Human Development quiz 2Di
Deaf kids and hearing kids
develop language at the same time.
bilingual children
slower at language learning, smaller vocabulary code switching- switching languages based on the audience code-mixing- when bilingual kids use different languages in one sentence
expulsion of the placenta
stage 3 of labor
babbling
stage of language development at about 6-10 months when an infant spontaneously utters nonsense sounds ex. baby talk, they are just trying to learn and practice language
social smile
starts at three months, then comes laughter
3 types of memory
-explicit- conscious and can be recalled -implicit- unconscious but can affect performance ex. something that you do without thinking about it. -working memory- short term storage information that is processing
When are the early memories from an infant?
1 1/2 years to 2 1/2 years though it is still uncertain.
How long should you wait to breast feed after drinking alcohol?
1 hour
shaken baby syndrome
A life-threatening injury that occurs when an infant is forcefully shaken back and forth, a motion that ruptures blood vessels in the brain and breaks neural connections.
cesarean section (C-section)
A surgical birth, in which incisions through the mother's abdomen and uterus allow the baby to be removed quickly, instead of being delivered through the vagina.
Mary Ainsworth
Ainsworth strange situation.
What reflex if is present in adults can indicate brain damage?
Babinski reflex
secondary circular reactions
Baby gets reaction from adult to caregiver that encourages an action.
Gender roles in infant death
Boys have a higher risk of death and injury because they take more risk then girls do
What does the nervous system do?
Detects and reacts to stimuli, and help with reflexes
Socialization
development of habit, skills, and values that is shared in a society
self-concious
easily embarrassed, nervous because you worry about what people might think about you
3 categories of temperament
easy, difficult, slow to warm up
Moro reflex
head drops which causes arm to extend to the side
Symmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex
head flexes and arms follow head but legs do the opposite. Looks like baby is trying to stand in a crawling position.
altruistic behavior
helping behavior that is not linked to personal gain (kids start showing empathy at 1 month old).
temperament
how a child behaves (not why), consistent with age
social interaction
how people relate to one another and influence each other's behavior
ambivalent attachment
insecurely attached; upset when mother leaves and then angry with mother upon her return (10 to 15 percent)
physical abuse
intentionally causing physical harm to another person
clowing
kids do something silly to make parents laugh
Malnutrition
lack of proper nutrition and food infants
child-directed speech
language spoken in a higher pitch than normal with simple words and sentences
Low birth weight
less than 5.5 pounds
social referencing
the intentional search for information about others' feelings to help explain the meaning of uncertain circumstances and events (12 months of age)
telegraphic speech
the kind of verbal utterances in which words are left out, but the meaning is usually clear ex. want up
goodness of fit
the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with (temperament- environment)
underextension
the overly restrictive use of words, common among children just mastering spoken language
attachment
the positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual
gender typing
the process of acquiring gender role characteristics
Syntax
the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language
Early Intervention
the systematic process of providing services to help families meet young children's developmental needs (speech therapy, physical therapy, etc.) -paid by public funds -Also assist parents
information processing
the way in which people take in, use, and store information
pincer grasp
the well-coordinated grasp that emerges at the end of the first year, involving thumb and index finger opposition
highest rate of death
occurs between birth and 3 years of age. they can't defend themselves from abuse.
what is the first sense to develop?
touch (32 weeks preg?)
what do infants fight about?
parent's attention and toys
still face
parents do not meet children's need particularly emotions
synaptic pruning
the elimination of neurons as the result of nonuse or lack of stimulation
Dilation of the cervix (longest stage of labor)
the expansion or stretching of the cervix during labor 10cm = fully dilated
neglect
the failure to provide for a child's basic needs
stranger anxiety
the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8- 9 months of age
infantile amnesia
the inability to retrieve memories from much before age 3
2 principles of physical growth
-Cephalocaudal- growth occurs from head to toe - Proximodistal- growth occurs from center of the body and outward
grasping objects
3 months
rolling over
3 months
primary circular reactions
Baby likes something so they do it again.
"Difficult children"
children with irritable temperament, irregular biological rhythms, and intense emotional responses (10 percent)
prefrontal cortex
judgement, planning, processing new memories, motor abilities
reflexes
unlearned, organized involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli
fetal montoring
using sensors on a pregnant belly during delivery to watch an unborn baby's heart rate for indications of stress.
head control
4 months
sitting without support
6 months (4 months with support)
How long can should babies be consuming only breast milk?
6 months, then you can introduce solids like rice cereal and baby oatmilk
vaginal delivery recovery time
6 weeks
crawling
6-10 months
standing while holding on to something
7 months
grasping with thumb and finger
8 months
When do babies' eyesight fully develop?
8 months after birth, before then they see because within a foot of distance. Thye love looking at faces and can recognize them within a few hours.
C-section recovery time
8 weeks
Vaccination rate
85% of children are vaccinated worldwide. -Vaccination strengthens immune system
Babinski reflex
Infant reflex where if its foot is stroked, the baby's toes fan out
People present during delivery.
Obstetrician, midwife (nurse), doula *Doula is not a medical professional, they are hired by the caregivers for support (psychological and educational support.
When do kids grow the most?
The first 3 years of age (Weight doubles within the first 5 months)
Cervix
The opening to the uterus
epidural
Used for pain relief but pain is still felt so mothers know when to push.
self-awareness
a person's realization that he or she is a distinct individual whose body, mind, and actions are separate from those of other people
secure attachment
a relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver may or may not be upset when they leave but happy when they return (60-75 percent)
Holophase
a single word that is used to express a complete, meaningful thought
haptic perception
ability to acquire information about properties of objects, such as size, weight, and texture, by handling them
self-regulation
ability to control information
post partum depression
affects 10-20 percent of people, parents with -History of depression -Unprepared for sleepless nights (babies feed every three hours) -change in hormones in a woman -Babies crying are most likely to experience post-partum depression.
self-concept
all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?" (3 months) first attention to mirror (4-9 months)
automatization
an activity that requires attention and practice ex feeding themselves, walking, reading
conscience
an inner feeling or voice viewed as acting as a guide to the rightness or wrongness of one's behavior.
APGAR
appearance (coloring), pulse, grimace, activity, respiration (breathing) APGAR scores out of 10, ten being the highest and better score. Each section is scored from 0-2. A score of 7-10 means good or excellent, 5-7 means baby may need help breathing, and 4 and under is life threatening
prelinguistic communication
communication through sounds, facial expressions, gestures, imitation, and other nonlinguistic means
small-for-date babies
infants whose birth weight is far below normal, even when born close to their normal due dates
premature babies may experience.
slow development, learning disabilities, lower IQ, and issues with physical coordination.
Reasons for low birth weight
socioeconomic factors, medical factors, increased stress, medical conditions related to pregnancies
overextension
the overly broad use of words, overgeneralizing their meaning
Habilitation
(adjustment) occurs when a person's repertoire has been changed such that short- and long-term reinforcers are maximized and short- and long-term punishers are minimized familiarity with stimulus reduces a response.
Descent and emergence of the baby
*lasts 1 to 2 hours *baby's head starts to move through the cervix and into the vaginal canal *baby completely emerges out
Having a baby
-2 days inpatient (vaginal birth)- 16,164.60 + Newborn stay- 2,849.65 -4 days inpatient (C-section birth)- 27,874.70
John Piaget 2 principles of growth
-Assimilation -Association
standing without support
11 months
walking well
12 months
First sentence
18-24 months two or more words
traffic accidents
1st cause of death in infants
post mature baby
2 weeks or more overdue
2017 infant mortality rate
2.5 million (28 days or younger), possible reasons may include -complications in childbirth -birth defects -low birth weight -Accidents -Sudden infant death syndrome
Suffocation
2/3 of death in infants are the results of suffocation both unintentional
back to sleep campaign
Encourage parents to put babies to sleep on back to reduce SIDS risk. -nothing in the crib -babies should sleep in the parent's room -parents should not sleep with infants -pacifiers encourage breathing -swaddle baby
Trust vs. Mistrust
Erikson's first stage during the first year of life, infants learn to trust when they are cared for in a consistent warm manner (parents meet children's needs) birth to 12 or 18 months
asymmetrical tonic neck
Head turned to one side - arm and leg on that side extend, arm and leg on opposite side flex (fencing position)
what sense develops last in pregnancy?
Hearing
Complication of C-section delivery
High risk of infection, mortality (death), higher recovery time, hemorrhage (damage to blood vessels and excessive bleeding), pain
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Infants feel independent if parents let them explore environment and feel a sense of freedom, positive view of the world. If the opposite, then baby develops negative view of the world. 12 or 18 months to 3 years.
Feeding an infant
Infants know when they are full if they are resisting do not force your baby to feed.
Tonic Labyrinthine Reflex
Positional changes detected by the inner ear stimulate which primitive reflex? they may curl up.
palmar grasp
Pressure against palm causes fingers to bend into a strong grasp
benefits of breastmilk
Provides optimal nutrition, enhances immune system, decreases risk of infections, protects against allergies and intolerances, promotes correct develpement of jaw, teeth and speech, decreases risk of obesity, increases bond with mom
New York Longitudinal Study
Researchers followed the behavior of 133 subjects from early infancy into young adulthood. They described the children on scales of temperament
HOME experiment
Went to people's houses and studied how children react with environment and how parents react with them. H- Home O- Observation for M-Measurement of the E- Environment
rooting reflex
a baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, to turn toward the touch, open the mouth, and search for the nipple
disorganized/disoriented attachment
a child is happy parent is back but will still avoid them, less than 5 percent
nonorganic failure to thrive
a disorder in which infants stop growing due to insufficient stimulation and attention due to inadequate parenting. poverty and depression of caregivers may be present. unknown medical cause.
myelin
a fatty substance that wraps around some axons and increases the speed of action potentials (impulses)
Safe Haven Law
a law that permits a person to drop off an infant (28 days or younger) or child at a police, fire, or EMS station or to deliver the infant or child to any available public safety personnel. The intent of the law is to protect children who may otherwise be abandoned or harmed.
startle reflex
a loud sudden noise causing the same reactions as moro with the arms.
neuron
a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system
collaborative behavior
babies will help caregiver with an activity ex. dressing, putting on shoes
premature baby
baby born before 37 weeks
axon
carries messages away from the cell body
C-Section
cesarean section delivery
"Slow to warm up children"
children whose temperament is generally mild but who are hesitant about accepting new experiences (15 percent) other 35 percent are mixtures of situations
"Easy children"
children with a generally happy temperament, regular biological rhythms, and a readiness to accept new experiences (40 percent)
Things baby face after being born.
chilling (baby need a lot of warmth and hats are placed because heat leaves through the head), immature nervous system, infection, breathing issues
What are the three steps to information processing?
encoding- Information recorded to become useful to memory storage- placement of encoded material in memory retrieval- The process of gathering information from storage and bringing it to awareness
How often should you introduce new foods to infants?
every 2-3 days to allow time to check for allergies
intelligence grows from
experience
Reasons for a C-section delivery
fetal distress (lack of oxygen), breech birth, transverse position (sideways), head is too large, labor is going by too slowly, vaginal bleeding
Babies should have ____________ with ___________ their first year of life
food, milk
Why is a post mature baby risky
important to induce labor or have a C section because the blood supply from the placenta to the brain may be decreased, leading to potential brain damage -Babies grow fast so they will run out of space quickly (Medication can become risky)
sensorimotor stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
when do emotions and expressions appear?
in infancy ex. crying, angry, frustrated
walking/stepping reflex
in response to the soles of a baby's feet (balls of feet) touching a flat surface, they will attempt to walk (not actually walking)
Dishabituation
increase in responsiveness after the presentation of a new stimulus ex. new toy, the baby becomes happy for a few times then after a while it gets old researchers measure how long this last
treatment for a preterm baby at hospital
incubator/isolette (control temperature, oxygen, and general environment), message to improve circulation
anticipatory smiling
infant smiles at an object and then gazes at an adult while still smiling
avoidant attachment
infants who seem unresponsive to the parent when they are present, are usually not distressed when she leaves, and avoid the parent when they return (15 to 25 percent)
Bayle Scale
measures intelligence of child (language, cognitive skills, motor development, etc.)
gross motor skills
motor skills that involve large-muscle activities, such as walking
neonate
newborn baby, average size of 20 inches and weight of about 7.5 pounds.
cooing
pleasant vowel-like noises made by infants, beginning around 6 weeks - 3 months
plantar grasp
pressure on the base of toes causes teh toes to curl around an object
Internalization
process by which a norm becomes a part of an individual's personality, thereby conditioning the individual to conform to society's expectations
mutual regulation
process by which infant and caregiver communicate emotional states to each other and respond appropriately ex. baby cries parent feeds, and interactive play
self-evaluation
process of judging one's own performance or behavior -pride shame and guilt in kidscan develop at a young age by lecturing kids
kinship foster care
putting kids in the care of another family member
Denrites
receive information from other cells
emotional maltreatment
rejection, terrorization, isolation, exploitation, degradation, ridicule, or failure to provide emotional support, love, and affection; or other action or inaction that may cause behavioral, cognitive, emotional, or mental disorders
John Piaget schemes
schemes- basic building blocks of patterns and thoughts and behavior to understand the world.
Denver Developmental Screening Test (gross motor, fine motor, and language development)
screening test given to children 1 month to 6 years old to determine whether they are developing normally
expressive vocabulary
slow at first between 16-24 months
positive support reflex
stimulus: weight placed on balls of feet when upright response: stiffening of legs and trunk into extension
pasticity
structure or behavior that is modifiable with environment
Ainsworth Strange Situation
studied 10 to 24 months old studied attcahment and patterns between child and caregiver
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
sudden and unexplained death of an apparently healthy infant. A baby may be at risk for SIDS if - the mom is young -the baby is of color (typically African American) -low APGAR score -Smoking in mom or dad (dad carries the effects in sperm)
visual preference
tendency of infants to spend more time looking at one sight than another
Unintentional/Accidental injuries
the 5th leading cause of death in infants in the US
literacy
the ability to read and write. -reading to kids develops tehri vocabulary and interactions
depth perception
the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance
object permanence
the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived (babies must have this develop, before then they think things and people disappear)
Erik Erikson psychosocial theory
trust vs mistrust, autonomy vs shame and doubt
children who are resilient
typically, creative have humor, independence, have self-esteem.
What affects breast milk flavor?
what the mother eats
sexual abuse
when an adult uses a child or adolescent for sexual purposes
