human growth and development exam 2

After 5 days of mitosis there are ___ cells, and after 9 months there are _____ of cells

100 billions

The first ____ pairs of chromosomes are known as autosomes and determine things such as eye and hair color.

22

A human being has a total of ___ pairs of chromosomes.

23

By __ weeks, thalamic brain connections form, which mediate sensory input. The fetus can distinguish between voices, and can remember songs and certain sounds after birth. The fetus becomes sensitive to light as well

28

Growth begins to slow around __ to __ weeks

30 to 32

week __ all of the fetus's organ systems are developed enough that it could survive outside the uterus without many of the risks associated with premature birth. The fetus continues to gain weight and grow in length until approximately 40 weeks. By then, the fetus has very little room to move around and birth becomes imminent.

37

Prenatal development is the process that occurs during the ____ weeks prior to the birth of a child, and is heavily influenced by ________.

40 genetics

_________ behavior occurs when a person does something in order to benefit another person without expecting anything in return.

Altruistic

reflex is unknown, although it may have to do with walking. After stroking the bottom of the baby's foot from toe to heel, the baby's toes fan out and the foot pulls up and away toward the shin. This can last up until the end of the first year of life, though it often disappears around 8-9 months. At this point the reflex changes, and the toes curl down and the foot curls in response to the same stimulation. If the earlier Babinksi reflex is found in an adult, it can indicate some form of brain damage.

Babinski (reflex)

________ is responsible for the transmission of genetic material.

DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid

________ helps a child develop positive peer relationships; it is affected by a child's temperament, as well as by parenting style.

Empathy

Physically, children with ______ may have a small head size and abnormal facial features. Cognitively, these children may have poor judgment, poor impulse control, higher rates of ADHD and learning issues, and lower IQ scores. These developmental problems and delays persist into adulthood

FASD

involve the coordination of small muscle movements, usually involving the hands working in coordination with the eyes. Hand-eye coordination allows a child to perform such skills as drawing, using buttons and zippers, eating with utensils, and tying shoes. Children increase their mastery of these skills through practice. For example, at age 2, a child's drawing might be a series of crayon scribbles, but by age 5, he or she might be able to draw a person's face complete with eyes, nose, and mouth.

Fine motor skills

______ _________ is the process by which cells differentiate

Gene regulation

____ cells, which account for half of all brain mass in early childhood, are responsible for a process known as myelination.

Glial

coordinate the large muscle groups that control our arms and legs and involve larger movements like balancing, running, and jumping. By the end of the second year of life, most children (except those with disabilities or other special needs) can stand up, walk/run, climb stairs, jump, and skip. As children grow older (ages 4-5), many can also catch balls, ride bikes, and run with more speed and agility. The prerequisite to all these skills is postural control—the ability to hold one's head up, sit independently, and stand. Appropriate posture allows the child to learn to walk, run, and engage in other gross motor skills.

Gross motor skills

Sensitivity to sound improves greatly over the first few months of life; however, newborns recognize familiar sounds that they heard while in the womb, especially their mother's voice. Newborns prefer the human voice to other sounds, and infants as young as 3 days old can distinguish between several different sound patterns.

Hearing (sense)

________ _________ such as viruses or parasites can also cause brain damage to the fetus, or even death.

Maternal infections

reflex is thought to help babies cling to their mothers for safety and protection. If a loud banging noise is made near the baby, the baby will make an "embracing" motion (extending arms and legs then bringing them back toward the body) in an attempt to cling. This generally disappears around 6 months of age.

Moro (reflex)

_______ skills refer to our ability to move our bodies and manipulate objects.

Motor

_______ is when a sudden change in a segment of the DNA occurs, can result in conditions such as Down Syndrome or Turner's Syndrome.

Mutation

is well developed at the time of birth, and infants are highly sensitive to pain. Because _____ is important for bonding and emotional development, it makes sense that this is one of the infant's earliest active senses.

Touch (sense)

True or false: babies can be born addicted to certain drugs and are also more likely to be born prematurely, have low birth weight, and experience other physical defects. Many end up with attention and behavioral problems as well.

True

is the least developed of the newborn baby's senses. Newborns can only see objects or people clearly when they appear within 18 inches in front of them Visual acuity is very limited but develops rapidly over the next several months. Color discrimination occurs around the age of 4 months, but newborns still prefer bright colors and patterns to gray or dull ones.

Vision (sense)

___________ and __________ play in which children begin to engage with one another, exchanging and sharing toys and creating games together.

associative and cooperative

When the mother smokes, the developing baby experiences a reduction in _____ _______ levels

blood oxygen

A structure in the cell nucleus that contains DNA, histone protein, and other structural proteins

chromosome

Severe pains that grip the abdomen or the disease that causes such pains (due to intestinal or bowel related problems).

colic

The fertilization of an ovum by a sperm to form a zygote.

conception

Each organ of the fetus develops during a specific period in the pregnancy, called the ______ or ______ period.

critical or sensitive period.

A genetic component found in all living things which it is associated with the transmission of genetic information; consists of a polymer formed from nucleotides which are shaped into a double helix.

deoxyribonucleic acid

Skill in performing tasks, especially with the hands.

dexterity

An organism in the earlier stages of development; in humans, usually the cell growth up to the end of the seventh week in utero.

embryo

Prenatal development is also organized into trimesters: the first trimester ends with the end of the ______ stage, the second trimester ends at week _____, and the third trimester ends at _____.

embryonic 20 birth

The capacity to understand another person's point of view, or the result of such understanding.

empathy

Children raised in loving homes with affectionate parents are more likely to develop a sense of _______ and ______, whereas those raised in harsh or neglectful homes tend to be more aggressive and less kind to others.

empathy and altruism

The act of impregnating animal or vegetable gametes.

fertilization

Any of a spectrum of birth defects that result from excessive alcohol consumption by the mother during pregnancy.

fetal alcohol syndrome

When the organism is about nine weeks old, the embryo is called a _____At this stage, the fetus is about the size of a kidney bean and begins to take on the recognizable form of a human being. Between 9 and 12 weeks, reflexes begin to appear and the arm and legs start to move (those first movements won't be felt for a few weeks, however).

fetus

During the _________ stage, the cells necessary for the placenta, umbilical cord, and amniotic fluid will differentiate to form the embryo. The mass of cells has yet to attach itself to the lining of the uterus; once this attachment occurs, the next stage begins.

germinal

The _______ stage is the stage of development that occurs from conception until 2 weeks (implantation).

germinal

What are the three stages of prenatal development?

germinal, embryonic, and fetal.

Non-neuronal cells that maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and provide support and protection for neurons in the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system.

glial cell

Research suggests that as babies, humans are biologically wired to coordinate their actions with others; this ability to sync with others facilitates cognitive and emotional learning through social interaction. Additionally, the most socially productive relationship between children and adults is bidirectional, where both parties actively define a shared culture.

intersubjectivity

The state or condition of involving or occurring between separate conscious minds; a term used to represent the psychological relation between people.

intersubjectivity

The production of a coating of myelin around an axon.

myelination

This process improves message transfer between synapses and assists in brain development. The connection between neighboring neurons allows for advanced brain function, such as planning and implementing behaviors and integrating sensory information from the environment. The developing brain will grow from 30 percent of its adult weight at birth to 70 percent by age 2.

myelination

Of or pertaining to the period of time immediately following birth.

neonatal

The first two months of newborn growth and development are known as the ________ period of development.

neonatal

A hollow longitudinal dorsal tube formed in the folding and subsequent fusion of the opposite ectodermal folds in the embryo that gives rise to the brain and spinal cord.

neural tube

Any substance, such as acetylcholine or dopamine, responsible for sending nerve signals across a synapse between two neurons.

neurotransmitter

when children begin to take an interest in other children but prefer to play alone and side-by-side. Children engaged in parallel play will sit next to one another during a play session, but each will engage in his or her own activity.

parallel play

Developmental psychologists consider the process of human development as it relates to ______, _________, and __________ development.

physical, cognitive, and psychosocial development.

A vascular organ in mammals, present only in the female during gestation, that supplies food and oxygen from the mother to the fetus and passes back waste.

placenta

When the zygote attaches to the wall of the uterus, the ________ is formed.

placenta

The brain's ability to change and adapt over the course of a lifetime; changes in neural pathways and synapses due to changes in behavior, environment, neural processes, thinking, and emotions.

plasticity

The way a person holds and positions their body.

posture

There are five states of arousal in which newborn babies spend their time; these include .....?

regular sleep, irregular sleep, drowsiness, quiet alertness, and crying.

The last pair, known as the _______ chromosomes, determine a person's biological sex: females have two X chromosomes, while males have an X and a Y chromosome.

sex

By the time the fetus reaches the ________, it weighs up to 1.4 pounds. Hearing has developed, so the fetus can respond to sounds. The internal organs, including the lungs, heart, stomach, and intestines, have formed enough that a fetus born prematurely at this point has a chance to survive outside of the womb

sixth month of development (24 weeks)

________ while pregnant can result in premature birth, low-birth-weight infants, stillbirth, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), inattentiveness, muscle tension, and colic

smoking

As the cells divide, they become more _________, forming different organs and body parts

specialized

The sudden and unexplained death of an infant aged one month to one year, normally while sleeping.

sudden infant death syndrome

The junction between the terminal of a neuron and either another neuron or a muscle or gland cell, over which nerve impulses pass.

synapse

Once nerve cells in the brain are in place, they form _______. These synapses release ______________, which are chemical signals that help the brain communicate.

synapses neurotransmitters

the removal of unnecessary neurons to make room for necessary ones.

synaptic pruning

A person's normal manner of thinking, behaving, or reacting.

temperament

Any agent or substance which can cause malformation of an embryo or birth defects.

teratogen

Exposure to ____________ during the prenatal stage can significantly raise the risk of birth defects

teratogens

Other ________ that affect prenatal development include radiation, pollution, and infectious disease.

teratogens

Between 3 and 5 years old, children come to understand that people have thoughts, feelings, and beliefs that are different from their own. This is known as_______ __ _____ Children can use this skill to tease others, persuade their parents to purchase a candy bar for them, or understand why a sibling might be angry. When children develop theory of mind, they can recognize that others may have false beliefs

theory of mind.

A fertilized egg cell.

zygote

The developing ______ gets half of its chromosomes from one parent and half from the other parent.

zygote

A ______ begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge. At the moment of conception, the mother's and father's DNA are passed on to; the genetic makeup and sex of the future fetus are set at this point. During the first week after conception, the ________ rapidly divides and multiplies, going from a one-cell structure to two cells, then four cells, then eight cells, and so on. This process of cell division is called ______, which is a fragile process, and fewer than one-half of all zygotes survive beyond the first two weeks

zygote zygote mitosis

____ ___________ is a process by which a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell.

Cell differentiation

__________ are genetic material that determines many things about a person, such as eye and hair color, biological sex, and personality traits

Chromosomes

________ occurs when a sperm fertilizes an egg and forms a zygote.

Conception

__________ is also an important aspect of early childhood development. Also known as brain plasticity, _______________ is an umbrella term that refers to changes in neural pathways and synapses caused by changes in behavior, environment, neural processes, thinking, and emotions—as well as changes resulting from bodily injury. This change occurs on a variety of levels, ranging from cellular changes (caused by learning) to large-scale changes in response to injury. The role of _________________ is considered important to healthy development, learning, memory, and recovery from brain damage.

Neuroplasticity

__________ or _______ play occurs in the beginning of childhood, when children spend most time alone with preferred playthings.

Non-social or solitary

________ such as exposure to mercury or PCBs, can cause physical deformities, abnormal speech, and difficulty with coordination.

Pollution

_____ increases the risk of childhood cancer, as well as emotional and behavioral disorders; because of this, it is recommended that pregnant women avoid x-rays unless absolutely necessary.

Radiation

This reflex allows the baby to find the mother's nipple (or bottle nipple) in order to eat. It can be elicited by stroking the baby's cheek; the baby will turn in the direction of the stimulation and look for the nipple. Rooting (the stroking of the cheek to stimulate the feeding response) is replaced by sucking at around 4 months of age.

Rooting/Sucking (reflex)

reflex prepares the baby to start walking independently. When the baby is held under the arms with their bare feet touching the ground, the newborn will make "stepping" movements with his or her legs. This generally disappears around the age of 2 months.

Stepping (reflex)

Newborns have the ability to distinguish between several different tastes; sweet is the preferred taste at birth, perhaps because mother's breast milk has a sweet taste. Again, this is a basic survival mechanism—the child needs food to survive and prefers the food their mother can provide. Newborn babies can also recognize their mothers' smell and will show a preference for smells they recognize from the womb.

Taste/Smell (sense)