Human Development quiz 2Di

Deaf kids and hearing kids

develop language at the same time.

bilingual children

slower at language learning, smaller vocabulary code switching- switching languages based on the audience code-mixing- when bilingual kids use different languages in one sentence

expulsion of the placenta

stage 3 of labor

babbling

stage of language development at about 6-10 months when an infant spontaneously utters nonsense sounds ex. baby talk, they are just trying to learn and practice language

social smile

starts at three months, then comes laughter

3 types of memory

-explicit- conscious and can be recalled -implicit- unconscious but can affect performance ex. something that you do without thinking about it. -working memory- short term storage information that is processing

When are the early memories from an infant?

1 1/2 years to 2 1/2 years though it is still uncertain.

How long should you wait to breast feed after drinking alcohol?

1 hour

shaken baby syndrome

A life-threatening injury that occurs when an infant is forcefully shaken back and forth, a motion that ruptures blood vessels in the brain and breaks neural connections.

cesarean section (C-section)

A surgical birth, in which incisions through the mother's abdomen and uterus allow the baby to be removed quickly, instead of being delivered through the vagina.

Mary Ainsworth

Ainsworth strange situation.

What reflex if is present in adults can indicate brain damage?

Babinski reflex

secondary circular reactions

Baby gets reaction from adult to caregiver that encourages an action.

Gender roles in infant death

Boys have a higher risk of death and injury because they take more risk then girls do

What does the nervous system do?

Detects and reacts to stimuli, and help with reflexes

Socialization

development of habit, skills, and values that is shared in a society

self-concious

easily embarrassed, nervous because you worry about what people might think about you

3 categories of temperament

easy, difficult, slow to warm up

Moro reflex

head drops which causes arm to extend to the side

Symmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex

head flexes and arms follow head but legs do the opposite. Looks like baby is trying to stand in a crawling position.

altruistic behavior

helping behavior that is not linked to personal gain (kids start showing empathy at 1 month old).

temperament

how a child behaves (not why), consistent with age

social interaction

how people relate to one another and influence each other's behavior

ambivalent attachment

insecurely attached; upset when mother leaves and then angry with mother upon her return (10 to 15 percent)

physical abuse

intentionally causing physical harm to another person

clowing

kids do something silly to make parents laugh

Malnutrition

lack of proper nutrition and food infants

child-directed speech

language spoken in a higher pitch than normal with simple words and sentences

Low birth weight

less than 5.5 pounds

social referencing

the intentional search for information about others' feelings to help explain the meaning of uncertain circumstances and events (12 months of age)

telegraphic speech

the kind of verbal utterances in which words are left out, but the meaning is usually clear ex. want up

goodness of fit

the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with (temperament- environment)

underextension

the overly restrictive use of words, common among children just mastering spoken language

attachment

the positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual

gender typing

the process of acquiring gender role characteristics

Syntax

the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language

Early Intervention

the systematic process of providing services to help families meet young children's developmental needs (speech therapy, physical therapy, etc.) -paid by public funds -Also assist parents

information processing

the way in which people take in, use, and store information

pincer grasp

the well-coordinated grasp that emerges at the end of the first year, involving thumb and index finger opposition

highest rate of death

occurs between birth and 3 years of age. they can't defend themselves from abuse.

what is the first sense to develop?

touch (32 weeks preg?)

what do infants fight about?

parent's attention and toys

still face

parents do not meet children's need particularly emotions

synaptic pruning

the elimination of neurons as the result of nonuse or lack of stimulation

Dilation of the cervix (longest stage of labor)

the expansion or stretching of the cervix during labor 10cm = fully dilated

neglect

the failure to provide for a child's basic needs

stranger anxiety

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8- 9 months of age

infantile amnesia

the inability to retrieve memories from much before age 3

2 principles of physical growth

-Cephalocaudal- growth occurs from head to toe - Proximodistal- growth occurs from center of the body and outward

grasping objects

3 months

rolling over

3 months

primary circular reactions

Baby likes something so they do it again.

"Difficult children"

children with irritable temperament, irregular biological rhythms, and intense emotional responses (10 percent)

prefrontal cortex

judgement, planning, processing new memories, motor abilities

reflexes

unlearned, organized involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli

fetal montoring

using sensors on a pregnant belly during delivery to watch an unborn baby's heart rate for indications of stress.

head control

4 months

sitting without support

6 months (4 months with support)

How long can should babies be consuming only breast milk?

6 months, then you can introduce solids like rice cereal and baby oatmilk

vaginal delivery recovery time

6 weeks

crawling

6-10 months

standing while holding on to something

7 months

grasping with thumb and finger

8 months

When do babies' eyesight fully develop?

8 months after birth, before then they see because within a foot of distance. Thye love looking at faces and can recognize them within a few hours.

C-section recovery time

8 weeks

Vaccination rate

85% of children are vaccinated worldwide. -Vaccination strengthens immune system

Babinski reflex

Infant reflex where if its foot is stroked, the baby's toes fan out

People present during delivery.

Obstetrician, midwife (nurse), doula *Doula is not a medical professional, they are hired by the caregivers for support (psychological and educational support.

When do kids grow the most?

The first 3 years of age (Weight doubles within the first 5 months)

Cervix

The opening to the uterus

epidural

Used for pain relief but pain is still felt so mothers know when to push.

self-awareness

a person's realization that he or she is a distinct individual whose body, mind, and actions are separate from those of other people

secure attachment

a relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver may or may not be upset when they leave but happy when they return (60-75 percent)

Holophase

a single word that is used to express a complete, meaningful thought

haptic perception

ability to acquire information about properties of objects, such as size, weight, and texture, by handling them

self-regulation

ability to control information

post partum depression

affects 10-20 percent of people, parents with -History of depression -Unprepared for sleepless nights (babies feed every three hours) -change in hormones in a woman -Babies crying are most likely to experience post-partum depression.

self-concept

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?" (3 months) first attention to mirror (4-9 months)

automatization

an activity that requires attention and practice ex feeding themselves, walking, reading

conscience

an inner feeling or voice viewed as acting as a guide to the rightness or wrongness of one's behavior.

APGAR

appearance (coloring), pulse, grimace, activity, respiration (breathing) APGAR scores out of 10, ten being the highest and better score. Each section is scored from 0-2. A score of 7-10 means good or excellent, 5-7 means baby may need help breathing, and 4 and under is life threatening

prelinguistic communication

communication through sounds, facial expressions, gestures, imitation, and other nonlinguistic means

small-for-date babies

infants whose birth weight is far below normal, even when born close to their normal due dates

premature babies may experience.

slow development, learning disabilities, lower IQ, and issues with physical coordination.

Reasons for low birth weight

socioeconomic factors, medical factors, increased stress, medical conditions related to pregnancies

overextension

the overly broad use of words, overgeneralizing their meaning

Habilitation

(adjustment) occurs when a person's repertoire has been changed such that short- and long-term reinforcers are maximized and short- and long-term punishers are minimized familiarity with stimulus reduces a response.

Descent and emergence of the baby

*lasts 1 to 2 hours *baby's head starts to move through the cervix and into the vaginal canal *baby completely emerges out

Having a baby

-2 days inpatient (vaginal birth)- 16,164.60 + Newborn stay- 2,849.65 -4 days inpatient (C-section birth)- 27,874.70

John Piaget 2 principles of growth

-Assimilation -Association

standing without support

11 months

walking well

12 months

First sentence

18-24 months two or more words

traffic accidents

1st cause of death in infants

post mature baby

2 weeks or more overdue

2017 infant mortality rate

2.5 million (28 days or younger), possible reasons may include -complications in childbirth -birth defects -low birth weight -Accidents -Sudden infant death syndrome

Suffocation

2/3 of death in infants are the results of suffocation both unintentional

back to sleep campaign

Encourage parents to put babies to sleep on back to reduce SIDS risk. -nothing in the crib -babies should sleep in the parent's room -parents should not sleep with infants -pacifiers encourage breathing -swaddle baby

Trust vs. Mistrust

Erikson's first stage during the first year of life, infants learn to trust when they are cared for in a consistent warm manner (parents meet children's needs) birth to 12 or 18 months

asymmetrical tonic neck

Head turned to one side - arm and leg on that side extend, arm and leg on opposite side flex (fencing position)

what sense develops last in pregnancy?

Hearing

Complication of C-section delivery

High risk of infection, mortality (death), higher recovery time, hemorrhage (damage to blood vessels and excessive bleeding), pain

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Infants feel independent if parents let them explore environment and feel a sense of freedom, positive view of the world. If the opposite, then baby develops negative view of the world. 12 or 18 months to 3 years.

Feeding an infant

Infants know when they are full if they are resisting do not force your baby to feed.

Tonic Labyrinthine Reflex

Positional changes detected by the inner ear stimulate which primitive reflex? they may curl up.

palmar grasp

Pressure against palm causes fingers to bend into a strong grasp

benefits of breastmilk

Provides optimal nutrition, enhances immune system, decreases risk of infections, protects against allergies and intolerances, promotes correct develpement of jaw, teeth and speech, decreases risk of obesity, increases bond with mom

New York Longitudinal Study

Researchers followed the behavior of 133 subjects from early infancy into young adulthood. They described the children on scales of temperament

HOME experiment

Went to people's houses and studied how children react with environment and how parents react with them. H- Home O- Observation for M-Measurement of the E- Environment

rooting reflex

a baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, to turn toward the touch, open the mouth, and search for the nipple

disorganized/disoriented attachment

a child is happy parent is back but will still avoid them, less than 5 percent

nonorganic failure to thrive

a disorder in which infants stop growing due to insufficient stimulation and attention due to inadequate parenting. poverty and depression of caregivers may be present. unknown medical cause.

myelin

a fatty substance that wraps around some axons and increases the speed of action potentials (impulses)

Safe Haven Law

a law that permits a person to drop off an infant (28 days or younger) or child at a police, fire, or EMS station or to deliver the infant or child to any available public safety personnel. The intent of the law is to protect children who may otherwise be abandoned or harmed.

startle reflex

a loud sudden noise causing the same reactions as moro with the arms.

neuron

a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system

collaborative behavior

babies will help caregiver with an activity ex. dressing, putting on shoes

premature baby

baby born before 37 weeks

axon

carries messages away from the cell body

C-Section

cesarean section delivery

"Slow to warm up children"

children whose temperament is generally mild but who are hesitant about accepting new experiences (15 percent) other 35 percent are mixtures of situations

"Easy children"

children with a generally happy temperament, regular biological rhythms, and a readiness to accept new experiences (40 percent)

Things baby face after being born.

chilling (baby need a lot of warmth and hats are placed because heat leaves through the head), immature nervous system, infection, breathing issues

What are the three steps to information processing?

encoding- Information recorded to become useful to memory storage- placement of encoded material in memory retrieval- The process of gathering information from storage and bringing it to awareness

How often should you introduce new foods to infants?

every 2-3 days to allow time to check for allergies

intelligence grows from

experience

Reasons for a C-section delivery

fetal distress (lack of oxygen), breech birth, transverse position (sideways), head is too large, labor is going by too slowly, vaginal bleeding

Babies should have ____________ with ___________ their first year of life

food, milk

Why is a post mature baby risky

important to induce labor or have a C section because the blood supply from the placenta to the brain may be decreased, leading to potential brain damage -Babies grow fast so they will run out of space quickly (Medication can become risky)

sensorimotor stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

when do emotions and expressions appear?

in infancy ex. crying, angry, frustrated

walking/stepping reflex

in response to the soles of a baby's feet (balls of feet) touching a flat surface, they will attempt to walk (not actually walking)

Dishabituation

increase in responsiveness after the presentation of a new stimulus ex. new toy, the baby becomes happy for a few times then after a while it gets old researchers measure how long this last

treatment for a preterm baby at hospital

incubator/isolette (control temperature, oxygen, and general environment), message to improve circulation

anticipatory smiling

infant smiles at an object and then gazes at an adult while still smiling

avoidant attachment

infants who seem unresponsive to the parent when they are present, are usually not distressed when she leaves, and avoid the parent when they return (15 to 25 percent)

Bayle Scale

measures intelligence of child (language, cognitive skills, motor development, etc.)

gross motor skills

motor skills that involve large-muscle activities, such as walking

neonate

newborn baby, average size of 20 inches and weight of about 7.5 pounds.

cooing

pleasant vowel-like noises made by infants, beginning around 6 weeks - 3 months

plantar grasp

pressure on the base of toes causes teh toes to curl around an object

Internalization

process by which a norm becomes a part of an individual's personality, thereby conditioning the individual to conform to society's expectations

mutual regulation

process by which infant and caregiver communicate emotional states to each other and respond appropriately ex. baby cries parent feeds, and interactive play

self-evaluation

process of judging one's own performance or behavior -pride shame and guilt in kidscan develop at a young age by lecturing kids

kinship foster care

putting kids in the care of another family member

Denrites

receive information from other cells

emotional maltreatment

rejection, terrorization, isolation, exploitation, degradation, ridicule, or failure to provide emotional support, love, and affection; or other action or inaction that may cause behavioral, cognitive, emotional, or mental disorders

John Piaget schemes

schemes- basic building blocks of patterns and thoughts and behavior to understand the world.

Denver Developmental Screening Test (gross motor, fine motor, and language development)

screening test given to children 1 month to 6 years old to determine whether they are developing normally

expressive vocabulary

slow at first between 16-24 months

positive support reflex

stimulus: weight placed on balls of feet when upright response: stiffening of legs and trunk into extension

pasticity

structure or behavior that is modifiable with environment

Ainsworth Strange Situation

studied 10 to 24 months old studied attcahment and patterns between child and caregiver

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

sudden and unexplained death of an apparently healthy infant. A baby may be at risk for SIDS if - the mom is young -the baby is of color (typically African American) -low APGAR score -Smoking in mom or dad (dad carries the effects in sperm)

visual preference

tendency of infants to spend more time looking at one sight than another

Unintentional/Accidental injuries

the 5th leading cause of death in infants in the US

literacy

the ability to read and write. -reading to kids develops tehri vocabulary and interactions

depth perception

the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance

object permanence

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived (babies must have this develop, before then they think things and people disappear)

Erik Erikson psychosocial theory

trust vs mistrust, autonomy vs shame and doubt

children who are resilient

typically, creative have humor, independence, have self-esteem.

What affects breast milk flavor?

what the mother eats

sexual abuse

when an adult uses a child or adolescent for sexual purposes