Human Geography chapter 2

Stage 3

- Known for attitude change - Indicative of richer developed countries - Higher standards of living/education - Crude birth rate finally falls

Stage 1

- Known for preindustrial/pre-agricultural -crude birth/death rate high - fragile, but stable, population

Stage 4

- Known for zero population growth; when the crude birth rate declines to the point where it equals the crude death rate and the natural increase rate approaches to zero. - Crude birth/death rates low - Population stable - Population aging

What similarities do these four regions share?

- Most of their people live near an ocean or near a river with easy access to an ocean, rather than in the interior of major landmasses. - The four population clusters occupy general low-lying areas , with fertile soil and temperature climate.

Cold Lands

- Much of the land near the North and South poles is perpetually covered with ice or the ground is permanently frozen (permafrost). - The polar regions receive less precipitation than some Central Asian deserts, but over thousands of years the small annual snowfall has accumulated into thick ice. - However, the polar regions are unsuitable for planting crops, few animals can survive the extreme cold, and few human beings live there.

Neo-Malthusians

- Neo-Malthusians argue that two characteristics of recent population growth make Malthus's thesis more frightening than when it was first written more than 200 years ago. First, in Malthus's time only a few relatively wealthy countries had entered stage 2 of the demographic transition, characterized by rapid population increase. Malthus failed to anticipate that relatively poor countries would have the most rapid population growth, because of transfer of medical technology (but not wealth) from MDCs. As a result, the gap between population growth and resources is wider in some countries than even Malthus anticipated. Second, neo- Malthusians is that world population growth is outstripping a wide variety of resources, not just food production.

Degenerative diseases

- Obesity - Tobacco use

What are some of the reasons that are given in favor of population growth?

- Promoting condoms and education to people who are unknowlagable.

More facts about the Demographic transition

- The overwhelming majority of countries are either in stage 2 or 3, with rapid population growth- and only a few are likely to reach stage 4 in the near future. - The four stage demographic transition is characterized by two big breaks with the past. The first break- the sudden drop in the death rate that comes from technological innovation- has been accomplished everywhere. The second break- the sudden drop in the birth rate that comes from changing social customs- has yet to be achieved in many countries.

Facts about South Asia

- one-fifth of the world's population live in South Asia, which includes India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and the island of Sri Lanka. - India is the world's second most populous country which contains more than three-fourths of the South Asia population concentration. - The most important concentration of people within South Asia are concentrated along the plains of the Indus and Ganges rivers. - Population is also heavily concentrated near India's two long coastlines- the Arabian Sea to the west and the Bay of Bengal to the east. - Most people in South Asia live in rural areas and are farmers. - Only one-fourth of the total population lives in urban areas.

Facts about East Asia

- one-fifth of the world's population lives in East Asia. - Five-sixths of the people in the concentration live in the People's Republic of China, the world most populous country. - China is the world's third-largest country in land area, BUT much of its interior is sparsely inhabited mountains and deserts. - The Chinese population is clustered near the Pacific Coast and in several fertile river valleys that extend inland. - Most of the people in China live in rural areas where they work as farmers. - However, more than three-fourths of the Japanese and Koreans live in urban areas and work at industrial and service jobs.

Wet Lands

- the combination of rain and heat rapidly depletes nutrients from the soil, thus tamper with agriculture. - In seasonally, wet lands, such as those in Southeast Asia, enough food can be grown to support a large.

Sparsely Populated Regions (Relatively few people live in these types of areas)

-Dry lands - Wet Lands - High lands - Cold lands

Stage 2

-Known for improved agriculture and MEDICINE - lower death rates - infant mortality rate falls - Natural increase very high

Demographic Transition

All countries have experienced some changes in natural increase, fertility, and mortality rates, but at different times and different rates. Although rates vary among countries, a similar process of change in a society's population known as the demographic transition, is operating. Because of diverse local cultural and economic conditions, the demographic transition diffuses to individual countries at different rates and produces local variations in natural increase, fertility, and mortality.

What are some several large or populous countries? Based on a cartogram map

Brazil, Canada, China, Indonesia, Russia, and the United States. These regions have been exaggerated to show the regions within the countries where most of the population is clustered. (Based on a cartogram map)

Crude Birth Rate

CBR is the total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people in a society. A crude birth rate of 20 means that for every 1,000 people in a country, 20 babies are born over a one-year period.

Crude death rate

CDR is the total number of deaths in a year for every 1000 people alive in the society. Comparable to the crude birth rate, the crude death rate is expressed as the annual number of deaths per 1,000 population.

Two- thirds of the world's inhabitants are clustered in four regions. What are the 4?

East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Western Europe.

Based on a more typical equal-area map, the population cartogram displays the major population clusters of?

Europe and East, South, and Southeast Asia much larger and Africa and the Western Hemisphere as much smaller .

Where is the world's population distributed?

Global population is concentrated in a few places. Human beings tend to avoid those parts of Earth's surface that they consider to be too wet, too dry, too cold, or too mountainous. The capacity of Earth to support a much larger population depends heavily on people's ability to use sparsely settled lands more effectively.

Infant Mortality Rate

IMR is the annual number number of deaths of infants under one year of age, compared with total live births. As was with the case with the CBR and CDR, the IMR is usually expressed as the number of deaths amount infants per 1,000 births rather than a percentage.

In what type of countries is the need to provide food, clothing, and shelter for their people severely hampered by the continued rapid growth of their population?

Least Developed Countries

In what types of countries do families have a large amount of members and the crude birth rate is rapidly increasing?

Least Developed Countries (LDC)

In what types of countries do families have fewer children than the past?

More Developed Countries (MDC)

Natural Increase rate

NIR is the percentage by which a population grows in a year. It is computed by subtracting CBR from CDR, after first converting the two measures from numbers per 1,000 to percentages. Thus if the CBR is 20 and the CDR is 5, then the NIR is 15 per 1,000 or 1.5%. The term natural means that a country's growth rate excludes migration.

Is the world population now higher or lower than the past?

Nowadays the population is higher than it has ever been in the past.

Southeast Asia

- A third important Asian population cluster, and the world's fourth-largest (after Europe) is in Southeast Asia. - Most of the people that live in southeast Asia live on a series of islands that lie between the Indian and Pacific oceans. - The largest concentration is on the island of Java. - Indonesia is the world's fourth most populous country. - Like China and South Asia, the Southeast Asia concentration is characterized by a high percentage of people working as farmers in rural areas. - The three Asia population concentrations together comprise marathon half of the world's total population, but together they live on less than 10 % of Earth's land areas.

Dry Lands

- Areas too dry for farming cover approximately 20% of Earth's land surface. - The two largest desert regions in the world lie in the Northern Hemisphere. - The largest desert region, extending from North Africa to Southwest and Central Asia, is known by several names, including Sahara, Arabian, Thar, Takla Makan, and Gobi deserts. - Deserts generally lack sufficient water to grow crops that could feed a large population. although some people survive there by raising animals, such as camels, that are adapted to the climate. - By constructing irrigation systems, people can grow crops in some parts of the desert. - Dry lands can be useful for much of the world's oil reserves. - The increasing demand for these resources has led to a growth in settlements in or near deserts.

Europe

- Combining the populations of Western Europe, Eastern Europe, and the European portion of Russia form the world's third largest population closer, one ninth of the world's people. - In contrast to the 3 Asian concentrations, three-fourths of Europe's inhabitants live in cities, and less than 20% are farmers. - Europeans do not produce enough food for themselves so they import food and other resources from elsewhere in the world.

Epidemiological transition

- Communicable disease/ pathogens in less developed countries. - Degenerative diseases in more developed countries (obesity, heart disease, diabetes, and cancer).

list the 5 Population concentrations

- East Asia - South Asia - South East Asia - Europe - North America

New Influences on Birth Rate

- Family planning programs - Contraceptive technology - Role of mass media

High Lands

- Few people live at high elevations. - The highest mountains in the world are steep, snow-covered, and sparsely settled. - People may prefer to occupy higher lands if temperatures and precipitation are uncomftorably high at lower elevations.

Arithmetic Density

- Geographers usually use this - which is the total # of people divided by total land area (this measure is also called population density).

Life expectancy has to do with?

- Infant mortality rate - Antibiotic/ Immunization - Rapid increase throughout the world.

Some causes of World Deaths

- Infectious Deaths - HIV/AIDS - SARS

Total Fertility Rate

TFR is the average # of children a women will have in her childbearing years. The rate varies from just over 1 (Japan, Italy) to around 7 (Niger, Mali) * THE US RATE IS 2 - 2.1 is generally regarded as the replacement rate (the rate at which a population neither grows nor shrinks ) in the developed world. In less developed countries this rate should be higher to account for so many children not reaching childbearing age.

Why is population increasing at different rates in different countries?

The demographic transition is a change in a country's population. A country moves from a condition of high birth and death rates, with little population growth, to a condition of low birth and death rates, with low population growth. During this process the total population increases enormously, because the death rate declines some years before the birth rate does. The MDCs of Europe and North America have reached or neared the end of the demographic transition. African, Asian, and Latin American countries are at the states of the demographic transition characterized by rapid population growth, in which death rates have declined sharply; but birth rates remained relatively high.

physiological Density

The number of people supported by arable land. - Two countries can have similar physiological density but they may produce significantly different amounts of food because of different economic conditions.

Ecumene

The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.

What is the real problem with rapid growth rate?

The problem is not overpopulation, it is the matter of the relationship between the # of people and the availability of resources.

Why might the world face an overpopulation problem?

The rate at which global population grew during the second half of the twentieth century was unprecedented in history. A dramatic decline in the death rate produced the increase. With death rates controlled, for the first time in history the most critical factor determining the size of the world's population is the birth rate. Birth rates began to decline sharply during the 1990s, slowing world population growth and reducing fear of overpopulation in most regions. Scientists agree that the current rate of natural increase must be further reduced, but they disagree on the appropriate methods for achieving this goal.

After identifying where people are distributed across Earth's surface, what can geographers describe?

They can describe the locations where the number of people are increasing. Population increases rapidly in places where many more people are born than die, increases slowly in places where the number of births exceeds the number of deaths by only a small margin, and declines in places where deaths outnumber births.

How can we understand how population is distributed?

Two basic properties; Density and concentration.

Where has the world's population increased?

Virtually all the world's natural increase is concentrated in the relatively poor countries of Africa, Asia, and Latin America. In contrast, most European and North American countries now have low population growth rates, and some are experiencing population declines. The difference in natural increase between MDCs and LDCs is attributable to difference in crude birth rates rather than in crude death rates.

Malthu's theory

Was one of the first to argue that the world's rate of population increase was far outrunning the development of food supplies. Malthus's views remain influential today. He believed this because population increased geometrically, whereas food supply increased arithmetically.

Pandemic

is a disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population. Improved sanitation, nutrition, and medicine during ht industrial revolution reduced the spread of infectious diseases.

Where is the largest population concentration in the Western Hemisphere?

is in the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada. - About 2% of the world's people live in the area. Like the Europeans, most American are urban dwellers;less than 5% are farmers.

Doubling time

is the number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.

Agricultural Density

is the ratio of the number of farmer to the amount of arable land. - This measure helps account for economic differences. - MDCs have a lower agricultural densities because technology and finance allow a few people to farm extensive land areas and feed many people. This frees most of the MDC population to work in factories, offices, or shops rather than in fields.

Arable land

land suited for agriculture

Density

the number of people occupying an area of land, can be computed in several ways, including arithmetic density, physiological density, and agricultural density. These measure of density help geographers to describe the distribution of people in comparison to available resources.

Demography

the scientific study of population characteristics.

Why do geographers rely on the arithmetic density?

to compare conditions in different countries because the two pieces of information needed to calculate the measure- total population and total land area- are easy to obtain.