Human Development Test 4

In late adulthood, most people remember more events from ages __________, probably because so many important life events take place during those years. 25-40 10-30 40-60 5-15

10-30

__________ would allow and encourage older adults to remain engaged and productive, through some combination of family roles, paid work, and community service. The degree of physical labor required of jobs A secondary aging process An ADL A longevity dividend

A longevity dividend

Beyond infant and child mortality, which of the following contributes most to the vast difference in life expectancy between developed and developing countries? The degree of physical labor required of jobs Access to health care in late adulthood Carcinogens and toxins in the environment The type of diet

Access to health care in late adulthood

__________ are especially at risk for developing Alzheimer's disease. People who eat a lot of fish Those with a history of high blood pressure Highly educated people African Americans

African Americans

Research on grief has shown that ____.

After the initial shock fades, most bereaved people resume their daily activities, but it may take weeks or months

For young children in the United States, the main risk of early death is from __________.

An automobile accident

Carlo's sister Angela is very ill and near death. She has asked that a Catholic priest come to her bedside in order to perform what ritual?

Anointing of the sick

Your mother has quite a bit of gray hair. She told you that she first started getting gray hair when she was 32 and it keeps getting grayer each year. Which of the following explains why your mother's hair keeps on graying? As we age, there is a loss of pigment that provides color to hair. People who gray prematurely experience more graying than others who gray later in life. Gray pigments occur more frequently in older adults. Gray pigments are more concentrated in fair-skinned older adults.

As we age, there is a loss of pigment that provides color to hair.

According to Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, which of the following is the correct order of emotions that people go through as a response to death?

Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.

Which of the following statements about exercise habits in late adulthood is true? Doctors don't recommend exercise for this age group because they might hurt themselves. Older adults exercise more often than midlife adults because they have fewer family obligations. Aerobic exercise is not advised because it increases the risk of a heart attack. Eighty-six percent of adults over age 65 never engage in vigorous exercise.

Eighty-six percent of adults over age 65 never engage in vigorous exercise.

Who proposed that in late adulthood, the central challenge is ego integrity versus despair? Erikson Fung Carstensen Neugarten

Erikson

J.M. is a 92-year-old woman living in Canada. She would be most likely to be living in a nursing home if she has a(n) __________ cultural background. European African Asian Latino

European

During the Chinese period of the Ghost Month, __________.

Ghosts are free to roam the earth seeking food and entertainment

Which visual impairment involves fluid buildup in the eye in which the resulting pressure can damage the optic nerve? Tinnitus Cataracts Glaucoma Macular degeneration

Glaucoma

Which of the following is an example of primary aging? Alzheimer's disease Coronary heart disease Graying and thinning hair Wrinkled skin caused by years of sun tanning

Graying and thinning hair

__________ has/have sometimes yielded dramatic results in slowing the aging process, but with some unpleasant side effects including growth of excess hair, liver damage, and abnormal growth of facial bones.

Human growth supplements

Which of the following statements about life expectancies around the world is true? Men outnumber women among the oldest-old. In the United States, among 65- to 69-year-olds there are 115 men for every 200 women. In the United States, past age 85 there are over 200 women for every 100 men. Worldwide, at age 65 women have a longer life expectancy than men, usually by about 15 years.

In the United States, past age 85 there are over 200 women for every 100 men.

Which of the following statements about the old-age dependency ratio is true? It is not an immediate problem in the United States because its population is growing due to immigration. It is not a problem for countries with low fertility rates. It is highest in developing countries, particularly in Africa. It is lowest in Japan where individuals retire in their 70s.

It is not an immediate problem in the United States because its population is growing due to immigration.

Kathy was taking care of her husband who has been battling colon cancer for five years and had resisted the recommendation of family members to contact hospice providers. Based on research, what is the most likely reason she would not accept this help?

It means that acknowledging death is imminent

Developing countries are faced with difficult challenges in the decades ahead due to the rising old-age dependency ratio. The country with the most serious problem of all is __________. China Japan Australia South Africa

Japan

When does marital satisfaction reach the highest point of the entire lifespan? Late adulthood Middle adulthood Emerging adulthood Right after children have been born

Late adulthood

Which of the following statements regarding changes in appearance in late adulthood is true? Body weight increases from middle adulthood because few older adults exercise. Veins become less visible as a result of the increase in fat layers of the skin. Loss of bone mass in the jaw makes the face look thinner. Height slowly declines for women, but not for men.

Loss of bone mass in the jaw makes the face look thinner.

Which of the following statements regarding physical changes during late adulthood is true? Many people develop age spots. The number of skin moles decreases. Hair in the ears and on the chin decreases. Bones thicken in women.

Many people develop age spots.

Which of the following statements regarding work and retirement is true? Most older Americans say they would prefer to enter retirement gradually. For most older adults, the main reason they work past the traditional "retirement age" is that they need the money. Younger adults are more likely to be self-employed than their older counterparts. Retirement satisfaction tends to be higher among those in lower-status jobs because they feel a sense of relief to no longer have to go to work every day.

Most older Americans say they would prefer to enter retirement gradually.

In the initial period following bereavement, grief __________.

Often involves shock, numbness, and disbelief

Which of the following statements regarding older Americans and religion is true? Older Americans who report higher participation in religious practices are more likely to have physical health problems. Older Americans who report higher participation in religious practices are more likely to have mental health problems. Older Americans are more religious than their younger counterparts. Older Americans report higher religious beliefs and practices if they are male than if they are female.

Older Americans are more religious than their younger counterparts.

In the Hindu culture, each year, on the anniversary of a family member's death, a meal is prepared of dishes the deceased person enjoyed in life. This food is served as an offering in a ritual ceremony usually led by the __________.

Oldest son

Ending chemotherapy treatment for a cancer patient is an example of __________.

Passive euthanasia

Which of the following best describes how sleep patterns change during late adulthood? People have fewer sleep problems than they did earlier in their lives because they no longer have the daily stress associated with work and children. People sleep less deeply than they did when they were younger. Women in late adulthood often experience sleep apnea, but the disorder is rare among men. People experience changes in sleep, but these changes are not correlated with psychological problems, such as depression, as they were in earlier parts of the life span.

People sleep less deeply than they did when they were younger.

Which of the following statements about depression is true? Rates of depression are especially low among older adults who live in nursing homes. Depressive symptoms are not related to the effects of medications older adults take to cope with physical problems. People who experience hearing or visual problems in late adulthood are more likely to report depressive symptoms. There is no relationship between arthritis and depression.

People who experience hearing or visual problems in late adulthood are more likely to report depressive symptoms.

Which of the following statements regarding research on wisdom is true? Wisdom increases as people get older, but it increases more for men than for women. There has been no empirical research conducted on wisdom because researchers disagree about how it should be measured. People who hold leadership positions are more likely than others to score high on measures of wisdom. The construct of wisdom has only been studied in the United States.

People who hold leadership positions are more likely than others to score high on measures of wisdom.

__________ are more common in late adulthood than at earlier ages. Sex differences in gender roles Negative emotions Positive emotions Sex differences in self-esteem

Positive emotions

__________ shows relatively little decline in late adulthood. Divided attention Episodic memory Procedural memory Selective attention

Procedural memory

__________ is a protective factor against developing Alzheimer's disease. Regular physical activity Abstaining from all alcohol Being of African heritage Having the ApoE gene

Regular physical activity

Which of the following would you expect a late adult to do best? Concentrate on a task for an extended period of time. Remember factual information. Tune out irrelevant information. Keep track of more than one information source simultaneously.

Remember factual information.

__________ involves maintaining physical health, maintaining cognitive functioning, and continued engagement with life. Divided aging Prime aging The longevity dividend Successful aging

Successful aging

What did Bernice Neugarten find when interviewing Americans in late adulthood regarding their path of self-development? The most common classification was the segmented personality. The most common classification was the integrated personality. The most common classification was the socioemotional personality. The most common classification was the selective personality.

The most common classification was the integrated personality.

Which of the following statements regarding the loss of a spouse is true? Depressive symptoms are not common and if they occur, they typically disappear within a month after the death. Women are more likely than men to become depressed after a spouse dies. The risk of death after the loss of a spouse is greater for women than for men. The risk of death after the loss of a spouse is greater for men than for women.

The risk of death after the loss of a spouse is greater for men than for women.

Which of the following statements about Alzheimer's disease is true? Eating a Mediterranean diet increases the risk of developing Alzheimer's because of an associated protein deficiency. There is no cure for Alzheimer's. Life expectancy following diagnosis of Alzheimer's is about 10 years for men and 15 years for women. There is no evidence of a genetic basis of Alzheimer's disease

There is no cure for Alzheimer's.

For many people, late adulthood is a time of __________.In which religion is cremation forbidden?

Thinking about the life they have lived and coming to an acceptance of it

Your co-worker was talking about how, after the academic year, he is going back to Japan for his grandmother's kanreki. What is the purpose of this ritual? To celebrate her 50th wedding anniversary To celebrate the birth of her first grandson To celebrate her freedom from previous responsibilities and elevate her to a respected status as elder To celebrate her professional accomplishments as she enters retirement

To celebrate her freedom from previous responsibilities and elevate her to a respected status as elder

Your grandmother is 68 and just found out that her osteoporosis has gotten much worse. For her birthday you thought you would get her a gift to help improve her bone density. What gift should you give her? A yoga mat and a video with stretching exercises A gift certificate for spinning classes Weights to carry with her on her walk A gift certificate to the organic meat market

Weights to carry with her on her walk

What did Margaret Mead observe related to wisdom in different cultures? When the pace of change is fast, older people learn mostly from each other and the status of younger adults is low. When the pace of change is fast, young people learn mostly from older adults and the status of older adults is high. When the pace of change is slow, young people learn mostly from older adults and the status of older adults is high. When the pace of change is slow, older people learn mostly from younger adults and the status of younger adults is high.

When the pace of change is slow, young people learn mostly from older adults and the status of older adults is high.

Which of the following did Baltes and Staudinger define as "expertise in the conduct and meaning of life"? Wisdom Dialectical thinking Enlightenment Post-formal thinking

Wisdom

Which of the following has been found in research about wisdom? Wisdom is generally unrelated to age. Wisdom is negatively correlated with educational levels. People usually become wise after turning 60. Wisdom correlates strongly with brain size.

Wisdom is generally unrelated to age.

When Lia's dog died, her parents told her that her dog had "gone to sleep." This is an example of __________.

a euphemism

What is the Day of the Dead?

a joyful celebration in Mexico, remembering all who have died.

Within the United States, which group has the highest rates of death from coronary heart disease?

african americans

Elijah was recently given the news that his cancer has spread rapidly, and he does not have much longer to live. After a brief period of disbelief, he now says things like, "I'm a good person, why does that guy get to live and I have to die?" and, "That lady has been smoking for 30 years and she's fine. Why am I the one who has to get sick?" Elijah appears to be in Kübler-Ross's __________ stage, the second stage of her five proposed stages of responses to imminent death.

anger

Manuel eats a healthy diet full of fruits and vegetables, hoping to benefit from their naturally occurring __________, which promote longevity.

antioxidants

Older adults in developed countries __________. usually perform a ritual celebrating the person's freedom from previous responsibilities are the group most likely to be poor are the wealthiest segment of the population are now more likely to be living in extended-family households than in the past

are the wealthiest segment of the population

Research has shown that anxiety about death is highest among those who __________.

are unsure believers or inconsistent participants in religious activities

Eloise has been studying the aging process in her health class. She is dreading getting __________, a disease of the joints that especially affects the hips, knees, neck, hands, and lower back, for which there is no cure, because her grandparents both had it and seemed to be in a lot of pain all the time. arthritis hypertension osteoporosis colon cancer

arthritis

Jane recently moved her mother into a(n) __________ and was relieved that her mother was actually enjoying it there. Each person there has a separate apartment, but residents are provided with meals in a common dining area, as well as transportation for shopping and medical appointments. group home nursing home hospice care center assisted living facility

assisted living facility

Parents who experience the death of a child __________.

at a higher risk of divorce

In developing countries today, most people die __________.

at home

After your mother's operation, she was relieved that all the colors on the TV seem more vivid and the headlights on cars now look white again rather than cloudy. She most likely had surgery for __________. macular degeneration tinnitus glaucoma cataracts

cataracts

When individuals die, the most grief tends to be experienced with the loss of parents, spouses, and __________.

children

Some research has shown that people in __________ would be most likely to respond to terminal illness and grief by focusing on the ways the prospect of death will change relationships with others.

china

Research on death anxiety has shown that __________.

death anxiety is higher among women than men

After experiencing the death of a loved one, it is not uncommon for intense emotional states to alternate with states that resemble the symptoms of __________.

depression

Lianna, a teenager, and her sister, who is only 8 years old, recently lost their grandmother. Lianna is more likely than her sister to __________.

discuss religious concepts surrounding the death

Which of the following statements regarding influences on health in late adulthood is true? Participation in exercise increases slightly after age 65 as people have more leisure time. Aerobic exercise enhances cognitive functioning. Aquatic exercise is not effective in promoting physical health among older adults. Strength training results in bone loss.

enhances cognitive functioning.

Research on hospice has found that __________.

family members who provide for the dying person with hospice support have better psychological functioning two years later, compared to family members without hospice support.

One critique of Kübler-Ross's theory is that it overlooks __________ as a response to a diagnosis of terminal illness.

fear

Despite the fact that Bertha is 89 and her sister Edna is only 72, Bertha is still able to live independently and even takes a daily walk. Unfortunately, Edna did not live a healthy lifestyle and is now confined to a wheelchair and needs an aide to help her with many of her activities of daily living. Bertha has a younger __________ than Edna. old-age dependency ratio actual lifespan chronological lifespan functional age

functional age

Dr. Hoy studies memory changes with age, as well as interventions to improve memory among those over age 65. It is most likely that Dr. Hoy is a(n) __________. biopsychologist evolutionary psychologist gerontologist sociologist

gerontologist

Your niece is 4 years old, and her grandfather recently died. When adults in your family speak to her about her grandfather's death, they may tell her that her grandfather __________ to avoid being blunt and upsetting her.

has passed away

Mrs. Bourdeau is an American woman living in the United States who is widowed, and has a married son and a married daughter. If she becomes ill, she is likely to be cared for by __________. her best friend, who is also a widow her son and daughter equally her daughter or daughter-in-law her oldest child

her daughter or daughter-in-law

Mrs. Chang is a Chinese woman in her 80s, who is no longer able to live independently. With whom is she most likely to live? her son or daughter, whomever lives closest to her her eldest son her sister her eldest daughter

her eldest son

In developed countries today, in which of the following places do people most commonly die?

in a hospital

in developed countries, ____ were the dominant cause of death until the early 20th century.

infectious diseases

In which religion is cremation forbidden?

islam

One of your friends tells you that her mother died and they will be sitting shiva. In addition, she must recite a prayer called the Kaddish every day for 11 months. Your friend most likely follows which religion?

judaism

Kyle is 80 years old and is likely to conduct a __________, thinking back on his life and accepting both the good and the bad.

life review

Researchers comparing telomeres of healthy centenarians to a comparison group of their peers with two or more chronic health conditions found that the telomeres of those who were healthy were __________.

longer

In all societies, the physical and cognitive problems that become more common in the course of late adulthood often contribute to __________. higher emotional states and lower self-esteem lower emotional states and lower self-esteem lower emotional states and higher self-esteem higher emotional states and higher self-esteem

lower emotional states and lower self-esteem

Following the death of a spouse __________.

men are more likely than women to experience physical and mental health problems

Mary has always loved to sew complex dress patterns, but at age 80, she now sews only a few simple patterns. This is an example of __________. optimization compensation wisdom procedural memory

optimization

In late adulthood, religious beliefs are __________. strong among Christians, but weak among followers of Eastern religions such as Buddhism positively correlated with both mental and physical health weaker than in middle adulthood because many older adults have become disillusioned with organized religion strongest among Europeans

positively correlated with both mental and physical health

The focus of hospice care is to __________.

relieve a patient's pain and suffering and provide care that allows the patient to die with dignity

Interventions to determine whether cognitive decline can be prevented or even reversed __________. found that only men show significant improvement resulted in significant improvement for a substantial proportion of participants have only been conducted with cross-sectional studies found that only men and women from Asian American backgrounds show improvement

resulted in significant improvement for a substantial proportion of participants

When renowned pianist Arthur Rubinstein was asked how he managed to maintain a reputation as one of the world's top concert pianists well into late adulthood, he explained that he had reduced the range of pieces he played, practiced each of the remaining pieces more, and learned to play very slowly just before beginning a fast passage, to make the contrast more effective since he could not play as fast as when he was younger. Arthur Rubinstein's behaviors are an illustration of __________. selective optimization with compensation mental exercise habituation improved procedural memory with age

selective optimization with compensation

Kareem's father complains about having to wear a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) device at night, because it makes it hard for him to sleep. He most likely has __________. insomnia sleep apnea a REM sleep-related disorder tinnitus

sleep apnea

The steep drop in death rates from heart disease that has taken place in the United States since 1950 is best explained by a steep decline in which of the following?

smoking

Older adults maximize their emotional well-being by becoming increasingly selective in their __________. career choices physical activities social contacts cognitive activities

social contacts

According to __________, most older adults shrink their social networks by choice. selective optimization with compensation socioemotional selectivity theory primary aging theory Erikson's theory

socioemotional selectivity theory

Memory for where a piece of information is acquired is known as __________. episodic memory source memory procedural memory semantic memory

source memory

When death is expected, such as a death that occurs after a long illness, __________.

the survivors are able to prepare themselves through anticipatory grief

Arthritis is usually caused by __________. use of the joints over many years a diet low in protein a sedentary lifestyle a steep drop in estrogen

use of the joints over many years

Retirement satisfaction tends to be especially high for __________. men well-educated people who had high-status jobs people who have children who live nearby women

well-educated people who had high-status jobs

In the Jewish tradition, the death of a family member is commemorated in a custom called __________.

yahrzeit