Human Development Unit 3
according to kohlberg's theory of moral development, attainment of the postconventional level of moral development is universal, given that attainment of formal operational development thinking is universal
false
according to research on Baumrind's theory of parenting styles, parents who are low in restrictiveness and control positively affects children's development by encouraging creativity and self expression
false
across families, birth order is a stronger predictor of children's development than other factors such as genetic differences
false
aggressive behavior in both children and adults is largely determined by biological influences
false
an environmental explanation of sexual orientation is supposed by the fact that the majority of children of gay and lesbian parents identify as gay or lesbian in adulthood
false
because of immature cognitive development, children's academic achievement is beyond their control
false
children and parents typically spend more time together in middle childhood than druing the preschool years
false
differences in the brain and sex hormones are largely responsible for gender differences in childhood
false
disorders which occur in conduct disorder and depression, and typically successfully treated with medication given that such disorders are largely determined by biological factors.
false
egocentrism is characterized by one dimensional thinking
false
in early childhood, having imaginary friends is typically a sign that the child has problems with real relationships
false
research shows that gender differences in children's play are apparent early in life and that they can be largely explained on the basis of biological sex differneces
false
research testing the validity of Baumrind's theory of parenting styles is typically experimental
false
short term and long term memory function in middle childhood are largely undeveloped, and show qualitive inprovement only during adolescence
false
the increased rates of overweight and obesity in children in the US in recent decades have been primarly caused by genetic changes in population
false
the vast majority of children of divorced parents are significantly more likely to have long-lasting developmental problems into adulthood
false
differences in IQ scores in children and adults is mostly attributable to environmental differences, as demonstrated by heritability estimates that typically are far below 50%
false (40-60 percent)
how do children's fears change over time
fear changes from infancy to preschool. number of fears peak between 21/2 to 4, then taper off. preschool marks a decline of fear in loud noises, sudden movement and strangers
How does the nature of parent-child relationships tend to change from EC to MC?
focus on new concerns: school matters, assignment of chores, peer activities. Parents provide less monitoring of childs activities and provide less feedback, spend less time different
How does the basis of friendship formation change from EC to MC
friendships are based on meeting of needs and possessing desirable traits, shared interest, pick friend in similar behavior and personality. Trustworthy, mutual understanding and willingness to disclose personal info
social cognition theory of gender emphasizes the role of learning in the development of gender differences
true
what is the average heritabilty of IQ scores, what environmental differences relate to IQ
40-60 percent, responsivness parents, appropriate play materials, varied experience, and head start programs
what is the leading cause of death in childhood? Group and SES differences
Accidents are the leading cause of deaths. motor vehicles accidents. boys are more likely than girls to incur accidental injuries at all ages and in all ses groups
Are children of gay and lesbian parents different, on average, from children of heterosexual couples
No, they are the same
Maternal employment has been consistently demonstrated in research to have a detrimental impact on children's development
false
Various explanations of gender difference and their weakness
Evolution and heredity- gender differneces were fashioned by natural selection in response to problmes in adaptation that were repeatedly encountered by humans over thousands of genderations. What about social and psychological gender differences? Organization of the brain-females and males use their left and right hemispheres of the brain differently sex hormones-the development of gender difference in personality along with anataomical gender, related to prenatal levels of sex hormones...studies have been mixed social cognitive theory-both the roles of rewards and punsihments in gender typeing and the ways in which children learn from watching others and decide what behaviors are appropriate for them cognitive development-children form concepts about gender and then fit their behavior to that concept gender schema theory- propeses that children use gender as one way of organinzing their perceptions of the world.
gender differneces in play
Girls- engage in social play more, and more likely to stray from stereotypical typed toys, more arts and crafts and domestic play, their activities are more closely directed and structured by adults and tend to prefer girl playmates by 2. Boys- more rough and tumbles play, prefer vigourous outside activities like climbing , more time played in group of 5 or more. preferns gender typed toys as early as 3-8 months
what factors influence children's memories and what strategies can be used to improve them?
Mental repetition or rehersal. putting information in categories. what they are asked to remember, intrest level of child, availability of retrieval cues, what memory measure is being used. Ques help memory, elaborating and asking them questions
does research consistently support the existence of the pygmalion effect
Mixed...so no. Some indication that teachers expect less from children in low socioeconomical groups
Are some children right brained or left brained?
No, the functions of the left and right hemispheres overlap, and the hemispheres responds simultaneously when we focus on one thing or another
Overall, accidents are the leading cause of death in early childhood in the US
True
Physical growth during the preschool years is much slower than during infancy
True
how in general does Vygotsky's perspective on cognitive development differ from Piaget's?
Vygotsky's -social constructzone of proximal development, scaffolding more emphasis on sociocultural context. Langurage plays important role. education central and views teachers as vital roll. Piaget;s- cognitive context, schemes and stages, education reflects cognitive develoment, teacher is a vital role. Piaget thought brain constructs the world, Vgotsky thinks that the social world!
Zone of proximal development
Vygotsky's term for the situtation in which a child carries out tasks with the help of someone sho is more skilled, usually an adult, who represents the culture in which the child developes
Baumrind's taxonomy of parenting styles and why it can't be concluded that differences in parenting styles are direct cause of childrens development
WARMTH_COLDNESS + RESTRICTIVENESS-PERMISSIVENESS: Authorative-high restrictiveness and control and high warmth and responsiveness Authoritarian-High restrictiveness low warmth and responsiveness Permissive-Indulgent-low restrictiveness and control and high warmth and responsivness rejecting-neglecting: low restrictiveness and control and low warmth and responsiveness. Parentining styles rely on the situation and characterstics of the child
gender role
a cluster of traits and behaviors that are considered stereotypical of females and males
stereotype
a fixed, conventional idea about a group
growth spurt
a period during which growth advances at a dramatically rapid rate compared with othe periods
postconventional level
a period during which moral judgments are derived from moral principles, and people look to themselves to set moral standards
scripts
abstract, generalized accounts of familiar repeated events
preconventional level
according to Kohlberg, a period druing which moral judgements are based largely on expectations of rewards and punsihments
conventional level
according to kohlberg, a period during which moral judgemnets are derived from moral judgments largely reflect social rules and conventions
how does the rate of minor illness change in childhood
age 1-3 average 8-9 sickness a year age 4-10 average 4-6 illnesses a year
how is aggressive behavior in children related to later development, and what factors are related to aggressive behavior in children
aggressive behavior apprears to be generally stable and predictive of social and emotional problems later one, especially in boys. aggressive children more likely to have criminal convictions as adults, abuse their spouses, and drink and drive. aggression in childhood seems to result from a complex interplay of biological and environmental factors and some genetic factors
learned helplesness
an acquired belief that one is unable to control one's environment
self-fulfilling prophecy
an event that occurs because of the behavior of those who expect it to occur
are intelligence and creativity related
arguable, some scientist say creativity requires high levels of intelligence, others say moderate levels required
metacognition
awareness of and control of owes cognitive abilities
what group differences in prevalence characterize both enuresis and encopresis
boys 2 times more common on bed wetting . Encompresis more common amoung boys
What average gender differences are there in physical development
boys become slightly taller and heavier than girls
the ability to focus one's attention and screen out distractions advances steadily through middle childhood
true
Gender differences in physical development in MC
boys slightly taller and heavier until 9/10. Girls then begin adolescent growth spurt and surpass boys until 13/14 boys spurt and grow heavier and taller. Boys develop more muscle, and girls develop more fat
at what age, on average, do children show a preferred hand
by age 4 months most infants show a hand preference
what does the occurrence of overrregulariztaion indicate about language development
children acquire more grammatical rules as they learn language
why does self-esteem generally decline during MC? How is self-esteem related to peer relationships
children are able to compare themselves with children and arrive at a more honest and critical self- appraisal, social acceptance by peers is related to self perceived competence in academic and social and athletic domain.
how does an understanding of false beliefs contradict Piaget's characterization of children as egocentric
children are able to seperate their beliefs from those of another person who has false knowledge of a situtation. Children are able to believe that other children have different perspecitives of a situation, they are not so self centered.
what factors explain individual differences in children's activity levels
children become less restless after 2 or 3 and are able to sit longer. They are able to whow and increase in sustained, focus attention
How in general are the lives of children affected by divorce and remarriage? Should parents stay married for the sake of the children?
children of divorce do poorly the year following the breakup: conduct disorders, abuse drugs, poor grades, poor physical health, but rebound after the 1st year. Staying around bickering parents can cause a family climate that has the same effects as a divorce, divorce can be a positive.
what SES differences have been found in children's cognitive development
children reared in poverty perform less on IQ test, and they are at a greater risk for school failure
how is perspective taking related to peer relationships
children with better perspective takin skills tend to have better peer relationships
what accounts for average ethnic group differences in IQ`
culutral attitudes toward education
categorical self
definitions of the self that refer to external traits
how does the rate of fine motor skills development compare to that of gross motor skill development
develop gradually, a bit more slowly than gross motor skills
social cognition
development of children's understanding of the relationship between the self and others
how does attention change into MC
development of selective attention. develope the abiltiy to solve problesm. developement of the capicty of memory and understanding the process of memory
Does maternal employment harm children's development
does not contribute to delinquency, although lack of supervision does. Girls of employed mothers are more achievement oriented, and set higher career goals, children or working mothers are more prosocial, less anxious, and have more flexible gender role stereotypes
how is episodic momory unique relative to other dimensions of LTM
episodic memory is the memory that is uniques to the child and what happens to them
ADHD is a disorder charachterized by excessive inattention, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity, has been determined to be nearly-perfectly inheritable
false
Infants and young toddlers have greater difficulty recovering from brain damage than adults because their brains have not yet developed the capacity for plasticity
false
the dynamics of parent's relationships are related to levels of sibling conflict
true
What is plasticity and what neurological factors make it possible? How does the capacity for plasticity change through the lifespan
growth of new dendrites "sprouting" and the redundancy of neural connections, allow for the damaged areas of the brain to compensate for injuries to particular area, kids can regrow these dendrites, whereas adults will learn the excercises in a new area of the brain
factors that contribute to obesity in MC
heredity, sugary drinks, and less healthful food at school and cc centers. advertising of fattening food, lack of reg physical activity, limited access to healthful foods, larger portions sizes, lack fo breastfeeding and tv and media, parental habits
accoring to HOME what factors contribute to children's development
home environment, parent child interactions at home, parent emotional and verbal responses, avoidance of restriction and punishment, organization of physical environment, avial of appropriate play things,parenatal involvement, variety for daily stimulus
list some general factors related to childrens achievement in school
if teachers expect students to master the curriculum, allocate most of the academic time to student and manage classrooms. emotional climate of classroom (pleasant and friendly atmosphere)
how does self concept change during childhood
in EC developes and grows more complex. Acquire a sense of won abilities and increasing mastery on the enviornmnet. face new experiences that make them fearful or have anxiety
cognitive developments which underpin advance in moral reasoning
influenced by the values of the culture setting they are reared in, but also reflect the unfolding of the cognitive process. moral reasoning is torelated to childs overall cognitive ability. behavior right if it conforms to authority or the rules of the game=moral realism. autonomous morality=social rules can change with situtations
difference between intelligence and achievement
intellegence is percieved as a childs underlying competence or learning ability. achievement involves a child's acquired compentence or performance
how is emotional and cognitive development related to prosocial behavior
it is linked by the development of empathy and perspective taking. They have to be emotionally responsive. they have to have the cognitive ability to know when someone is in need or distress
memory and knowledge relation
knowledge in particualr areas increase the capacity to sotre and tertrieve info more effectively. show more knowledge of strategies to facilitate memeory
gender identity
knowledge of one is female or male
how do children commonly demonstrate symbolic thought
language, drawings, pretend play
what are the cognitive advancement, and weaknesses of children in the concrete operational stage
less egocentric- recognize people see things different ways because of different situations and values. Decentration- focus on multiple parts of a problem. understand laws of conservation. show transitivity- prinicple if a>b and b>c the A>C. class inclusion (more dogs or more animals
what factors contribute to toilet training
maturation and the ability to inhibit reflexes
What general processes contribute most greatly to the development of gross motor skills in EC
maturation of the nervous system Children acquire motor skills by teaching themselves and observing other children
How do major illnesses differ in children from developed countries versus those living in developed countries? What factors contribute to these differences
may major childhood diseases have been eradicated in the US due to vaccines and antibiotics, they remain fearsome for developing countries
What causes ADHD
maybe a link to brain chemical dopamine. ADHD reflects lack of executive control over brain and over mortor and more primitive funcions
weaknesses of culture free test of IQ
middle class children still out perform lower class children. they are more likely to have more experience with the items that are tested with. do not predict academic success as well as other intelligent test
how does older childrens memory strategies change
more likely to use elaborate strategy-tie the unknown to something known. encod visual info as sounds, reheral of info using route reherasal or repetition, they put meaning into new things to help them remember
advantages of bilingualism
more thaon one langualge contributes to the complexity of the child's cognive processes, more cognitive flexibility.
factors that contribute to motor development in MC
muscle grow stronger and neural pathways that connect cerebellum and cortex become more myelinated. Inborn differences make some have better depth perception and acurty. girls and boys are similar in motor acitivity. boys have more strength and girls coordination and flexibility. at puberty boys differences become greater
What factors contribute to greater sibiling conflict
parents play favorites, relationship between parents or parents and child are troubled
what does the typical treatment of conduct disorder, depression, and anziety disorders have in common
parents playing a key role and addressing the problem cognitively.
how do peers contribute to socioemotional development, and upon what basis do children form friendships
peer interactions foster social skills:sharing, helping, taking turns, and dealing with conflict. physical and cognitive skills develop through peer interactions, they provide emotional support. Kids forge friendships through shared postive experience and feelings of attachment
What are peers important to development
peers afford practice in cooperating, relating to leaders, coping with aggression impulses including own, and can be confidants
primary weakeness of theories of multiple intelligence
peopel question if abilities in music and art are really "intelligences" or just skill
What are the characterisitcs that warrant the dx of learning disability
perfoming lower level expected for their age and intelligence and when no evidence of ther handicaps such as vision and hearing or intellectual difficulties are present. or not hindered by socioeconomic disadvantages
How does the rate of physical development in early Childhood compare to that during years prior
physical growth is slower than infancy. Gains about 2-3 inches in height/ 4-6#s a year
how does play contribute to development
play helps children develop motor skills and coordination, contributes to social development: share and take turns, supports congvitive qualites as curosity, exploration, symbolic thinking, and problem solving...even some impulse control
difference between mantenance reherasal and eblaborative rehersal
rehersal is just repeating the info, but elaborate rehersal is tying new material to known material
rehersal
reptition
how is intellectual diability defined, and what causes it
signifigant limitations in both intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior, whih covers many everyday social and practical skills. Caused by, biological, chromosomal abnormalities, brain damage, accidents and pregnancy complications
how do night terrors and somnambulism differ from nightmares
sleep terrors are more severe than anziety dreams. They take place during deep sleep, nightmares take place during lighter REM, sleep waking also occurs during deep sleep. Sleep terrors and somnambulism decrease as kids develop. They reflect inmaturity of the NS
how do intelligence scores in childhood relate to scores later in life
strong correlation at 9/10 years of age
gender stability
the concept that one's gender is unchanging
gender constancy
the concept the one's gender remains the same despite changes in appearance and behavior
What neurological change results in the increase in brain size during EC
the continuing myelination of nerve fibers. completion of myelination of the neural pathways facilitates fine moter, balance, and coordination
is birth order a strong predictor of individual children's development
the difference is a group difference and does not apply to all first or later-born children
What factors are related to school readiness
the diversity and inequity of child's early life experiences. individual differences in young child's development and learning. The degree to which the school establishes reasonable and appropriate expectations of capabilities
autobiographical memory
the memory of specific episodes or events
long term memory
the memory structure capable of relatively permanent storage on info
sensory memory
the structure of memory first encountered b sensory input. Information is maintained in sensory memory for only a fraction of a second
working memory
the structure of memory that can hold a sensory stimulus for up to 30 seconds after the trace decays
what are the weaknesses in preoperational childrrens thinking and why do these weaknesses occur
the validity of concept is good, but timing of emergence of skills is not so good. Piaget underestimates kids abilities and focuses too much on maturation.
attributional style
the way in which one is disposed toward interpreting outcomes (successes and failures) as in tending to place blame or responsibility on oneself or on external factors
what is the relationship between language acquisition and cognitive development
they are interwoven, they gain capicity to sescriminate between animal on basis of features, and they are acquring words to cover broader categories
sleep terrors differ from nightmares in that sleep terrors occur during deep sleep and nightmares occur primarily during light REM sleep
true
how do children demonstrate understanding of pragmatics
they show pragmatism when they adjust their speech to fit the social situation. Big words for doctor or teacher with higher formality
whate gender and indvidual differences in motor development are present in ec and middle
throught ec boys and girls are similar in motor skills, girls are somewhat better at balance and percision and boys, throwing and kicking. Boys do more rough and tumble
Better sanitation, and medications and immunizations, have greatly reduced the incidence of serious childhood illnesses in developed countires
true
From early to middle childhood the basis for the formation of friendships shifts from superficial characteristics, such as shared activities and geographic closeness, to internal, psychological characteristics, such as emotional needs and personality traits.
true
Learning disabilities are disorders characterized by inadequate development of specific academic, language and speech skills
true
SES is correlated with children's performance on standardized test of intelligence and likelihood of school failure
true
The development of perspective taking is related to socioemotional developmental outcomes such as peer relationships
true
While both boys and girls become more slender and lose some baby fat during the preschool years, boys become slightly taller and heavier than girls
true
While myelination of motor neural pathways largely accounts for increasing fine motor skills, development of gross motor skills in early childhood is greatly influenced by practice and observational learning
true
a weakness of Baurind's theory of parenting styles is that it ignores genetic influences of children's development
true
according to gender schema theory, children actively attempt to conform to their own perceptions and definitons of gender
true
average differences in IQ scores across ethnic groups refelct average differences in SES
true
changing one's speech to fit a particular social situation demonstrates pragmatics
true
children in the concrete operational period of cognitive development can focus on more than one dimension of a problem at a time and are less egocentric than younger children
true
children's school readiness depends on both cognitive and socioemotional development
true
childrens self-concepts become less superficial and concrete during childhood
true
cognitive developmental change is related to a typical decline in self esteem in middle childhood
true
conservation is the understanding that properties of objects remain the same, even if you change their superficial characterstics
true
differences in children's cognition are related to the incidence of both prosocial and aggreassive behavior
true
gender constancy refers to the conservation of gender
true
in middle childhood, boys develop relatively more muscle, and girls develop more fat
true
in middle childhood, males and females are more similar than different in most motor activites
true
intellectual disability is influenced by both biological and environmental factors and is defined upon the basis of IQ scores
true
memory of personal experiences is the least stable dimension of long-term memory
true
the elaborative strategy for improving memory, the intentional formation of associations among information, is a more effective strategy thn rote rehersal
true
young children are able to use retrieval cues provided to them by adults to remember things
true
what processes account for the rapid development of vocabulary in childhood
word learning is fast mapped
