner. A. women B. European Americans C. men D. African Americans

A. women

Research on reactions to pubertal changes reveals that ________. A. widespread formal recognition of pubertal onset in Western societies reduces adolescent confusion B. African-American girls react more favorably to menarche than European-American girls do C. boys' reactions to spermarche are more favorable than girls' reactions to menarche D. girls get less social support than boys for the changes of puberty

B. African-American girls react more favorably to menarche than European-American girls do

Which of the following statements about arthritis is true? A. Identical twins with rheumatoid arthritis usually show similar levels of disease severity. B. Almost all older adults show some osteoarthritis on X-rays. C. Alcohol use contributes to rheumatoid arthritis. D. Osteoarthritis involves the entire body.

B. Almost all older adults show some osteoarthritis on X-rays.

Which of the following teenagers is at greatest risk for early sexual activity? A. Jaylin, whose friends are not yet sexually active B. Amanda, who lives in a high-crime neighborhood C. Kim, who lives in a tightly knit rural community D. Karli, who lives with both parents and her younger brother Submit

B. Amanda, who lives in a high-crime neighborhood

Which statement about bulimia nervosa is true? A. Most adolescents with bulimia also suffer from anorexia. B. Bulimia nervosa is usually easier to treat than anorexia. C. Young people with bulimia tend to have parents who are controlling. D. About 10 percent of teenage girls are affected by bulimia.

B. Bulimia nervosa is usually easier to treat than anorexia.

Sixty percent of individuals affected with cancer ________. A. developed it solely due to environmental and lifestyle factors B. are cured—free of the disease for five years or longer C. do not recognize the symptoms until it is too late D. discontinue treatment if they do not notice results within three months

B. are cured—free of the disease for five years or longer

Which of the following older adults is likely to be most deficient in respiratory and cardiovascular functioning? A. Rebecca, who smoked cigarettes for three years in her early twenties B. Chandra, who has spent most of her life living in a large city with considerable environmental pollution C. Pierre, who has consumed an average of two glasses of wine per day since early adulthood D. Vince, who has always been a few pounds overweight but exercises regularly

B. Chandra, who has spent most of her life living in a large city with considerable environmental pollution

Which of the following older adults is more likely to retire than continue working? A. Evan, who is in good health B. Clare, whose aging mother is ill C. Richard, who is self-employed D. Emilia, whose husband is still working

B. Clare, whose aging mother is ill

Which of the following teenagers is most likely to drop out of high school? A. Leslie, who is a generally good student in a college-prep track but who failed ninth-grade chemistry B. Joseph, who has a long history of marginal-to-failing grades and is frequently bullied by peers C. Glenn, who is a poor student but whose parents insist that he stay in school and who keep tabs on his progress D. Val, who achieves poorly but participates in extracurricular activities

B. Joseph, who has a long history of marginal-to-failing grades and is frequently bullied by peers

Which statement about research evaluating Kübler-Ross's theory is true? A. Her theory is universally applicable. B. Not all people display each of her five responses. C. The five reactions she describes should not be viewed as coping strategies. D. Her five stages are best conceptualized as a fixed sequence.

B. Not all people display each of her five responses.

Which statement about high school academic tracking in the United States is true? A. Once assigned to a low track, most students are motivated to exert more effort in order to attain reassignment to a higher track. B. Once assigned to a low track, students are "locked out" of advanced courses in later grades. C. Assignment to a vocational or general educational track has no detrimental effects on academic progress. D. Low academic tracks typically provide more stimulating classroom experiences and increased teacher expectations.

B. Once assigned to a low track, students are "locked out" of advanced courses in later grades.

Which statement about adolescents' scientific reasoning skills is true? A. Few adolescents show self-serving biases in scientific reasoning. B. Scientific reasoning emerges from experiences that require adolescents to match theories against evidence and evaluate their thinking. C. Scientific reasoning results from an abrupt, stagewise change in adolescence. D. Nearly all adolescents apply logic more effectively to ideas they favor than to ideas they doubt.

B. Scientific reasoning emerges from experiences that require adolescents to match theories against evidence and evaluate their thinking.

Which statement about singlehood is true? A. European-American young adults are more likely to be single than African-American young adults. B. Single men have more physical and mental health problems than single women. C. More young-adult women than men are single because of women's higher standards in mate selection. D. Few single people feel stressed about their departure from the marital social clock.

B. Single men have more physical and mental health problems than single women.

When presented with the "Heinz dilemma," Jillian explains that laws should be obeyed because they are vital for ensuring societal order and cooperation between people. Jillian is at which of Kohlberg's stages of moral understanding? A. Stage 1: the punishment and obedience orientation B. Stage 4: the social-order-maintaining orientation C. Stage 3: the "good boy-good girl" orientation D. Stage 2: the instrumental purpose orientation

B. Stage 4: the social-order-maintaining orientation

For which adult are sibling relationships likely to replace friendships? A. Pete, who is only 10 months older than his only sibling B. Theresa, who is one of seven children C. Isaac, who is his parents' favorite among their three children D. Augusta, who has a competitive relationship with her two sisters

B. Theresa, who is one of seven children

Which statement about expertise in midlife is true? A. Aging contributes to declines in expertise, which in turn causes declines in practical problem solving. B. When applied to everyday problems, expertise makes middle-aged adults more rational decision makers. C. Expertise is limited to highly educated individuals, especially those who rise to the top of administrative ladders. D. The development of expertise begins in childhood, peaks at around age 30, and remains stable in midlife.

B. When applied to everyday problems, expertise makes middle-aged adults more rational decision makers.

Stories emphasizing ________ teach Native Americans stoic self-control in the face of death. A. belief in a transcendent state beyond a sense of self B. a circular, rather than linear, relationship between life and death C. the idea that death leads to rebirth as part of a journey toward enlightenment D. the idea that all physical and mental states are transient

B. a circular, rather than linear, relationship between life and death

Juliana has a warm relationship with her parents but also feels free to voice her own opinions. Ian has low levels of support from his parents and lacks warm, open communication with them. Juliana will probably become identity-________, whereas Ian is likely to be identity-________. A. achieved; foreclosed B. achieved; diffused C. foreclosed; diffused D. diffused; achieved

B. achieved; diffused

In a study of the development of wisdom with adults ranging in age from 20 to 89, results revealed that ___________. A. age is the strongest predictor of wisdom B. age is no guarantee of wisdom C. wisdom is most common among individuals high in religiosity D. wisdom is most common among ethnic minority groups

B. age is no guarantee of wisdom

Of the one-fourth of MIDUS participants who reported experiencing a midlife crisis, most of them attributed it to ________. A. media portrayals of midlife crises B. challenging life events C. age D. dissatisfaction with previous life choices

B. challenging life events

Which of the following are risk factors for cardiovascular disease, a leading cause of death throughout adulthood? A. weak hand-grip muscle strength, low bone density B. cigarette smoking, overweight and obesity C. moderate alcohol consumption, low GH level D. increased telomerase activity, elevated free radical activity

B. cigarette smoking, overweight and obesity

Most emerging adults consider _________ to be essential in attaining adult status. A. finishing their education B. constructing a worldview C. entering into marriage D. settling into a career

B. constructing a worldview

Eighty-year-old Mirabel regrets that there is no time left to compensate for her mistakes in life. Overwhelmed by bitterness and defeat, Mirabel expresses anger and contempt toward her family members and caregivers. According to Erikson, Mirabel is likely experiencing ________. A. ego integrity B. despair C. generativity D. stagnation

B. despair

Entering freshmen who have trouble adapting to college __________. A. often attend small private liberal arts colleges B. develop negative attitudes toward the college environment C. fare better if they live at home with their parents D. often seek out their advisers or professors for advice

B. develop negative attitudes toward the college environment

Counseling that focuses on ________ can help people implement effective problem-centered coping strategies in their search for alternative work roles after unemployment. A. using exercise as a stress reliever B. financial planning and social networking C. meditation and other calming techniques D. retraining for higher-paid work

B. financial planning and social networking

At least half of U.S. adults over age 50 ________. A. plan on living off Social Security alone after retirement B. have not engaged in any concrete retirement planning C. plan on retiring early, at age 60 or sooner D. contribute a significant amount each month to retirement savings

B. have not engaged in any concrete retirement planning

Of the one-quarter of deaths in industrialized nations that are sudden, 65 to 85 percent are due to ________. A. congestive heart failure B. heart attacks C. complications from diabetes D. unintentional injuries

B. heart attacks

Research reveals that social media sites are associated with a(n) _________. A. sharp increase in number of core friendships for its casual users B. increase in passive tracking of casual relationships C. sharp decrease in number of core friendships for its serious users D. overall decline in friendship quality among young adults

B. increase in passive tracking of casual relationships

Higher education is related to more advanced moral reasoning because colleges ________. A. provide many opportunities to develop close, rewarding friendships with people of similar cultural backgrounds B. introduce students to social issues that extend beyond personal relationships to entire political and cultural groups C. rarely offer classes that emphasize open discussion of opinions D. attract students with autonomy-granting parents

B. introduce students to social issues that extend beyond personal relationships to entire political and cultural groups

Hospice care ________. A. focuses on providing medical care that will help prolong life B. is associated with improved patient quality of life and longer survival C. is not covered by most U.S. government health-care benefits D. is a special place to which terminally ill people go to die

B. is associated with improved patient quality of life and longer survival

Compared to their traditional-career counterparts, men who choose nontraditional careers tend to be __________. A. more focused on the social status of their work B. less focused on the social status of their work C. more conservative in their social outlook D. less concerned with the financial returns of their choice

B. less focused on the social status of their work

Teresita is given the following reasoning problem: Gold is heavier than dirt, and feathers are heavier than gold. Are feathers heavier than dirt? Teresita can answer correctly only if she grasps the ________ of propositional reasoning. A. major premise B. logical necessity C. content D. real-world nature

B. logical necessity

With respect to life expectancy, because ________ are at higher risk for disease and early death, they reap somewhat larger generational gains from positive lifestyle changes and new medical discoveries. A. women B. men C. middle-SES individuals D. Japanese Americans

B. men

Processing speed is a weak predictor of older adults' ________. A. decrements in working memory B. performance on complex, familiar tasks C. use of memory strategies D. ability to learn new tasks

B. performance on complex, familiar tasks

By midlife, family ties ________, while friendships serve as current sources of pleasure and satisfaction. A. do not require as much time or effort B. protect against serious threats and losses C. become less important to most adults D. provide more compatibility and ease

B. protect against serious threats and losses

Premarital cohabitation before age 25 is associated with _________. A. high likelihood of becoming engaged to marry B. reduced readiness to forge a committed romantic bond C. lower risk of divorce when compared to noncohabiters D. attainment of a college degree

B. reduced readiness to forge a committed romantic bond

In companies with a favorable age climate, mature employees ________. A. experience poor work commitment B. report high job satisfaction C. report lower self-efficacy D. do not require further education or training

B. report high job satisfaction

For most young people, self-esteem ________ mid- to late adolescence. A. remains stable between B. rises from C. fluctuates a great deal between D. declines from

B. rises from

Egalitarian relationships, with equal sharing of authority and household tasks, are more common in ________. A. Eastern European than Nordic nations B. same-sex than other-sex relationships C. Hispanic-American than European-American couples D. single-earner than dual-earner marriages

B. same-sex than other-sex relationships

In later life, loss of cognitive skills generally outweighs improvement and maintenance, but most older adults ________. A. sustain high levels of functioning by broadening their goals B. still show evidence of plasticity, and some individuals display high maintenance at very old ages C. can accomplish more than they could earlier because of increasing fluid intelligence D. focus less on maintaining abilities and preventing losses

B. still show evidence of plasticity, and some individuals display high maintenance at very old ages

Which of the following processes provides the strongest support for "genetic programming" as important in biological aging? A. cross-linkage of fibers that make up the body's connective tissue B. telomere shortening with each cell duplication, until the cell no longer duplicates C. damage to DNA through spontaneous or externally caused mutations D. release of free radicals, which damage cellular material, including DNA

B. telomere shortening with each cell duplication, until the cell no longer duplicates

While findings differ greatly on abilities affected and estimated length, it is clear that ________ is a sign of loss of vitality and impending death. A. compression of morbidity B. terminal decline C. primary aging D. secondary aging

B. terminal decline

According to continuity theory, most aging adults ________. A. prefer completely new activities that do not prompt them to ruminate or reflect on the past B. try to extend the previous direction of their lives by engaging in new activities but within familiar domains C. avoid life changes as much as possible to minimize stress and disruptiveness D. prefer solitary activities because they find social interaction increasingly stressful

B. try to extend the previous direction of their lives by engaging in new activities but within familiar domains

Girls reach puberty, on average, ________. A. four years earlier than boys B. two years earlier than boys C. at about the same time as boys D. two years later than boys

B. two years earlier than boys

Which statement about elder maltreatment is true? A. Elder maltreatment is more common in U.S. ethnic groups that highly value independence. B. Adults who were abused as children are no more likely than others to abuse older adults. C. Abusers are often dependent, financially or emotionally, on their victims. D. Physical abuse is the most frequently reported type of elder abuse.

C. Abusers are often dependent, financially or emotionally, on their victims.

Which of the following statements about Alzheimer's disease is true? A. Familial Alzheimer's is the most common form of the disease, accounting for 99 percent of cases. B. A "Mediterranean diet" may help prevent Alzheimer's but is not linked to slowing the disease once it has begun. C. Depression often appears in the early phase of the disease and may worsen. D. Once symptoms appear, the time course of the disease is similar across individuals.

C. Depression often appears in the early phase of the disease and may worsen.

Which statement about gender differences in friendship is true? A. Emotional closeness is more common in boys' relationships than girls'. B. Boys are more likely than girls to experience anxiety and depression as a result of corumination. C. Girls' closest same-sex friendships tend to be of shorter duration than boys'. D. Boys tend to get together to "just hang out," whereas girls are more likely to gather for an activity.

C. Girls' closest same-sex friendships tend to be of shorter duration than boys'.

Which statement about older adults and continuing education is true? A. Many programs reinforce older adults' negative stereotypes of aging. B. Older adults derive many cognitive benefits, but few social benefits, from participating in lifelong learning programs. C. Low-SES adults are more likely to use community senior centers than to attend university-based lifelong learning programs. D. Older adults are typically unwilling to acquire new knowledge and skills, as evidenced by their aversion to online technology.

C. Low-SES adults are more likely to use community senior centers than to attend university-based lifelong learning programs.

Fifty-year-old Neil was an engineer at a large robotics company, but he recently quit his job and found employment as a bank teller. According to research, what does this dramatic shift say about Neil? A. Neil was likely experiencing burnout at his old job, and this change of pace is healthy for him. B. Neil is experimenting with a new possible self and will likely go back to another engineering job within two years. C. Neil may be experiencing a personal crisis, sparked by nonwork problems. D. Neil most likely had disagreements with his boss and decided to try something new.

C. Neil may be experiencing a personal crisis, sparked by nonwork problems.

Which statement about mate selection is true? A. In diverse cultures, men and women place equal emphasis on physical attractiveness in a mate. B. Research on mate selection in Western cultures supports the idea that "opposites attract". C. Partners who are similar in personality and other attributes tend to be more satisfied with their relationship. D. Men and women generally place earning power at the top of their wish list in a mate.

C. Partners who are similar in personality and other attributes tend to be more satisfied with their relationship.

Which statement about the feminization of poverty is true? A. The feminization of poverty applies only to single women who do not have any children to support. B. The gender gap in poverty has increased in Western nations over the past 20 years. C. The gender gap in poverty is higher in the United States than it is in other Western countries. D. For women, marital breakup—even when it is repeated—seldom reduces standard of living.

C. The gender gap in poverty is higher in the United States than it is in other Western countries.

________ can cause intergenerational tensions if parents expect their young-adult children to attain adult milestones on an outdated schedule. A. Vaillant's theory of adaptation to life B. Levinson's theory of seasons of life C. The social clock D. The life structure

C. The social clock

Which statement about remarriage in late adulthood is true? A. Increasing age makes remarriage more likely for both men and women. B. Remarriage rates are high in late adulthood. C. Widowed older adults remarry at a higher rate than divorcees. D. Women more often succeed in finding a partner than men.

C. Widowed older adults remarry at a higher rate than divorcees.

By the end of adolescence, the majority of lesbian, gay, and bisexual teenagers ________. A. suffer from persistent, internalized homophobia, especially if they live in urban areas B. continue to struggle with their sexual identity C. accept their sexual identity D. have entered into a healthy relationship with a same-sex partner

C. accept their sexual identity

Kent is often impatient and subject to angry outbursts. Compared to his younger brother, who has a more relaxed disposition, research suggests that Kent is more likely to ________. A. develop osteoporosis B. be diagnosed with cancer C. be at greater risk of stroke D. have low blood pressure

C. be at greater risk of stroke

Kate is a professional woman in her early thirties. Unlike her husband, who also has a time-consuming professional career, Kate is likely to consider ________ in her decision making about parenthood. A. the ramifications for her social clock B. only the positives C. consequences for career progress D. her obligation to society

C. consequences for career progress

Which of the following strongly predicts the quality of grandparent-adult grandchild relationships? A. amount of financial assistance the grandparent provides B. age of the adult grandchild C. degree of grandparent involvement during childhood D. amount of practical assistance the adult grandchild provides

C. degree of grandparent involvement during childhood

Over the past two decades, startup businesses in the United States owned and operated by women ________, and one-third of those firms have ________. A. grew by 50 percent; equal-opportunity employment policies B. have floundered; gone out of business since the recession of 2007 to 2009 C. grew at 1½ times the national average; ethnic-minority owners D. declined by 50 percent; since been bought out by male-controlled companies

C. grew at 1½ times the national average; ethnic-minority owners

Follow-up research on bereavement interventions reveals that the ________ approach is best suited for ________. A. individually tailored; confronting and resolving grief B. individually tailored; fostering loss-oriented coping C. group session; fostering loss-oriented coping D. group session; developing skills for reorganizing daily life

C. group session; fostering loss-oriented coping

Death education ________. A. degree programs are no longer offered at colleges and universities B. should focus on conveying practical information but should not venture into social and emotional concerns C. has been integrated into the training of students in fields such as education and medicine D. is appropriate in the counseling and ministry fields, but not in the training of medical professionals

C. has been integrated into the training of students in fields such as education and medicine

When asked to categorize their social partners, younger people are more likely to do so on the basis of __________, whereas older people emphasize ____________. A. education; distance of residence B. physical appearance; moral maturity C. information seeking; anticipated feelings D. emotional closeness; economic status

C. information seeking; anticipated feelings

Role overload is magnified for employed mothers in ________. A. dual-earner marriages B. prestigious careers C. low-status work roles with little autonomy D. Europe compared with the United States

C. low-status work roles with little autonomy

Research confirms that highly generative people are ________. A. less likely to have close friendships B. average in workplace leadership qualities C. more open to different viewpoints D. more likely to experience child-rearing challenges

C. more open to different viewpoints

Early-maturing boys report ________ than both their on-time and later-maturing agemates. A. lower self-esteem B. less sexual activity and delinquency C. more psychological stress and depressed mood D. feeling less depressed

C. more psychological stress and depressed mood

Research using EEG and other neurobiological measures finds ________ links between menopause and changes in quantity or quality of sleep. A. contradictory results on B. many C. no D. modest

C. no

Overall, never-married, childless older people ________. A. find that nonfamily ties are as dependable as family ties for informal personal care in very old age B. are rarely conscious of being different from the norm C. report a level of social connectedness and psychological well-being equivalent to that of married aging adults D. are more likely than others to engage in healthy behaviors because they do not have to accommodate a spouse's lifestyle preferences

C. report a level of social connectedness and psychological well-being equivalent to that of married aging adults

Compared with novices, experts __________. A. remember and reason more slowly and cautiously B. focus on the surface features of problems C. represent domain-specific concepts in richer ways D. work independently rather than collaboratively

C. represent domain-specific concepts in richer ways

Which type of reminiscence is linked to adjustment problems? A. knowledge-based B. other-focused C. self-focused D. life review

C. self-focused

Which of the following parent-child resemblances helps explain why young people's vocational aspirations correlate strongly with those of their parents? A. attending the same high school and having some of the same teachers B. similarity in gender-role attitudes C. similarity in intellectual abilities and educational attainment D. similarity in hours spent watching TV

C. similarity in intellectual abilities and educational attainment

Research on master runners reveals that as long as practice continues, running speed drops only slightly with age until the decade of the __________, when it falls off at an accelerating pace. A. thirties B. forties C. sixties D. fifties

C. sixties

Heredity plays a role in sporadic Alzheimer's through ________. A. gene suppression B. recessive alleles C. somatic mutation D. germline mutation

C. somatic mutation

School transitions in adolescence are especially likely to lead to self-esteem and academic difficulties among ________. A. academically motivated students, who experience a sharp rise in anxiety about getting good grades B. popular students, who find themselves in classes with few or no former friends C. students who face added strains, such as family disruption, poverty, or high parental conflict D. boys, who tend to achieve less well than girls in all school subjects

C. students who face added strains, such as family disruption, poverty, or high parental conflict

In which segment of the U.S. population has cigarette smoking recently increased? A. men who are college graduates B. men who did not finish high school C. women who did not finish high school D. women who are college graduates

C. women who did not finish high school

Many studies report an increase in ________ in women and ________ in men across middle age. A. autonomy; self-acceptance B. "feminine" traits; "masculine" traits C. self-acceptance; autonomy D. "masculine" traits; "feminine" traits

D. "masculine" traits; "feminine" traits

Which of the following is an example of the dependency-support script? A. A caregiver engages an aging adult in conversation but neglects his immediate needs. B. An aging adult who takes care of her own basic needs is neglected by caregivers. C. An aging adult receives special attention when he crosses the room without his walker. D. A caregiver rushes to get a glass of water for an aging adult who has no difficulty walking.

D. A caregiver rushes to get a glass of water for an aging adult who has no difficulty walking.

Which statement about influences on identity development is true? A. Diffused young people usually experience more supportive school experiences that promote high-level thinking. B. Foreclosed young people report the lowest levels of parental support and absence of a "secure base." C. Teenagers in moratorium often have close bonds with parents but lack opportunities for healthy separation. D. Adolescents who assume that absolute truth is always attainable tend to be foreclosed.

D. Adolescents who assume that absolute truth is always attainable tend to be foreclosed.

Which statement about mixed-sex cliques is true? A. Cliques are mixed-sex at first, but by midadolescence, same-sex cliques are common. B. The positive impact of mixed-sex cliques is greatest for teenagers whose parents are uninvolved. C. Mixed-sex cliques teach boys and girls how to interact and become intimate. D. By midadolescence, mixed-sex cliques are common, but by late adolescence, they disappear.

D. By midadolescence, mixed-sex cliques are common, but by late adolescence, they disappear.

Which of the following adults is most likely to increase his or her physical activity? A. Maribel, who is overweight and works long hours B. Clark, who set fitness goals for himself but chose not to track his progress C. Alan, who is low-SES and lives in a neighborhood with few parks D. Ellen, whose workplace has started a reward program for exercise

D. Ellen, whose workplace has started a reward program for exercise

________ contributes to older adults' reduced ability to adapt to hot and cold temperatures. A. Gradual weight gain B. Decline in lean body mass C. More efficient autonomic nervous system functioning D. Loss of the skin's layer of fatty support

D. Loss of the skin's layer of fatty support

Which of the following is true about sexuality in late adulthood? A. Older women have more opportunities for sexual encounters than do older men. B. Few married older adults report continued sexual enjoyment. C. When a partner ceases to interact sexually, it is more often the woman. D. Older adults who are married or in a committed relationship are more sexually active.

D. Older adults who are married or in a committed relationship are more sexually active.

Bridge employment would likely have the most favorable impact on the psychological well-being of which older adult? A. Giorgos, a restaurant chef who retired when he could no longer physically do the job and began working as an Uber driver B. Minh, a manager who retired when his steel company closed during an economic recession and took a part-time job as a cashier at a grocery store C. Hannah, who retired from her position as line supervisor at an assembly plant and took a part-time job as a greeter at a department store D. Onyeka, a CPA who retired from an accounting firm and took a seasonal job as a tax preparer for a national chain

D. Onyeka, a CPA who retired from an accounting firm and took a seasonal job as a tax preparer for a national chain

Which of the following did Levinson's research reveal about sex differences in early adulthood? A. Young women tend to construct individualistic dreams, whereas young men display "split dreams." B. Men construct dreams in early adulthood, whereas women construct dreams much later or not at all. C. Young women usually settle into a stable niche, whereas men tend to remain unsettled into middle adulthood. D. Women's career development is more likely than men's to extend into middle age.

D. Women's career development is more likely than men's to extend into middle age.

Which of the following stepparents is likely to experience the most family conflict? A. Adam, who permits his wife to assume most parenting responsibilities for his nonresident stepchildren B. Margarita, whose husband does not have custody of his son and daughter C. Vincenzo, who has two children of his own and a stepson D. Yvette, who has no children of her own and lives in the same residence as her two stepdaughters

D. Yvette, who has no children of her own and lives in the same residence as her two stepdaughters

Many parents report ________ during their children's teenage years. A. reduced need for family therapy B. an increase in life satisfaction C. an increase in marital satisfaction D. a dip in marital and life satisfaction

D. a dip in marital and life satisfaction

Research on pubertal timing indicates that threats to emotional health ________ puberty, whereas threats to physical health ________ it. A. do not influence; accelerate B. do not influence; delay C. accelerate; do not influence D. accelerate; delay

D. accelerate; delay

Acceptance of lesbian and gay people is greatest among Americans 18 years and older who __________. A. live in large cities and are high in religiosity B. have few sexual minority friends and are low in religiosity C. live in small communities and are low in religiosity D. are highly educated and low in religiosity

D. are highly educated and low in religiosity

Unlike current self-concept, possible selves ________. A. do not permit affirmation of the self B. are constantly responsive to others' feedback C. seldom affect decision making in middle adulthood D. can be defined and redefined by the individual, as needed

D. can be defined and redefined by the individual, as needed

Which of the following educational experiences is most likely to promote advances in epistemic cognition? A. reviewing both one's own and a classmate's lecture notes to study for a midterm B. listening to a professor's lecture about the ten all-time best novels C. solving challenging logical problems on one's own D. critically evaluating ideas for a research proposal with a group of classmates

D. critically evaluating ideas for a research proposal with a group of classmates

Findings of Schaie's Seattle Longitudinal Study revealed a(n) ________ drop in five mental abilities after the mid-thirties, but modest ________ gains for those same abilities in midlife. A. longitudinal; cross-sectional B. individual; generational C. longitudinal; sequential D. cross-sectional; longitudinal

D. cross-sectional; longitudinal

The majority of depressed teenagers ________. A. recover without treatment within a period of 3 to 4 weeks B. attempt suicide at some point in time C. are boys between ages 13 and 16 D. do not receive treatment

D. do not receive treatment

When older adults are directed to use the memory strategy of ________ with word pairs, the young-old difference in associative memory is greatly reduced. A. rehearsal B. visualization C. organization D. elaboration

D. elaboration

Implementing a national work-study apprenticeship program in the United States poses major challenges because __________. A. jobs in industrial occupations and manual trades are scarce B. few high school students are likely to take advantage of it C. too many at-risk students who could benefit drop out of school D. employers are reluctant to assume part of the responsibility for vocational training

D. employers are reluctant to assume part of the responsibility for vocational training

A major concern for lesbian and gay parents is that their children will ________. A. not benefit from contact with discontented family members B. be confused about gender-role behavior C. also be lesbian or gay D. face discrimination because of their parents' sexual orientation

D. face discrimination because of their parents' sexual orientation

Among other factors, American _______ contributes to the unusually high U.S. divorce rate. A. religiosity B. liberalism C. conservatism D. individualism

D. individualism

Which descriptor currently best characterizes the middle adulthood phase of the family life cycle? A. sandwich generation B. empty nest C. parents are only as happy as their least happy child D. launching children and moving on

D. launching children and moving on

With respect to decision making, teenagers are ________. A. more effective than adults because of recent gains in formal operational thought B. less effective than adults only under highly emotional conditions C. more effective than adults only under unemotional conditions D. less effective than adults under both highly emotional and unemotional conditions

D. less effective than adults under both highly emotional and unemotional conditions

Consequences experienced by overweight and obese adults include reduced success at __________. A. overcoming an inhibited, fearful style B. avoiding involvement with the criminal justice system C. preventing an age-related increase in BMR D. receiving financial aid for college

D. receiving financial aid for college

Which feature of therapy for rape survivors is crucial for preventing reassault? A. screening for victimization B. group therapy C. validation of the experience D. safety planning

D. safety planning

Longitudinal follow-ups of individuals varying widely in age confirm that __________ shows greater decrements than __________ in late life. A. perceptual speed; numeric ability B. inductive reasoning; perceptual speed C. verbal ability; verbal memory D. spatial orientation; verbal ability

D. spatial orientation; verbal ability

Negative stereotypes of aging are more likely to be applied to ________ than ________. A. middle- and high-SES individuals; low-SES individuals B. African Americans; European Americans C. European Americans; ethnic minorities D. women; men

D. women; men