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Human Geo semester exam

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Economic Sectors

"sections" of an economy. The three sectors are the primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors.

Often a manufacturing company will attempt to merge with another company that possesses forward or backward links in the supply or production process. Which of the following terms best describes this type of strategy? A Vertical integration B Transnational corporation C Privatization D Agglomeration E Economies of scale

Which of the following best explains the potential impact of rising global temperatures on agricultural regions? A The wheat belt will shift northward. B Mediterranean agriculture will expand southward. C Polar regions will dry out, making cultivation impossible. D Nomadic herding will end as conditions become too harsh. E Centers of market gardening will shift to the Arctic Circle.

Which of the following sectors of the economy has grown the fastest in the United States since the mid-1970s? A Service B Agriculture C Retail D Manufacturing E Military

Break-of-bulk point

A location where large shipments of goods are broken up into smaller containers for delivery to local markets.

It is generally agreed that the current trend in climate change is caused by A sea-level rise B increased use of fossil fuels C reduction in biodiversity D tilt of Earth's axis E changes in the velocity of ocean currents

Which of the following can be categorized as a primary activity? A Engineering B Coal mining C Teaching D Car manufacturing E Politics

Which of the following environmental problems is most associated with the African Sahel? A Desertification B Deforestation C Air pollution D Flooding E Water pollution

Desertification

Longitude

Distance east or west of the prime meridian, measured in degrees

If a manufacturing company uses a single, weight-losing raw material to manufacture its finished product, then most likely the company will A locate several manufacturing plants close to consumers B use a ubiquitous raw material C choose to outsource its labor component D agglomerate close to similar factories E locate its manufacturing plant at the raw material site

Bulk-reducing industry

Economic activity in which the final product weighs less than its inputs factory will be closest to resources and not market eg jewelry

Traditional labor-intensive agriculture often involves which of the following? A Field terracing B Mechanical plowing C Hybrid seeds D Use of pesticides E High levels of debt

Field terracing

Immanuel Wallerstein

Geographer and dependency theorist who explained economic development in 1974 using a model of capitalist world economy. (Core-Periphery model; divided the world into three types according to how they fit into the global economy)

quanternary sector

Non-commercial services, such as healthcare, education, defence, fire-fighting and justice.

Secondary Sector

The portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials. Significant labor growth 1840s-1960s

The industrialization and mechanization of agriculture in the United States during the past 70 years have resulted in a decrease in the number of farms and an increase in the size of farms B an increase in the number of farms and a decrease in the size of farm fields C an increase in the diversity of crops and animals grown on individual farms D an increase in the economic viability of small towns in the agricultural regions E a decrease in the tonnage of pesticides and herbicides used on cropland

a decrease in the number of farms and an increase in the size of farms

gender gap

a distinctive pattern of voting behavior reflecting the differences in views between women and men

Possibilism

a view

complementarity

both parties have something the other wants

maquiladoras

factories in Mexico that assemble parts made in the United States

isoline map

maps that use lines that connect points of equal values to depict variations in the data across space most common eg is topographic map or weather maps showing weather contours

Dependency Model

*Countries do not exist in isolation but are part of an intertwined world system in which all countries are dependent on each other

Prime Meridian

0 degrees longitude - passes through Greenwich, England

International Date Line

180 degrees longitude

0/1 MC point Which of the following explains a significant obstacle to sustainable development in more developed countries? A The reliance on fossil energy sources for electric generation and vehicle fuel has depleted resources globally and contributed to atmospheric pollution in cities. B The reliance on renewable energy for local electric generation and home heating creates significant risks, as alternative energy storage is more expensive than using fossil fuels. C High energy prices and low energy consumption have reduced the need for the development of additional sources of renewable energy for individual vehicles and homes. D Low population growth in more developed countries has reduced the need for the development of additional sources of renewable energy for individual vehicles and homes. E Increased economic productivity in less developed countries has moved investment funding away from the development of new sources of renewable energy for individual vehicles and homes.

Industrial Revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods and productivity.

Which of the following is the best example of extensive land use in agriculture? A A cattle feedlot B A greenhouse C An egg-production facility D A sheep ranch E A backyard garden

A sheep ranch

Which of the following is the essential requirement of lowland rice production? A Cheap labor B Year-round growing season C Proximity to market D Abundant water E Alluvial soil

Abundant water

Why have many family farms in North America been replaced by agribusiness farms since the 1980s? A A decrease in the consumption of meat has resulted in less demand for cattle, which are mainly raised on family farms. B Agribusiness farms have the resources to take advantage of economies of scale. C Little available land for pasture farming has resulted in more concentrated agribusiness operations. D More interest in genetically modified foods has led to an increase in agribusiness farms, which have greater access to advanced technology. E Water shortages in regions where family farms were once common have led to a rise in agribusinesses in regions with more favorable climates.

Agribusiness farms have the resources to take advantage of economies of scale.

Which of the following best explains the importance of climate to agricultural practices? A Midlatitude climates tend to support similar agricultural crops and practices, such as wheat farming in the United States and China. B Agricultural crops are successful only in midlatitude climates, where any crop can be grown. C Tropical climates support plant-based agriculture, but animal-based agriculture is not successful in tropical areas. D The sparse vegetation in arid or semiarid climates does not support animal-based agriculture. E Cold midlatitude climates are associated with plantation agriculture and pastoral nomadism.

Agricultural crops are successful only in midlatitude climates, where any crop can be grown.

Subsistence agriculture is most common in which of the following regions? A Great Plains of the United States B Pampas of Argentina C Amazon Basin D The Outback of Australia E The Ruhr Valley of Germany

Amazon Basin

Intercropping

An agricultural method in which two or more crop species are planted in the same field at the same time to promote a synergistic interaction.

Von Thunen Model

An agricultural model that spatially describes agricultural activity in terms of rent. Activities that require intensive cultivation (market gardening) and cannot be transported over great distances pay higher rent to be close to the market. Conversely, activities that are more extensive (grain farming), with goods that are easy to transport, are located farther from the market where rent is less.

Which of the following social or environmental impacts is most directly related to the use of chemicals in agriculture? A A decline in insect-borne diseases and improved health at the global scale B A decrease in the price of agricultural products due to lower labor costs associated with applying chemicals over widespread areas in one application C An increase in the use of genetically modified crops D An increase in profits that is limited to farmers in developed countries E An increase in land and water pollution from agricultural runoff

An increase in land and water pollution from agricultural runoff

Which of the following best describes the roles of women in the rural, agricultural economies of sub-Saharan Africa? A Salaried workers in large-scale commercial agriculture B Nonwage workers on small, family-run farms C Hourly workers in seasonal migratory farm work D Landowners of export-oriented farms E Drivers and operators of agricultural equipment

Which of the following best explains the diffusion of plants and animals from their hearths of domestication? A Animals were domesticated before plants and diffused rapidly from their hearth of domestication through contagious diffusion because they were mobile and moved easily from place to place. B Domesticated plants spread through wind-borne dispersal of seeds from their original hearth, expanding slowly until a vast region was covered with new plants. C Both domesticated plants and animals spread across the globe through contagious diffusion in early years by farmers and traders, and later by relocation diffusion through European exploration and colonialism. D The diffusion of plants and animals was limited to areas close to each hearth of domestication because the newly developed plants and animals could not readily adapt to different soil types. E The diffusion of plants and animals was dependent on nomadic traders who traveled between

Both domesticated plants and animals spread across the globe through contagious diffusion in early years by farmers and traders, and later by relocation diffusion through European exploration and colonialism.

Which of the following is an explanation for the similar impact of large-scale commercial agriculture in developed countries and plantation agriculture in developing countries? A Both farming practices stimulate local economies with the influx of profits from export-oriented crops. B Both farming practices involve the consolidation of family farms and displacement of rural communities. C Both farming practices provide an increased standard of living in rural communities from the many jobs created to run these large farms. D Both farming practices enable local farmers to remain on their land rather than migrating to jobs in urban areas. E Both farming practices guarantee that long-term sustainable farming methods will be incorporated in their production processes.

Both farming practices involve the consolidation of family farms and displacement of rural communities.

Which of the following agricultural practices has the most significant long-term environmental impact in tropical regions? A Clearing small patches of land to pasture dairy cows, which decreases water pollution from runoff B Building terraces on sloping land to grow rice, which destabilizes hillsides C Burning extensive areas of forested land to create pasture, which decreases biodiversity D Burning small areas of forested land for subsistence farming, which increases biodiversity E Moving livestock to higher pasture areas in the spring, which leads to soil degradation

Burning extensive areas of forested land to create pasture, which decreases biodiversity

Which of the following best explains the degree to which the Human Development Index (HDI) accurately calculates a country's level of economic development? A The HDI is a simplified means of comparing gross national income per capita in an indexed score that is on a 0 to 1.0 scale. B The HDI is a simplified means of combining life expectancy and education levels in an indexed score that is on a 0 to 1.0 scale. C Although the HDI factors in gross national income per capita, it also calculates indicators for health care and education to estimate the social aspects of development. D Although the HDI factors in gross national income per capita, it also calculates the impact of exports and imports on the domestic economy. E The HDI is a simplified means of ranking countries into distinct levels of development based on the total size of a country's national economy. .

Which of the following forms of agriculture would best be described as extensive farming? A Citrus production and vineyards to produce table grapes B Dairy and poultry farming C Truck farming and hothouses to produce vegetables D Cattle ranching and wheat farming E Floral horticulture and tree nurseries

Cattle ranching and wheat farming

Which of the following agricultural inputs were the most recent technological innovations employed in less developed countries during the Green Revolution? A Metal plows and harvesting equipment B Irrigated farm fields C Seed hybrids and animal breeds D Chemical fertilizers and pesticides E Terracing in highland terrain

Chemical fertilizers and pesticides

During the winter months in North America, the primary source of fruits and vegetables found in grocery stores is A Uruguay B Chile C Nigeria D Philippines E Italy

Chile

Agglomeration

Clumping together of industries for mutual advantage.

mixed crop and livestock farming

Commercial farming characterized by integration of crops and livestock; most of the crops are fed to animals rather than consumed directly by humans. Then the poop is taken from animals to fertilize the crops. animals are then slaughtered. full circle.

Which of the following explains the role of commodity chains in the average size of farms? A The spatial organization of agriculture has changed because of an increase in the number of farms as farmers join local commodity chains that regulate supply and demand for agricultural products and large profits can be realized. B The spatial organization of agriculture has remained stable, but farm productivity has increased through technological innovations that are available to farmers through membership in local commodity chains. C Commodity chains have led to changes in the spatial organization of agriculture from dispersed family farms to large corporate farms that produce, process, and distribute the products. D Farms are increasing in size, but there is little change in the spatial organization of agriculture because of the instability of regional cooperatives and associated commodity chains that cannot meet the demand for new products desired by consumers. E Commodity chains have had no effect on the spatial organization of agriculture because they operate only in areas of grain farming; dairy and meat products spoil rapidly and markets are too far away for safe and rapid transportation of those products.

Commodity chains have led to changes in the spatial organization of agriculture from dispersed family farms to large corporate farms that produce, process, and distribute the products.

All of the following statements about worldwide patterns of development are correct EXCEPT: A Per capita income in the United States is higher than in China. B The gap in per capita income between rich and poor countries has increased over time. C On average, population growth is higher in peripheral countries than in core nations. D The largest concentration of the least-developed countries in the world today is in Latin America. E Several Asian countries, so-called Asian Tigers, made enormous strides in per capita income and levels of development in the past 30 years.

Which of the following explains a limitation of the three-tiered structure of Wallerstein's world systems theory? A The model does not provide for countries outside of the core to accomplish any of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. B The scale of the model does not pertain to individual countries but rather to regions in the global contexts of core, semiperiphery, and periphery. C Individual countries can score higher on certain indicators of development and lower on other indicators as they shift from the periphery to the core. D The model locks most countries into the development model of core, semiperiphery, and periphery with little opportunity for peripheral economies to advance into the wealthy core. E The three-tiered system of the model cannot be mapped; therefore, the model has no spatial application.

Latitude

Distance north or south of the equator

Which of the following explains why multiple early hearths of domestication and diffusion of plants and animals arose across the world in Central America, the Fertile Crescent, the Indus River valley, and Southeast Asia? Domestication of plants and animals began in Central America and the process diffused to other areas through the early explorers. B Domestication of plants and animals evolved in each hearth independently of one another as societies in each area learned and applied the process to local plants and animals. C Domestication of plants and animals began in Southeast Asia and the process diffused to other areas as nomadic warriors conquered other cultural groups and carried the new seeds and animals with them. D Domestication of plants and animals began in the Fertile Crescent and the process diffused as pastoral nomads migrated to other areas. E Domestication of plants and animals began in the Indus River valley and the process diffused to other areas across trade routes.

Domestication of plants and animals evolved in each hearth independently of one another as societies in each area learned and applied the process to local plants and animals.

Which of the following explains an impact of globalized agricultural commodity chains on consumers as compared to producers? A Drought and depletion of groundwater sources in developing countries cause a rise in global grain prices and associated higher costs for food. B The shift from subsistence farming to value-added agriculture by small farmers in developed countries causes a drop in profits for global agribusiness corporations. C The imposition of government-imposed tariffs on specialty crops in order to protect domestic farmers causes a worldwide decrease in all farm products. D Farmers in developing countries who are unable to gain access to global food markets to sell their goods protest, leading to global unrest. E Agricultural production with a focus on monocropping cash crops creates more vulnerability in a country's exports if consumer preferences shift to a different commodity.

Drought and depletion of groundwater sources in developing countries cause a rise in global grain prices and associated higher costs for food.

Based on von Thünen's model of rural land use in an isolated state, which statement explains the most suitable place for a farmer to purchase a large parcel of land necessary for raising livestock? A The ring closest to the market, because livestock are perishable goods and need to reach the market quickly. B The ring closest to the market, because the land is more fertile for growing feed for livestock compared to other areas. C The second ring, because livestock are heavy and more expensive to transport to market. D The third ring, because the livestock would be closer to the suburban market areas with moderate transportation costs. E The ring farthest from the market, because the land is less expensive and outweighs transportation costs to get the livestock to market.

Effect of Industrial Revolution

Employees started moving to employers in Cities. machines replaced human labor Resulted in air pollution Cities grew Colonies formed with rise of imperialism and countries had trading posts all over the world

green revolution in India and Mexico.

Ended famine in India creating large scale irrigation projects to use their water efficiently. Transformed Mexico from an importing state for wheat crop to a self-sufficient exporting state.

Absolute Location

Exact location of a place on the earth described by global coordinates. Precise spot where something is according to some system

Which of the following activities is most likely to be found in the outermost zone of von Thünen's model of agricultural land use? A Mixed farming B Subsistence farming C Specialty farming D Dairying and market gardening E Extensive grain or stock raising

Extensive grain or stock raising

In less developed countries, pesticides are typically applied by hand, whereas pesticides are typically applied by tractors or aircraft in more developed countries. Which of the following best explains the risks associated with pesticide applications? A Crop dusters are at risk when applying pesticides with aircraft in more developed countries, whereas environmental pollution is a risk in less developed countries. B Farm animals used to plow fields are at risk from pesticides in more developed countries, whereas environmental pollution is a risk is less developed countries. C Farmers' health is at risk in less developed countries, whereas environmental pollution is a risk in more developed countries. D Crops are at risk in more developed countries, whereas environmental pollution is a risk in less developed countries.

Farmers' health is at risk in less developed countries, whereas environmental pollution is a risk in more developed countries.

Positive environmental impacts of the Green Revolution

Greater yields in the number of crops, which means more food. Decrease in food prices.

In 2017 the Ivory Coast exported $5.6 billion worth of cocoa beans and cocoa-derived products, such as cocoa butter. This represented 55 percent of the country's exports and was worth four times the country's combined gold and oil exports in that year. Which of the following best explains the international trade economy of the Ivory Coast? A High level of dependency on a single agricultural commodity that increases national economic development and increases foreign direct investment B High level of dependency on a single agricultural commodity that increases national economic risks during times of global economic crisis C Low level of dependency on primary-sector production and resource processing that will increase the country's level of development D Low level of dependency on a single agricultural commodity that decreases national economic risks during times of global economic crisis E Low level of dependency on a single agricultural commodity that increases national economic development and increases foreign direct investment

High level of dependency on a single agricultural commodity that increases national economic risks during times of global economic crisis

mechanization of agriculture

In agriculture, the replacement of human labor with technology or machines.

Bulk-gaining industry

Industry that makes something that gain volume or weight during production factories will be as close to market as possible eg soda

Which of the following developments is predicted by the von Thünen model of land use around cities? A Large-scale growing of flowers and vegetables in the Netherlands B Large-scale rubber plantations in Malaysia C Large-scale commercial fishing in Japan D Extensive cattle raising in northern France E Very large dairy farms in Utah and southern Idaho

Large-scale growing of flowers and vegetables in the Netherlands

Which of the following best explains why farmers would plant both strawberries and watermelons in the same field? A Limited farmland encourages intensive farming and monocropping to produce high yields. B Unlimited farmland encourages intensive farming with intercropping to produce high yields. C Unlimited farmland encourages extensive farming with intercropping to produce high yields. D Limited farmland encourages extensive farming with monocropping to produce high yields.

Limited farmland encourages extensive farming with monocropping to produce high yields.

Corn (maize) was first domesticated in A Northern Argentina B the Tibetan plateau C the Canadian prairie D Central Mexico E Central Australia

Mexico

Least Cost Theory

Model developed by Alfred Weber according to which the location of manufacturing establishments is determined by the minimization of three critical expenses: labor, transportation, and agglomeration.

Which of the following is a characteristic of shifting cultivation? A Dependency on irrigation B Sharecropping C Production of cash crops for export D Demand for wage laborers E Multicropping

Multicropping

Palm oil, an edible vegetable oil used in processing packaged food products, is obtained from the fruit of the oil palm tree, grown only in the tropics. Which of the following explains how global demand for palm oil has proved beneficial and detrimental for countries such as Indonesia and Malaysia? A Palm oil exports provided substantial corporate profits, but increased government subsidies to palm oil farmers led to increased poverty in the two countries. B Palm oil exports provided substantial corporate profits, but the process led to high rates of unemployment for farmworkers at harvest time. C Palm oil exports provided substantial corporate profits, but the growth in the industry resulted in heavy deforestation in both countries. D Palm oil exports provided increased income to the governments of Indonesia and Malaysia, but the number of farmers employed on palm oil plantations decreased in the two countries. E Palm oil exports aided in increasing the wealth of the two countries but also increased the diversity of plants in the two countries.

Palm oil exports provided substantial corporate profits, but the process led to high rates of unemployment for farmworkers at harvest time.

Example of relative location

Pensacola is in the panhandle of Florida, just south of i10

agricultural hearths

Places where agriculture first developed and originated.

Green Revolution

Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield, disease resistant seeds and fertilizers. Allowed farmers to double crop yield. Ended famine in India.

Which of the following best explains how the expansion of feedlots for raising cattle has affected environmental sustainability in rural areas? A Concentrating large numbers of farm animals in small spaces has decreased the release of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. B Runoff from animal waste has increased the pollution in local water supplies. C Feed grains have eliminated potentially harmful invasive plant species from farmland. D Land development has increased the available water supply for other farming practices. E Composted manure has introduced valuable nutrients into previously depleted soils.

Runoff from animal waste has increased the pollution in local water supplies.

Quinary Sector

Service sector industries that require a high level of specialized knowledge or technical skill. Examples include scientific research and high-level management.

Which of the following best explains why the New England region, located in the northeastern United States, would specialize in market gardening agriculture rather than other types of agriculture, such as grain farming? A Wheat farming would require more machinery, which conflicts with the environmental standards of many states in New England. B Market gardening products can be easily transported to the primary market of California without spoiling. C Farmers can specialize in market gardening products because of the rocky soil found in many New England states. D Market gardening zones allow farmers the flexibility to grow market gardening crops along with other grain crops. E Several large cities on the East Coast provide a growing market and shorter distances for transporting market gardening products.

Several large cities on the East Coast provide a growing market and shorter distances for transporting market gardening products.

Sheep production in New Zealand and poultry production in Arkansas produce food animals for human consumption. Which of the following best describes the differences in the agricultural practices and land use for these products? A Sheep production is an example of intensive agriculture requiring large amounts of fertilizer, whereas poultry production is an example of extensive agriculture practiced mainly in more developed countries. B Sheep production and poultry production are both examples of extensive agriculture practiced on large areas of land, but requiring different climates. C Sheep production is an example of extensive agriculture requiring large pastures, whereas poultry production is an example of intensive agriculture often practiced indoors. D Sheep production and poultry production are both examples of intensive agriculture practiced on small areas of land but requiring different amounts of labor and capital. E Sheep production is an example of extensive agriculture that is declining because of an insufficient supply of open land, whereas poultry production continues to be practiced on small areas of land.

Sheep production is an example of extensive agriculture requiring large pastures, whereas poultry production is an example of intensive agriculture often practiced indoors.

Which of the following pairs of agricultural types occupies the largest percentage of the world's total land area? A Plantation agriculture and specialized horticulture B Cattle ranching and Mediterranean agriculture C Wheat farming and dairying D Shifting cultivation and nomadic herding E Intensive rice cultivation and subsistence farming

Shifting cultivation and nomadic herding

During the Green Revolution, agricultural practices from more developed countries diffused to less developed countries in Asia and Africa. Which of the following best explains the Green Revolution's highly variable level of success in increasing agricultural yields? A The increased yield of the Green Revolution in sub-Saharan Africa decreased the incidence of famine, but the program was unsuccessful in India because of poor soil quality. B Small-scale farmers in Asia often lacked the resources necessary to acquire the hybrid seeds and the chemical inputs to grow them, leaving large gaps in the success of the Green Revolution outside of urban cores. C The Green Revolution was not successful in China because the strain of rice produced was prone to widespread crop failures, and China dropped out of the program. D Rice production surpassed all other crop production in sub-Saharan Africa, but corn production in Mexico was less successful because of the negative impact on the environment. E Persistent famine has occurred in India since new technologies associated with the Green Revolution were implemented because only the wealthy could afford the increased cost of the improved strains of rice.

Small-scale farmers in Asia often lacked the resources necessary to acquire the hybrid seeds and the chemical inputs to grow them, leaving large gaps in the success of the Green Revolution outside of urban cores.

Labor-intensive intertillage is often practiced in A the Canadian wheat belt B Southeast Asia C the Turkish highlands D the English countryside E New Zealand

Southeast Asia

In which of the following areas was wheat most probably domesticated earliest? A Southern Italy B Northern Libya C The plateau of central Mexico D Eastern China E Southeastern Turkey

Southeastern Turkey

In which of the following world regions has the Green Revolution had the least impact on agriculture? In which of the following world regions has the Green Revolution had the least impact on agriculture? A East Asia B South Asia C Southeast Asia D Central America E Sub-Saharan Africa

Sub-Saharan Africa

In the South Asian country of Sri Lanka, tea is farmed as a monoculture. Which of the following best explains why tea plantations are common in Sri Lanka and tea exports are important to the country's economy? A Sri Lanka's unique climate and terrain make it one of the only countries where tea plants thrive. B Tea plantations are a traditional form of subsistence agriculture practiced by Sri Lanka's indigenous groups. C Sri Lankans drink more tea per capita than any other nationality. D The early hearth of tea plant domestication is located in Sri Lanka. E Tea plantations were established in Sri Lanka by a former European colonial power.

Tea plantations were established in Sri Lanka by a former European colonial power.

Diffusion of Industrial Revolution

The IR began in England in the late 18th century and diffused across Europe and US. and factories were built near belts of coal and iron ore. Tremendous changes in technology occurred. Many machines and devices were invented. i.e. steam engine, telegraph. It occurred alongside the 2nd Agricultural Revolution

comparative advantage

The ability of a country to produce a good at a lower cost than another country can. Encourages trade

Green Revolution technology has resulted in which of the following in modernagriculture? A The development of high-yield grains and the expansion of cultivated areas B The construction of new irrigation systems and a reduction in the use of fertilizers C An increase in the circulation of investment capital to help the poorest farmers D The loss of prime agricultural land and smaller yields from grain crops E The end of famine in the world

The development of high-yield grains and the expansion of cultivated areas

Commercial Gardening

The intensive production of non tropical fruits, vegetables, and flowers for sale off the farm. Found in CA and the SE

Quinary Sector

The most advanced form of Quaternary activities consisting of high-level decision making for large corporations or high-level scientific research. eg CEO

Density

The number of something in a specifically defined area

Which of the following explains the diffusion and successful cultivation of many plants and animals in new regions of the world through the Columbian Exchange? A The plants and animals diffused only a short distance away from their point of domestication. B The plants and animals diffused to a region with climate and geography similar to that of their point of domestication. C Navigational technology allowed ships to travel more efficiently, enabling safe transport of plants and animals to new destinations. D Diffusion of plants and animals filled the loss in many areas from a number of plant and animal extinctions. E The plants and animals diffused to regions with variation in the climates between the hearth and the new region.

The plants and animals diffused to a region with climate and geography similar to that of their point of domestication.

Primary Sector

The portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of materials from Earth's surface, generally through agriculture and farming, although sometimes by mining, fishing, and forestry. Dominated the economy until the Civil War; seen today in undeveloped countries. least valuable economic sector country in this sector is most affected global changes. eg. Zambia with copper or Saudi with oil

Tertiary Sector

The portion of the economy concerned with transportation, communications, and utilities, sometimes extended to the provision of all goods and services to people in exchange for payment. Marketing, banking, design Most jobs in US today divided into quaternary sector and quinary sector

Between 1950 and 1990, wheat production in India in average pounds per acre more than tripled, which allowed India to meet its population's need for food. Which of the following best explains this change? A The elimination of poverty in India's rural regions B The use of genetically modified seeds C The increase in microloan programs that provide farmers with credit D The use of large farm tractors and combine harvesters E The use of improved plant hybrids and agricultural chemicals

The use of improved plant hybrids and agricultural chemicals

The wheat belt will shift northward.

Von Thünen emphasized which of the following factors in his model of agricultural land use? A Labor cost B Transportation cost C Fertilizer cost D Machinery cost E Seasonal fluctuations in prices of farm products

Transportation cost

core

a center of a loop or whorl

Least Cost Theory

a concept developed by Alfred Weber to describe the optimal location of a manufacturing establishment in relation to three factors: costs of transport cost of labor, agglomeration (factories group together to share costs)(most important factor per Weber)

Formal Culture Region

a cultural region inhabited by people who have one or more cultural traits in common

formal region (AKA uniform or homogenous)

a group of places / regions that are linked together by one or more traits:

Gini Index

a mathematical formula that measures the amount of economic inequality in a society

Quaternary Sector

a way to describe a knowledge-based part of the economy which typically includes services such as information generation and sharing, information technology, consultation, education, research and development, financial planning, and other knowledge-based services.

Mercator map projection

accurately shows shape and lines of longitude and latitude meet at right angles , but distorts distance and size of land masses; landmasses become increasingly distorted, or bigger, near the Poles

postindustrial

country shifts away from manufacturing and factories

Negative consequences of the Green Revolution

environmental damage (pollution) costs of technology and seeds are high need more water for the modified crops

Agriculture practiced in California differs from forms practiced in other Mediterranean agricultural regions because in California A grapes are grown for wine production B farms use more irrigation C farms are smaller D farms rely on local labor E wheat is grown in the winter as a cover crop

farms use more irrigation

Bid rent theory

geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the Central Business District (CBD) increases.

substinance agriculture

growing crops for yourself and not for profit. self sufficient

Nomadic pastoralism is an extensive agricultural system practiced A in the dry regions of Africa and Asia B in the tropical regions of Africa and Asia C in the hinterlands of Australia D by Native American buffalo hunters E by people who shift location in pursuit of rain clouds

in the dry regions of Africa and Asia

Genetic engineering of agricultural crops has primarily increased the productivity of modern farming by A converting annual plants to perennials, which do not require replanting B increasing the size of fruits and grains C increasing plants' drought resistance and resistance to pests D cutting the cost of bulk seeds during planting seasons E changing vegetable and fruit colors to suit consumer demands

increasing plants' drought resistance and resistance to pests

Agribusiness

integration of various steps of production in the food processing industry

Traditionally, the Ganges Valley and the Nile Valley have had comparatively high population densities because of their A tropical climate B heavy industrialization C in-migration from neighboring arid areas D intensive agriculture based on irrigation E designation as sacred sites

intensive agriculture based on irrigation

Subsistence agriculture is always characterized by A double-cropping of specific grains B extensive use of the land C production only for family consumption D production only for trade E irrigation and inorganic fertilization

production only for family consumption

scale of data(scale of analysis)

scale of the map doesn't change (meaning the size of the territory on the map), but the data contained (or the level of detail) in each map does change (eg. map of only US population vs map of all US states population) The same data is shown in different ways

Mediterranean agriculture

specialized farming that occurs only in areas where the dry-summer Mediterranean climate prevails. crops are figs, dates, olives and grapes.

Production of agricultural products destined primarily for direct consumption by the producer rather than for market is called A plantation farming B hunting and gathering C subsistence agriculture D sedentary cultivation E shifting-field agriculture

subsistence agriculture

periphery

the outermost part or boundary

Commercial Agriculture

the production of food primarily for sale off the farm

Second Agricultural Revolution

tools and equipment were modified (including introduction of machinery), methods of soil preparation, fertilization, crop care, and harvesting improved the general organization of agriculture made more efficient

GNP (Gross National Product)

total value of goods & services produced by a country in one year, equal to the GDP and net income from foreign investments.

complementary advantage

when both parties have goods or services that the other party desires

Human Development Index (HDI)

Indicator of level of development for each country, constructed by United Nations, combining income, literacy, education, and life expectancy low HDI in developing countries medium in newly industrialized high in post industrial countries

scale

the ratio between size of things in the real world the size of things on a map THREE types: cartographic, geographic, scale of data

Which of the following has fostered the most significant economic growth by eliminating import tariffs between member states? A European Union (EU) B Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) C North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) D Association of Caribbean States (ACS) E United Nations (UN)

Free-trade zones such as the countries of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) are established to increase the ease and volume of international trade by A increasing diplomatic relations between member states B opening borders to migrant guest workers from member states C establishing a common monetary unit among member states D offering large economic-development loans to poorer member states E eliminating tariffs on goods that cross borders between member states

Many companies moved their operations from New England and the Midwest to locations in the South because A the South had less expensive site factors than northern regions B southern regions had better access to deep water ports C the South had more advantageous relative locations D the southerly climate was an environmental push factor E southern culture was a social pull factor

The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals do not mention population growth, but most of the goals will affect population growth. Which of the following statements correctly explains a link between the Sustainable Development Goals and population growth? A Reducing infant mortality rates can lead to a desire to have a smaller family. B Reducing poverty and hunger increases population growth as it makes larger families possible. C Gender equality and empowering women leads to fewer women in the paid labor force. D Combating communicable diseases and improving maternal health means more potential mothers survive and have additional children. E Economic development strategies make it possible to support larger families.

The maquiladoras of northern Mexico are A manufacturing outsourcing plants B illegal migrant-labor camps C border squatter settlements D organic agricultural cooperatives E commercial produce farms

The state of Florida earns greater revenues from the export of oranges than does the state of Georgia. This can be attributed to which of the following? A Florida has a comparative advantage as a producer of oranges. B Georgia has a comparative advantage as a producer of oranges. C Florida's economy is primarily based on agricultural production. D Georgia's economy is focused on tourism and manufacturing. E Unlike Florida, Georgia has no coastal port facilities.

Which of the following concepts explains the decision to relocate market-oriented factories in the United States from the Midwest and Northeast to locations in the southern United States or Mexico? A Comparative advantage, because products can be made more efficiently in the southern United States and Mexico. Operating costs and wages are lower, and the manufactured products are easily transported to major United States markets. B Growth poles, because governments in southern United States cities and Mexico strive to stimulate economic development by providing a guaranteed market for all products manufactured at these locations. C Just-in-time delivery, because the United States population is shifting to the south and west, and the Mexican population is growing. It is critical to produce goods closer to the consumer base to reduce shipping times. D Complementarity, because the regional economy of the midwestern and northeastern United States is shifting to the service sector. There is little interest in maintaining manufacturing at these locations. E Post-Fordist production, because traditional midwestern and northeastern manufacturing centers in the United States are unable to keep up with the technological changes of modern industry.

choropleth map

A map that uses differences in shading, coloring or patterns to show the location and distribution of data (Ex. different shades for the US for population of population density).

Gender Inequality Index (GII)

A measure of the extent of each country's gender inequality Indicators are reproductive health, empowerment, labor market participation of women. GII scores 0-1.

Modernization Model

A model of economic development most closely associated with the work of economist Walter Rostow. The modernization model (sometimes referred to as modernization theory) maintains that all countries go through five interrelated stages of development, which culminate in an economic state of self-sustained economic growth and high levels of mass consumption.

Core-Periphery Model

A model of the spatial structure of development in which underdeveloped countries are defined by their dependence on a developed core region.

unifrom region or homogenous region

Another name for formal region

A clustering of doctor's offices and pharmacies near hospitals is BEST explained by the benefits of A decentralization B agglomeration C intervening opportunity D balkanization E enfranchisement

Debt-for-nature swaps are financial transactions in which a portion of a developing country's foreign debt is forgiven in exchange for local investments in environmental conservation measures. Which of the following explains the significance of debt-for-nature programs? A The programs utilize a dependency theory-based approach to improve local economic development. B The programs provide a sustainable-development approach to reducing uneven levels of development between countries. C The programs combat the economic decline of deindustrialization and improve service and technology development. D The programs provide improvements in environmental health and sanitation that reduce mortality and epidemic disease rates. E The programs invest in environmental education that informs youth populations about preserving economic resources for future use.

Economic complementarities between two places tend to A reflect only differences in resource base B occur when each place specializes in commodities demanded by the other C occur when the places specialize in the same commodities D reflect the minimization of distance E reflect the maximization of scale

Outsourced industrial production in less-developed countries often relies on female labor because A men are engaged mainly in agriculture B wage rates for women are much lower than for men C women are more skilled at operating machinery than men are D social taboos prevent women from working in the service sector E women are not protected by international labor laws

Which of the following best describes Alfred Weber's analysis of location decisions? A It seeks to evaluate the impact of a single factor of production on location. B It seeks to minimize costs among multiple inputs of production. C It is applicable only in postindustrial economies with predictable spatial patterns. D It depends on the availability of a single node, link, and input of production. E It is applicable only in industrial economies with predictable spatial patterns.

Which of the following has contributed most to the deindustrialization of regions like the English Midlands and the North American Manufacturing Belt? A The increased percentage of women in the labor force B Competition from foreign imports C Environmental legislation D The formation of free trade associations E The decline of labor unions

Which of the following statements explains a weakness in Rostow's stages of economic growth model? A The model is based on the principle of initial advantage that highlights the importance of an early start in economic development for all countries in the world. B The model is based on successive stages that countries must pass through independently until they reach high mass consumption without taking into account that countries are interdependent. C The model is based on the permanent classification of countries into the core, semiperiphery, and periphery, and countries are unable to move up or down from one category to another. D The classification for a country pertains to the entire country with no condition for variation in the level of development within a country. E The model is based on the premise that development in one place requires underdevelopment in another place.

Which of the following variables has an inverse or negative relationship with the level of economic development of a country? A Literacy rate B Birth rate C Percent of labor force in tertiary sector of economy D Life expectancy E Percent of urban population

Which statement explains one way in which the transformation of India's economy contradicts Wallerstein's world system theory? A As a British colony, India functioned as a peripheral region supplying resources to benefit the core. B Using a development strategy to avoid economic dependency, India has been able to develop its own industries and participate fully in the global economy. C The outsourcing of high-tech jobs with high wages to India by U.S. companies is not economic exploitation because the jobs are high paying. D India's ethnically, linguistically, and religiously diverse populations serve as centrifugal forces, preventing India from participating in the global economy. E India's emphasis on nonalignment with and isolation from the Heartland has limited the country's role in supranational organizations and international decision-making.

Women played a crucial role in the domestication of plants because they A were interested in varying the diets of their families B were engaged in collecting plant resources C were agile climbers on the hillsides of the Fertile Crescent D knew how to achieve control over their environment E traveled long distances from their home base

Stages of Economic Growth Model

By WW Rostow: stage 1: traditional society - (periphery country) limited technology, not advanced. limited socio-economic mobility, depends on primary sector. eg. English colonies 2 pre-condition for take off - (periphery) Better infrastructure, exporting goods, improve farming and begin to switch from subsistence to commercial farming. eg. US in 19th century 3take off - (semi-periphery) Starts industrialization, urbanization, begins self-sustaining growth. eg. US in mid 19th century. 4 drive to maturity - (core country) Creates new industries, improve energy and transportation, economic growth eg US late 19th century 5 high mass consumption (core) spends money on non-essential goods, supports strong tertiary sectors. eg US 1920-present

Core-periphery models are generally based on the idea that A all world regions are equally well developed B levels of social and economic development are fairly uniform between core areas and peripheral areas C sharp spatial contrasts in social and economic development exist between economic heartlands and outlying subordinate areas D the growth and prosperity of core countries has not been achieved at the expense of peripheral countries E the economic and social heart of a territory should be at its geographic center

Quaternary economic activities are those that A extract natural resources from the environment B transform raw materials into finished products C involve the collection, processing, and manipulation of information D involve the exchange of goods and the provision of services E involve the production of fresh produce for urban markets

Which of the following best explains a trading relationship between two countries based on comparative advantage? A One country exports raw materials and the other country exports manufactured goods, resulting in a global economic balance. B One country implements tariffs on goods that are imported from another country because the importing country will benefit from profits on the sale of the goods. C Each country specializes in the type of good for which it has the lowest opportunity cost, resulting in a higher global output of both types of goods. D Two countries trade in luxury items, but the volume of trade is limited by the highest cost of long-distance trade. E Each country exports the same type of good because the countries are similar in terms of natural resources and labor costs.

Which of the following industries will most likely locate closest to its raw material sources? A Soft-drink bottling B Brewing C Nickel smelting D Baking E Automobile assembly

As a less developed country's economy evolves, the size of the primary sector, the size of the secondary sector, and the size of the tertiary sectors fluctuate. Which of the following statements best describes the highest level of job-opportunity change as countries shift from the periphery to the semiperiphery level of development? A Primary sector employment increases as the country's domestic demand for food and energy increases. B Primary sector employment increases as the country's economy becomes increasingly export oriented. C Tertiary sector employment grows more quickly than any other sector because of foreign direct investment. D Secondary sector employment increases as the demand for manufactured products increases. E Secondary and tertiary sector employment declines as factories and offices are increasingly automated.

Economic activities that involve the extraction of natural resources, such as lumbering, fishing, mining, and agriculture, are called A subsistence activities B organic activities C secondary economic activities D primary economic activities E tertiary economic activities

Rostow's modernization model is concerned with which of the following concepts? A Dependency B Structuralism C Core-periphery relations D Economic development E Neocolonialism

The classic model of industrial location theory suggests that the primary consideration in the location of an industrial site is which of the following? A The institutional structure of the firm B The cost to produce the product C The cost of raw materials D The cost of transportation E The location of the market

The high-tech firms of Silicon Valley in California are clustered together to take advantage of A cheap labor B economies of scale C access to markets D agglomeration effects E high-speed transportation

What would be the most profitable location for an ethanol manufacturing plant that converts corn into alcohol for use as an additive for gasoline? A Near a large university to facilitate recruitment of highly trained chemists B Near a break-of-bulk point for ease of transportation C Near a navigable river to reduce transportation costs to distant markets D Near a prime corn-producing area to minimize transportation costs of raw materials E Near a large metropolitan area to serve a major market

Which of the following correctly explains the placement of an agricultural product within von Thünen's agricultural land-use model? A Beef cattle are raised close to the market because meat spoils quickly. B Grain is grown close to the market because it is bulky to transport. C Firewood is harvested far from the market because the best agricultural land is closer to the market. D Tomatoes are grown closest to the market because they spoil quicker than beef or grain. E Beef cattle are raised close to the market because land is cheapest closer to the market.

Which of the following is an advantage for Japanese corporations that locate their manufacturing plants in the United States? A Freedom from Japan's overprotected distribution networks B A wider variety of climate conditions in the United States C Less competition in the United States than in most other countries D Lower transportation costs and greater access to markets E The better educated labor force in the United States

Most widely used system to determine absolute location

Latitude and longitude

Different types of scale analysis

Local, National, regional, global

Robinson projection

No major distortion; oval shape appears more like a globe; area, shape, size, and direction are all slightly distorted (but just minimal errors in each).

Relative location

The position of a place in relation to another place.

World Systems Theory / core periphery model

Theory originated by Immanuel Wallerstein and illuminated by his three-tier structure, proposing that social change in the developing world is inextricably linked to the economic activities of the developed world (countries all depend on each other and are intertwined): periphery country: Least developed, low skill jobs that focus on extracting raw materials, provides core with inexpensive raw materials. eg. Afghanistan, Peru, Kenya. semi-periphery country: Middle income countries, emerging economies, provides core countries with manufactured goods. eg. India, Mexico, China. core country: economically advantaged countries, higher skill, promotes capital accumulation, dominates the other two tiers, HQ for the largest business. eg US, UK, Japan

Example of scale of data

Two maps showing the population density of USA, one showing by the whole country and one showing by state

The boudires of this type of region vary widely because people have sense of what define these regions

Vernacular or perceptual regions

a formal region defines an area which: a. a core dominates the surrounding hinterland b. a transportation network links different types of land use c. there is uniformity in one or more physical or human characteristics d. there is significant geographical variations in physical or human characteristics e. a unified government system has been established

c. there is uniformity in one or more physical or human characteristics

Core Dominance

core countries achieved their initial dominance through the industrial production of goods, which led to political control through colonization End of colonization Core still control production through neo-colonialism working with multinational corporations

a formal cultural region differs from other regions in that it: a. has a focal point or node b. is one that people believe exists c. has a selected feature or internal uniformity d. does not contain gradations such as core, sphere, and domain e. applies only to linguistic and religious regions

d. does not contain gradations such as core, sphere, and domain

which of the following scales of analysis would provide demographic data that could be used to compare one urban neighborhoods to other urban neighborhoods across the country: a. state or province b. metropolitan area or urban region c. county or parish d. city or municipality e. census tract or enumeration area

e. census tract or enumeration area

which of the following terms best describes regions that make up the political geographic divisions within a country: a. cultural b. perceptual c. vernacular d. physical e. formal

e. formal

W. W. Rostow

in 1960 proposed a widely cited model for economic advancement. Generalizing on the "sweep of modern history," he theorized that all developing economies may pass through five successive stages of growth and advancement.

dot distribution map

map that is used to show the specific location and distribution of something across the territory of the map

Which of the following can best be explained by possibilism: a. regional differences between the internal structures of cities b. changes in population and growth over time c. limitations on agriculture crops based on climate d. political patterns seen in election maps e. modification of landscapes by human cultures.

modification of landscapes by human cultures

Formal regions are unified by one or more of these traits

physical (Sahara - vast desert) cultural - parts of Louisiana economic - wine country

Semiperiphery

places where core and periphery processes are both occurring; places that are exploited by the core but in turn exploit the periphery

geographic scale

the amount of territory that a map represents (IE global scale is whole earth, local scale is small region) general concept that refers to a conceptual hierarchy of spaces., from small to large This is why patterns of the map can be shown differently depending on the scale of the map

Environmental Determinism

the belief that landforms and climate are the most powerful forces shaping human behavior and societal development

GNI (Gross National Income)

the total domestic and foreign output claimed by residents of a country

GDP - Gross Domestic Product-

the total value of all final goods and services produced in a country in one year

Distribution

the way a phenomenon is spread out over an area

cartographic scale

the way the map communicates the ratio of its size to the size of what it represents the ratio between distance on a map and the actual distance on the Earth surface. eg. 1 inch = 1 mile

Human Geo semester exam

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