Human Growth and Development 13-14
what is the typical range for menopause?
39-59
mathematically midlife is __._ years. but many don't consider themselves middle aged until 40-45 to about 60-65 years
39.5
living with a spouse determines if there is sex, especially for women above __
40
sharpness of imagery for eyes declines between ages __-__ years
40-59
when do women on average have their last period?
51 years
sleeping less than _ hours is linked to an increased risk of stroke symptoms
6
women initiate about __% of all the divorces after 40 years old. more women are employed and less dependent on a husband's income
60
The average life expectancy is __ years; 12% of the US is over 65
79
who came up with the crystallized and fluid intelligence
John Horn
____________________ of the age distribution :Increasing percentage of the population made up of middle-aged and older adults
Rectangularization
the countries where the most inter-generational ties are in _____ _____, _____, and ______
Saudi Arabia, India, and Turkey
___________ _____________ ______: Extensive evaluation of intellectual abilities during adulthood -Focus on individual change and stability in intelligence
Seattle longitudinal study
A Finnish study found that lack of leisure time activity in middle adulthood is linked to:
an increased chance of cognitive impairment in late adulthood
stressful life events are linked to autoimmune diseases like: ____________ and _________
arthritis, psoriasis
Which of the following is a consistent finding regarding age identity?
as adults become older their age identity is younger than their chronological age
muscle loss occurs especially in the ____ and ____
back, legs
what does the acronym BOOM mean?
becoming one's own man
In Vaillant's longitudinal study, factors at age 50 that were linked with being in the "happy-well" group at age 75 to 80 years of age included all of the following EXCEPT:
being wealthy
in ____________ longitudinal studies, the most stable characteristics were intellectual orientation, self confidence, and openess to experience
berkeley's
Costa and McCrae's Baltimore study focused on the ___ ____ ______ __ _________
big five factors of personality
___ ____ _______ __ ___________ :emotional stability (neuroticism), extraversion, openess to experiences, agreeableness, and conscientiousness
big five factors of personality
Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) can improve sexual function, muscle strength, and ____ health
bone
Which of the following is the reason for the decrease in height with the advancement in age?
bone loss in the vertebrae
what is another name for the kids who move back in after they initially moved out?
boomerang kids
later menopause equals the increased risk for what type of cancer?
breast cancer
A middle aged _________ study consisted of: -afternoon naps -groaning when bending down -preferring a quiet night in, rather than a night out
british
Stressful events equal ______________ disease in women
cardiovascular
exercise, weight control, diets rich in fruits, veggies, and whole grains can help keep away many _______________ problems
cardiovascular
The disease that increases considerably in middle age, that may be accompanied by high blood pressure and high cholesterol.
cardiovascular disease
-self motivated -consequences of losing one's job can be a catalyst for a _________ ________
career change
In the berkeley's longitudinal study these were characteristics that __________ ___ ____ -Extent to which individuals were nurturing or hostile -Whether or not they had good self-control
changed the most
-Declining physical skills and increasing responsibility -Awareness of the young-old polarity -Transmitting something meaningful to the next generation -Reach and maintain career satisfaction -Restructuring of time and reassessment of priorities
characteristics of middle adulthood
Currently, the main causes of death in middle adulthood in the United States are:
chronic diseases
86% of total health-care spending in the US
chronic disorders
These disorders have increased since infectious disease rates have declined. They are characterized by a slow onset and a long duration, and account for 86 percent of total health spending in the United States.
chronic disorders
The midlife transition in which fertility declines.
climacteric
the midlife transition in which fertility declines
climacteric
poor sleep equals _________ decline
cognitive
What ability peaks in middle adulthood?
cognitive abilities
Individuals in middle age are less susceptible to these, and the frequency of accidents also decrease.
colds and allergies
old age: death usually cased by ________ causes
combined
_____________ of the george valliant studies include: -Evidence does not support that personality traits are completely fixed in adulthood (Changes are typically limited) -Age is positively related to stability (Stability peaks in 50s and 60s)
conclusions
_________ in the transition into middle adulthood: -Being young versus being old -Being destructive versus being constructive -Being masculine versus being feminine -Being attached to others versus being separated from them
conflicts
A recent study by Specht, Egloff, and Schukle found that ________ showed a continuous increase from early adulthood to late adulthood.
conscientiousness
The time in middle age, usually in the late forties or early fifties, when a woman's menstrual period ceases completely.
menopause
the complete cessation of a woman's menstrual cycles, which usually occurs in the late forties or early fifties
menopause
In sum, this period of life involves "balancing work and relationship responsibilities in the midst of physical and psychological changes associciated with aging
middle adulthood
The developmental period that begins at approximately 40 years of age and extends to about 60 to 65 years of age.
middle adulthood
According to the Almeida and Horn study, which of the following is the difference in the experience of stressors between young adults and middle-aged adults?
middle-aged adults experienced more overload stressors
According to Lachman, researchers have found that on average a sense of personal control peaks in ________.
midlife
According to the Seattle Longitudinal Study, which of the following abilities showed signs of decline in middle age?
perceptual speed
there are positive linked found between religion and __________ health
physical
One of the most visible signs of change in middle adulthood, in which skin begins to wrinkle and sag, age spots appear, hair becomes thinner and grayer, and nails develop ridges and become thicker and more brittle.
physical appearance
stress that is _______ on can lead to an increased stressful life and eventually lead to illnesses
piled
what are the draw backs to the life event approach? 1) __________________________________________ 2) may not be major life event that are primary sources of stress, they may just be daily experiences
places too much emphasis on change
people in mid-life may reach a peak in ________ and _________. However, some may be ridden with financial ________. :(
position, earnings, burdens
religion is a __________ ______________ in some adult's lives; whereas it play little or no role in other's lives
powerful influence
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) augments declining levels of estrogren and ______________`
progesterone
women are ____ to social stressors like: romance, family, and work
prone
Park suggested that religion may influence health in all of the following ways EXCEPT:
providing answers to existential questions
-Globalization of work -Rapid developments in information technologies -Downsizing of organizations -Early retirement
reasons for career challenges
___________ may promote health through: -Lifestyle issues -Social networks -Coping with stress
religion
with each new generation: personality, characteristics, attitudes and values are either __________ or _________
replicated or changed
Middle-aged adults express _____________ between generations: -Duty to care for parents in late life -Share experiences, transmit values to younger generations
responsible
love and marriage in midlife is _____________ and ____________
romantic and affectionate
age-related loss of muscle mass and strength
sarcopenia
the term given to age-related loss of muscle mass and strength
sarcopenia
most married individuals are _______ with their marriage during midlife
satisfied
Levinson's ________ __ _ ___'_ ___ -Teens - Transition from dependence to independence -20s are a novice phase of adult development -30s are a time for focusing on family and career development -By the 40s, man has a stable career and now must look forward to the kind of life he will lead as a middle-aged adult
seasons of a man's life
In the Berkeley Longitudinal Studies, which of the following characteristics was generally stable across time for the adult?
self-confidence
for women, the biggest sexual issue is: _________ _________ 33%, and _____________ ___________ 21%
sexual interest, lubrication difficulties
_________ relationships may be extremely close, apathetic, or high rivalrous
sibling
in middle adulthood, there are fewer financial worries, less housework/chores, and more ____ ___ ____ ______
time with each other
when it comes to leisure time, middle age people need to prepare psychologically for retirement and start finding activities they can do throughout so that the _____________ from working to retired is smoother
transition
married men are more involved with their _____ kin that their own
wive's
this gender loses 2 inches over a 50 year span from 25-70 years
women
-verbal, physical, or emotional abuse 23% -alcohol or drug abuse 18% -cheating 17%
women's reasons for divorce
the role of ____ is central during middle age
work
The mental "workbench" in the mind where individuals manipulate information and solve problems.
working memory
closely related to short-term memory but places more emphasis on mental work; it's like a mental work bench where individuals can manipulate and assemble information when making decisions, solving problems, and deciphering written and spoken language
working memory
what activity increased the quality of life for menopausal women?
yoga
stress reducing activities are ____, ________, and ______ which induce positive effects on the immune system
yoga, relaxation, hypnosis
lung tissue becomes less ________ at about age 5; which decreases lung capacity
elastic
everyone has a blown out midlife crisis
false
more males participate in organized and personal forms of religion
false
not spending more leisure time was NOT among the top of the list of life regrets
false
women have a higher mortality than men
false
___________ that have endured over the adult years tend to be deeper
friendships
Women's inter-generational relationships typically are closer than other ________ ______
family bonds
On average, body fat accounts for about ________ of body weight in middle age.
20%
Who said that middle adulthood was the "afternoon/ evening of life"?
Carl Jung
Who states that middle adulthood is a pivital period because it is a time of balancing growth and decline, linking earlier and later periods of development and connecting younger and older generations.
Margie Lachman
In a longitudinal study of individuals from their early thirties through their late sixties/early seventies:
a significant increase in spirituality occurred between middle and late adulthood
The ability to focus and maintain an image on the retina that declines sharply between 40 and 59 years of age.
accommodation of the eye
some grandparents are thrust back into parenting due to: -divorce - ____________ _______ -parental drug use
adolescent pregnancy
there are ___-related declines in some occupations
age
Questions such as, "To which age group do you belong?" and "How old do you feel?" reflect the concept of:
age identity
___ _________: as adults get older their (blank) is usually younger than their chronological age
age identity
Occasionally on the news there are stories of people who put their own lives on the line to save someone else. Not only are these people heroes, they are truly selfless in their actions. Their altruistic behaviors are most closely related to:
agreeableness
-regular exercise -dietary supplements -herbal remedies -relaxation therapy -acupuncture -nonsterodial medication
alternatives to hormone replacement therapy
an increased level of leisure was linked to a decreased chance of _____________ 28 years later
alzheimers
According to a recent study, middle-aged adults report more _________ when discussing caring for aging parents than when supporting their emerging adults.
ambivalence
The term not used in your textbook to describe middle-aged adults who care for their own adolescent or young adulthood children as well as their aging parents is the ________ generation.
ambivalent
-organized or disorganized -careful or careless -disciplined or impulsive
conscientiousness personality
grandmothers have more frequent ________ than grandfathers
contact
_____________ ____ ______ approach: How life events influence the individual's development depends on: -Life event itself -Mediating factors -Individual's adaptation to the life event -Life-stage context -Sociohistorical context
contemporary life events
an approach emphasizing that how a life event influences the individual's development depends not only on the life event itself but also on mediating factors, the individual's adaptation to the life event, the life-stage context, and the sociohistorical context.
contemporary life events approach
having a sense of _______ in middle adulthood is one of the most important modifiable factors in delaying the onset of diseases and middle adulthood and decreasing the frequency of disease in later adulthood
control
this study includes: -Openness to experience -Conscientiousness -Extraversion -Agreeableness -Neuroticism
costa and mccrae's baltimore study
Accumulated information and verbal skills, which increase in middle age, according to Horn.
crystallized intelligence
_____________ ____________ _____: the principle that with time and age, people become more adept at interacting with their environment in ways that promote stability of personality
cumulative personality model
_____________ _____________ _____ With time and age, people: Become more adept at interacting with their environment in ways that promote stability of personality
cumulative personality model
accumulated information and verbal skills, which increase in middle age, according to Horn
cystallized intelligence
in middle adulthood: -numeric ability and perceptual speed _________
decreased
In terms of Erikson's generativity versus stagnation stage, the achievement of generativity is linked to all of the following EXCEPT:
decreased stress
Death due to cardiovascular disease are ___________ in the U.S. since the 1970s
decreasing
life events like death of a spouse, divorce, marriage and so on would have a degree of stress that would influence a person's _______________
development
stress = _______
disease
a term used to indicate a decreased in marital satisfaction after children leave home
empty nest syndrome
Testosterone replacement therapy is associated with all of the following EXCEPT:
erectile dysfunciton
-Rely on accumulated experience -Process information automatically and analyze it more efficiently -Have better strategies and shortcuts to solving problems -Are more creative and flexible in solving problems
expertise
-sociable or retiring - fun loving or somber -affectionate or reserved
extraversion personality
In personality research aiming to predict future well-being, ________ tends to be more positive years later, and ________ tends to be more negative years later.
extraversion; neuroticism
Health is NOT a key factor in sexual activity
false
Sexual activity occurs MORE frequently than in early adulthood
false
being overweight is NOT a critical health problem in middle adulthood
false
Leading Finnish research Clas-Hakan Nygard concluded from his longitudinal research that work effectively peaks in middle adulthood for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:
fewer demands at home
men tend to respond with ______ __ ______ which intales that they become aggressive, socially withdraw, or drink alcohol
fight or flight
the view that when men experience stress, they are more likely to become aggressive, withdraw from social contact, or drink alcohol
fight or flight
Which of the following is NOT one of the main reasons that grandparents are thrust back into the "parenting" role they thought they had shed?
filling the empty nest
The ability to reason abstractly, which steadily declines from middle adulthood on, according to Horn.
fluid intelligence
the ability to reason abstractly, which steadily declines from middle adulthood on, according to Horn
fluid intelligence
____________ can be developed in a number of ways: -biological (blank) -parental (blank) -work (blank) -cultural (blank)
generativity
adults desire to leave legacies of themselves to the next generation; the positive side of Erikson's generativity versus stagnation middle adulthood stage
generativity
What was Erikson's stage for middle aged adults called?
generativity versus stagnation
According to George Vaillant's longitudinal studies, ________ in middle-age was more strongly related than ________ to whether individuals would have an enduring and happy marriage at 75 to 80 years of age.
generativity; intimacy
________ makeup and lifestyle are important roles of whether or not a chronic disease will appear and when
genetic
(who's studies were these??) Longitudinal studies of 3 samples: -268 socially advantaged Harvard grads born about 1920 -456 socially disadvantaged inner-city men born about 1930 -90 middle-SES, intellectually gifted women born around 1910
george valliant
Many adults become _____________ for the first time in middle age
grandparents
George Valliant conducted the ______ _______ which concluded: 40's a time of reasoning and recording truth about adolescence and adulthood
grant study
full time grand-parenting (taking care of grand-kid) was linked to ______ ________, depression, and stress
health problems
George Valliant categorized 75-80 year olds as "________-____" or "____"
healthy-well, dead
Effects of middle age causes the first to decrease and the latter to increase.
height and weight
Hearing declines at age 40, with sensitivity to this type of pitch decling first.
high pitches
The results from an 18-year longitudinal study revealed that the longevity gap between African American and non-Latino white men is linked to:
higher marriage rates for no-latino white men
some cults and religious sects encourage health-damaging behaviors such as: ___________ _______ _________ _________
ignoring sound medical advice
sleep deprivation is linked to a lower effective __________ system
immune
a Finnish study was conducted that showed that less leisure time was linked to cognitive ______________
impairment
According to research on intergenerational relationships, in which of the following ways is an adult child most likely to be similar to his or her parents?
in politics
mediating variables in the contemporary life events approach include: -physical health -intelligence -personality -family support - __________
income
In middle adulthood, -verbal comprehension -verbal memory - spatial orientation -inductive reasoning
increased
there is an _________ divorce rate in middle-aged adults
increasing
Refers to the speed of processing information, memory, and expertise. All of these are affected in middle age.
information processing
A growing number of experts define the age group of 55 to 65 as this, which is more likely to be characterized by the death of a parent, the last child leaving the parental home, becoming a grandparent, preparing for retirement, and in many cases actual retirement.
late midlife
____ _______ (ages 55 to 65) likely to be characterized by: -Death of a parent -Last child leaving the parental home -Becoming a grandparent -Preparation for and actual retirement -First confrontation with health problems
late midlife
Refers to the pleasant times after work when individuals are free to pursue activities and interests of their own choosing. Studies indicate that not engaging in more of these is one of the top six regrets of U.S. adults, that not engaging in this activity in middle age is linked to risk of cognitive impairment in late adulthood, and individuals who do engage in high levels of were less likely to have Alzheimer disease.
leisure
the pleasant times after work when individuals are free to pursue activities and interests of their own choosing
leisure
Cholesterol can be lowered in all of the following ways EXCEPT:
liposuction
When refilling the empty nest (when kids move back in) is a common occurrence then both sides complain that there is a _____ __ ______
loss of privacy
exercise was linked to better lung functioning and lower risk of ____ ______
lung cancer
-smoking -diabetes -hypertension -elevated cholesterol -obesity
main causes for erectile dysfunction in men
The condition in which the body does not produce enough testosterone.
male hypogonadism
The empty nest syndrome is not only the sadness of kids moving out but also the decreased __________ ________________
marriage satisfaction
hot flashes are uncommon in _____ women and less frequent in ______ women that western women
mayan, asian
memory decline is linked to ineffective _______ ___________
memory strategies
Do men or women age 30-50 lose half an inch per year and 3/4 per year from 50-70?
men
-no obvious problems, just fell out of love 17% -cheating 14% -different values, lifestyles 14%
men's reasons for divorce
abilities to work effectively peaks in middle age due to: - increased ____________ -work experience -employer loyalty -better strategic thinking
motivation
occurs at a rate of losing 1-2% per year after the age of 50
muscle loss
Security, loyalty, and _______ emotional interest are more important in middle adulthood
mutual
(emotional stability) -calm or anxious -secure or insecure -self satisfied or self pitying
neurotism personality
In a 2004 survey conducted by AARP, the primary reason middle-aged and older men cited for wanting a divorce was:
no obvious problems; they just fell out of love
Levinson sees the twenties as a(n) ________ phase of adult development.
novice
A study of healthy women ages 63 to 93 years old regarding their daily experiences revealed that:
older women reported less frequent negative emotions
-imaginative or practical -interested in variety or routine -independent or conforming
openess personality
-more money, free time, and paid vacations
opportunities for leisure
_________ was linked to being healthier and living longer
optimism
how people react to stress is linked to their health ________
outcomes
middle aged adults experience more __________ stressors; involve juggling too many activities at once
overload
Whereas ________ is important in new relationships, especially in young adulthood, ________ becomes more important in middle adulthood.
passion; security
Developmental changes in __________ _________ control: -Greater sense of control over finances, work, and marriage -Less sense of control over sex life and children
perceived personal
middle aged: many deaths are by a ______, identifiable condition
single
Victor Frankl's Man's Search for Meaning Most distinct human qualities identified as: - - -
spirituality, freedom, responsibility
________ develops when individuals sense that they have done nothing for the next generation.
stagnation
sometimes called self absorption, this state of mind develops when individuals sense that they have done little or nothing for the next generation; this is the negative side of Erikson's generativity versus stagnation middle adulthood stage
stagnation
cushions for bones like cartilage, ligaments and joints become less efficient, which leads to __________ and difficultly in _______
stiffness, moving
meaning making coping is helpful during times of _______ or ______
stress, loss
Taylor's view that when women experience stress, they are more likely to seek social alliances with others, especially female friends
tend or befriend
women react with ____ __ ________ which seeks social alliances with others, especially female friends
tend or befriend
Can improve sexual functioning, muscle strength, and bone health.
testosterone replacement therapy TRT
In a 2004 survey conducted by AARP, divorced adults reported that they had generally stayed in their marriages and postponed their divorces because of:
their children
- peak functioning for joints in their twenties -maximum bone density is in mid thirties -bone loss accelerates in fifties -women lose bone mass twice as quickly as men do -by the end of midlife, bones break easy and heal slowly
true
1/2 of 65-69 year olds considered themselves middle aged
true
75% of erectile dysfunction is psychological
true
A US consensus: more than 102,713,000 were 40-64, which was 33.2% of the entire population
true
Avshalom Caspi and Brent Roberts concluded that the evidence does not support the view that personality traits become completely fixed at a certain age in adulthood
true
Gains and losses may balance each other in early midlife; losses begin to outweigh gains in late midlife
true
Middle-aged men are more interested in sex than middle-aged women
true
a higher sense of the meaning of life is linked to psychological well-being and physical health
true
crystallized intelligence continues to increase in middle adulthood
true
divorce in middle adulthood may be more positive in some way, more negative in others
true
estrogen decreasing dramatically result in -rapid heart beat -fatigue -nausea -hot flashes
true
fluid intelligence may begin to decline in middle adulthood
true
men start to lose sensitivity to high pitch before women, probably due to the types of jobs men take (construction, welding etc)
true
men who have prostate cancer or at risk for blood clots should not be taking testosterone replacement drugs
true
mother's inter-generational ties are influential for grandparent-grandchild relationships
true
people ARE living longer, but they are also having children later in life, so the two might cancel each other out and great grand-kids may not have their great grandparents for a long time
true
research suggests that: a significant increase in spirituality between late middle and late adulthood
true
the Baltimore study concluded that there are considerable stabilities across adult years for the big five factors
true
these are all cardiovascular issues that are experiences in middle adulthood: -high BP -high cholesterol -cardiovascular disease
true
young people usually focus on self-pursuits rather than taking responsibility for others
true
In a 2004 survey conducted by AARP, the primary reason middle-aged and older women cited for wanting a divorce was:
verbal, physical, or emotional abuse
________ _____ __ ______: -Wrinkling and sagging of skin -Appearance of aging spots -Hair becomes thinner and grayer -Nails become thicker and more brittle -Yellowing of teeth
visible signs of aging
-Difficulty viewing close objects -Reduced blood supply decreases visual field -Hearing can start to decline by the age of 40 -High-pitched sounds are typically lost first
vision and hearing
Divorce and remarriage related to special concerns about grandparent ____________ _________
visitation privileges
Beginning in the late fourties, these periods are more frequent and there is also less of the deepest type of sleep (stage 4).
wakeful periods
in forties, _______ _______ are more common with less of deepest type of sleep (stage 4)
wakeful periods
