Human Sexuality Final Exam SMU, HS exam 2, HS Final, Human Sexuality Final Review
How many people in the world are currently living HIV/AIDS?
- Person currently infected with HIV o 1.1 million in the US o 33 million globally o 48,000 in the US o 2.6 million globally
harmful social consequences of porn:
- Promotes moral decay - Undermines traditional social institutions, such as the family - Encourages abuse (necrobabes website) or promotes physical and sexual violence - Changes expectation of real like sexual encounters
What is RU-486 (mifepristone)? How does it work?
-most common in medical abortions -blocks progestin receptors so the body thinks progesterone is absent -endometrium to break down and detaches from fetus and dies -
Vasalgel
-new form of male contraception -gel inserted into vas deferens instead of cutting the tubes -more readily reversible -polymer simple flushed through vas deferens and gel is carried out
The female condom
-one ring of the female condom is inserted into the vagina while the other is spread over the vaginal entrance -Prevents sperm from entering vagina -Perfect-user failure rate is 5% and typical-user failure rate is 21%
What are the three types of stalking?
Cyberstalking, intimate partner stalking, delusional stalking
broad outlines of those most at risk for rape/sexual victimization
Female, young, elderly residents of nursing homes
Evolutionary theories
Forced copulation is quite common in nonhuman animals. Forced intercourse increases reproductive success
Is the rate of rape in the U.S. increasing or decreasing?
The rate of rape in the US is declining. Improving economic circumstances were thought to be the major factor, but the declining trend continued through the recent recession. Better policing, increased awareness, and the general improvement in the status of women may have played a role.
godhatesfags.com/Westboro Baptist Church
Homophobic hate group from Topeka, Kansas that protests homosexuality, jews, and politicians. They picket wherever they can to get their message out.
How can individuals reduce their risk of contracting an STD?
How can individuals reduce their risk of contracting an STD? - GET TESTED - Abstinence from sex - Careful choice of sexual partners - Avoidance of risky sexual behaviors - Use of condoms
which of the following people is most likely to face anti-gay sentiment?
Ibrahim, a gay man who lives in Saudi Arabia
methotrexate
If a woman cannot take mifepristone, she can take methotrexate given by injection, kills rapidly dividing cells and has a toxic effect on the fetus
What is the difference between RU-486 and emergency contraception?
RU-486 will work if you are pregnant, emergency contraception will only work up to 72 hours after impregnation and will only work if ovulation has not occured
social forces
Rapists tend to be less educated, have poor relationships with their parents, be more self-centered, and have less capacity for empathy
vacuum aspiration
accounts for the majority of the abortions in the U.S. abortion procedure in which the cervix is dilated, a cannula (tube) is inserted into the uterus which is connected to a pump. The pump creates suction that breaks up the embryo's membranes and removes them from the uterus occurs in the first trimester
Blastocyst
after cell division begins
What is RU-486 (mifepristone)? How does it work?
blocks progesterone (which is necessary for sustaining pregnancy) receptors, endometrium begins to break down and the fetus will detach from the endometrium and die Misoprostol still has to be taken after to induce contractions
Fertility awareness
calendar (rhythm method), BBT, Billings (mucus method
fertility awareness
calendar (rhythm method), BBT, Billings (mucus method)
fertility awareness methods of contraception
calendar (rhythm method), BBT, Billings (mucus method)
gonorrhea
can infect both men and women, causes infections in the genitals, rectum, and throat very common infection, especially among young people ages 15-24 years. Symptoms: burn while peeing, discharge, some pain in testicles
Genital herpes
caused by HSV II
What was Kinsey's contribution to understanding sexual orientation?
created 7pt scale ranging 0 being very attracted to opposite sex and 6 being very attracted to the same sex
thalidomide
a drug formerly used as a sedative but withdrawn in the early 1960s after it was found to cause congenital malformation or absence of limbs in children whose mothers took the drug during early pregnancy.
Acyclovir
a drug used in the treatment of genital herpes
retrovirus
a family of enveloped viruses that replicate in a host cell through the process of reverse transcription
placenta
a flattened circular organ in the uterus of pregnant eutherian mammals, nourishing and maintaining the fetus through the umbilical cord placenta previa: a condition in which the placenta covers the cervix
The vaginal ring (NuvaRing)
a flexible, transparent ring made of plastic and filled with same hormones as pill but slightly lower doses
DES
a man-made form of estrogen that was prescribed to mothers in the 1960s during pregnancy to help prevent miscarriage and preterm labor. Children whose mothers were given this drug during pregnancy are more likely to be homosexual or bisexual.
chancre
a painless ulcer, particularly one developing on the genitals as a result of venereal disease.
What decisions do an expecting woman/couple need to make regarding the birth itself? What options for childbirth alternatives presently exist?
decide where to have the baby (hospitals, birthing centers, planned home birth) - decide what method: Lamaze method - focuses on natural ways of pain reduction Bradley method - uses woman's partner as "birth coach"
Has prostitution in the U.S. increased or decreased since Kinsey's survey?
decreased
Is the rate of rape in the U.S. increasing or decreasing?
decreasing
Cesarean Section
delivery of baby through an incision in the abdomen
depo-provera
depo-provera intramuscular injection, slow-release form of progestin, single injection lasts for 3 months pros: fail rate of 3%, little action for user, eventual cessation of period cons: no STI protections, irregular bleedings, cannot be removed once injected, fully reversible but takes a year, should not be used more than 2 yrs (FDA black box warning), loss of bone density
The sex differences seen in moral reasoning may be related to
different styles of conflict resolution between men and women.
diaphragm
dome shape, fits around walls of vagina and covers cervix, must be used with spermicaide cream in case sperm gets around the edges
Bieber attributed the development of male homosexuality primarily to:
dominate, overly intimate mothers
Skins
early form of contraception similar to condoms, usually were animal-based in the late 1800s
What some risk factors during pregnancy? What are some of the complications of pregnancy?
ectopic pregnancy, pseudocyesis, preeclampsia, miscarriage, preterm delivery, teratogens, STDs, drugs/alcohol; gestational diabetes, Rh incompatibility, low birth weight, infectious diseases
abstinence contraceptive method
either complete abstinence or partial with fertility awareness methods
Plan B
emergency contraception that is used for emergencies such as rape or a condom breaking. Works by preventing ovulation and is most effective when taking close to 2-3 days after sex but can work up to 5 days after sex
artificial insemination
entire amount of sperm donation can be placed directly into woman's vagina
Hyaluronidase
enzyme that dissolves the zone pellucid, permitting one sperm to penetrate the egg
What is the main form of prostitution in the U.S.?
escort service
What is the main form of prostitution in the US?
escort services
Which is a characteristic that would not be factor in the tendency know as homophily
eye color
T/F surveys in North America and Western Europe suggest that about ten percent (10%) of people sampled identify as having only same sex partners
false
T/F the terms "Hijra" and "two-spirit" mean the same thing
false
Zygote
fertilized egg that travels down fallopian tube
researchers have studied finger length ratios in heterosexual and homosexual women because
finger length is thought to be an indicator of sexual maturity in women
Embryo
first 8 weeks of gestation
The cervical cap
fits more snugly over the cervix than the diaphragm and should also be used with spermicidal cream
vaginal rings (NuvaRing)
flexible ring, placed deep in the vagina, releases combo of estrogen and progestin pros: fewer actions per month, no skin reactions cons: ring may slip out, some women can feel it during sex
spermicides
foams, jellies, creams, sponges pros: available w/o prescription, inexpensive, few side effects cons: high failure rate, no HIV/STI protection
Give me two specific examples of gender signals discussed in the video
foot binding • neck rings • larger hips
tubal ligation
form of female sterilization which the oviducts are blocked by tying them off
tubal sterilization
form of sterilization, getting tubes tied pros: woman is sterile regardless of who she has sex with, 39% decrease in risk of ovarian cancer cons: invasive, risky, $$$, long recovery
vasectomy
form of sterilization, vas deferens are cut off and sealed pros: almost 100% reliable, super convenient, cheaper/safer than tubal sterilization cons: not reliably reversible, $$$, no STI protection
In the Christian tradition, sex between unmarried people was called
fornication
The idea that the actions of males and females come to be perceived categorically is an important component of
gender schema theory.
rubella
get vaccinated before pregnancy ear, eye defects
Which STI is showing signs of serious antibiotic resistance?
gonorrhea
what are the bacterial STD's?
gonorrhea, syphillis, chlamydia, LGV, bacterial vaginosis
What segments of the population have been most affected by the epidemic of STD's?
young people (from 1st time having sex to when they want children, 10 years)
Ryan gets very upset any time the topic of homosexuality comes up. He rails against the "immorality" of homosexuality and even advocated imprisoning gays and lesbians. it is probably safe to say that Ryan with his strong gay-attitudes is_______
homophobic
Casual sex is most prevalent among
homosexual men
HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)
hormone produced by developing placenta
Progestin
hormone that is regulated during the menstrual cycle. Some birth control pills contain only progestin
Oxytocin
hormone that is released during labor, facilitating birth, maternal bonding, and stimulation of the nipples for lactation. Works in positive feedback mechanisms for childbirth and milk ejection
HPV
human papillomaviruses
Neuroscientists studying the brains of heterosexuals and homosexuals often look at the _____because this region of the brain is involved with reproductive and mating behaviors
hypothalamus
hysterotomy
if labor is risky for the safety of the woman, the fetus is removed via surgiccal incision in the abdomen and uterus accounts for less than 1% of all abortions
Thalidomide
immunomodulatory drug
Ectopic pregnancy
implantation and resulting pregnancy at any site other than the uterus
ectopic pregnancy
implantation and resulting pregnancy at any site other than the uterus.
dilation
in childbirth the expansion of the cervical canal
Dilation
in childbirth, the expansion of the cervical canal
forms of abortion discussed in the text and know when they can be done (pp. 298-302) [surgical/medical types]
induced abortion surgical abortion- more common dilation and evacuation saline-induced medical- use drugs that have toxic effect on growing fetus
3 types of abortion
induced abortion therapeutic abortion elective abortion
Intact D&X
induced abortion through pre-term delivery of fetus
pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
infections of the uterus or oviducts, caused by STD
Vaginitis
inflammation of the vagina
The condition known as____ has provided useful evidence for hormonal theories positioning that early androgen exposure predisposes people to be sexually attracted to females
• AIS, androgen insensitivity syndrome
About how many people are estimated to be exclusively homosexual in the US and Western European nations?
•2% of men exclusively gay •1% of women exclusively lesbians
How many new cases of STI's are there each year in the US? What are the most common ones?
•20 million new cases of STIs each year in US •most common: trichomoniasis, syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, genital herpes, HPV, Hep B, HIV
What is the current status of conversion therapy in the US today? (p. 393)
•2017 nine states and many cities have laws against the application of conversion treatments to minors •no convincing evidence for success of conversion treatments, lots of evidence for their harm
How many initiations do Sambia males undergo to become men? When is a Sambia male considered to have full manhood?
•6 •fully a man when he has his first child
benefits of BC
•80% reduction of ovarian and endometrial cancer •reliable, reversible, and convenient •extended use pills can reduce the number of menstrual periods
Urethritis
inflammation of urethra -Infections are very common and are often caused by sexually transmitted bacteria (but not always) -in men, the symptoms are •Discharge (clear or cloudy) •Painful urination •Asymptomatic in 10% •Incubation period is 1-14 days
Essure
insert is permanently placed into each of your fallopian tubes by your doctor, work with your body to form a natural barrier that keeps sperm from reaching the eggs, preventing pregnancy while the natural barrier forms over time, another form of birth control must be used.
Induced abortion
intentional termination of a pregnancy
Braxton hicks contractions
irregular uterine contractions that occur during the 3rd trimester of pregnancy also called false labor.
Braxton Hicks contractions
irregular uterine contractions that occur during the third trimester of pregnancy. Also called false labor
HIV Infections and AIDS
•AIDS - acquired immune deficiency syndrome •HIV - human immune deficiency virus; the virus that causes AIDS •Opportunistic diseases may take over once HIV has damaged an individual's immune system •Transmission usually through coitus and anal sex
Potential Problems and Drawbacks of Condoms
•Cant protect against HPV and Herpes completely •Latex allergy •Reduced sensation and perceived as an interruption of sex
What is HAART and how does it work (generally)?
it's a customized combination of meds prescribed that are based on the patient's viral load, the strain of the virus, the CD+4 (important WBCs) cell count and other disease symptoms
prostaglandin
labor inducing •Contractions begin and fetus is expelled within 48 hours
transdermal patches (Ortho Evra)
large square patches, hormonal contraceptive diffuses slowly through skin pros: similar to combo pills, evident to partner that you are actually using contraception cons: no overweight women, skin irritation, prevents normal addition of bone mass for young women
Saline-induced abortion
late in the second trimester •Induces premature labor by injecting salt solution into the amniotic sac
The term ___ can be traced to the Greek port Sapphoo who lived on the island of____
lesbian/lesbos
Hepatitis B
liver disease caused by hepatitis B virus, one that is often transmitted sexually
What does an HIV test "look" for?
looks for antibodies to HIV in your blood or saliva. Your body makes very specific antibodies to fight HIV.
genetics (Bailey and Pillard)
low association between genetics and homosexuality
progestin-only pill
low dose progestin, no estrogen, makes cervical mucus thick and hostile to transport pros: lack estrogenic side effects, breast feeding mothers can use them 6 weeks after birth cons: tends to disrupt menstrual cycle
vasectomy
male sterilization procedure that involves cutting or tying of the vas deferns
Are all Brazilian prostitutes transgendered?
no
abstinence
no sex
the term "ethnographic present" discussed in the lecture means?
refers to the practice or convention of writing ethnographic monographs (books) in the present tense
CD4 T-cell
the HIV virus invades these white blood cells. Their count indicates the stage of HIV or AIDS in a patient. When the virus reproduces, these infected t cells are destroyed
Gaydar
the ability to recognize gay people on the basis of unconscious behaviors, voice quality, gait, and so on
Caesarian section
the delivery of a baby through an incision in the abdominal wall and the uterus
Seasonale
the extended-use contraceptive pill that can lead to a woman only having 4 periods a year instead of 13
Implanon
the implant consisting of a hormone tube filled the size of a matchstick and inserted into your upper arm. Can stay effective and in place for 3 years
Colostrum
the milk produced during the first few days after birth; it is relatively low in fat but rich in immunoglobulins
colostrum
the milk produced during the first few days after birth; it is relatively low in fat but rich in immunoglobuns and protiens.
The swelling or thickening of the tissues surrounding the outer third of the vagina ...... end of the plateau phase creates_____
the orgasmic platform
Can be argued that pornography is victimless
the people who create it do so voluntarily and get paid, and the people who consume it do so voluntarily and get sexual pleasure
amniocentesis
the sampling of amniotic fluid for purposes of prenatal diagnosis chromosomal & genetic abnormalities as well as spina bifida 15 to 18 weeks of pregnancy
Amniocentesis
the sampling of the amniotic fluid for purposes of prenatal diagnoses
Alligatoring refers to
the term used for summoning Mehinaku women to secret meeting spots for extramarital affairs
Placenta
the vascular organ, formed during pregnancy, that allows for the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the fetus and the removal of waste products
How is HIV transmitted?
vaginal and anal sex, contaminated needles, blood transfusions, perinatal transmission (mother to child)
Which of the STI's we covered were viral? Bacterial?
viral -herpes -genital warts -cervical cancer -hep a, b -hiv/aids
Chlamydia
viral STD
Gonorrhea
viral STD
Syphilis
viral STD
Hepatitis
viruses that attack the liver
All of the following have ben reported to differ between gay and straight people except
waist to hip ratio
a determinant of physical attractiveness is the _____
waist- to hip ratio
Genital warts (HPV)
wartlike growths on or near the genitalia or anus, caused by infection with HPV
Edema
water retention and swelling of feet legs hands face ankles wrists during pregnancy
In comparing the birth order of gay men to hetero men, it was found that gay men
were more likely to have a late birth order and several older brothers
couvade
when men experience pregnancy like symptoms
CD4 lymphocytes
white cells of the immune system HIV targets these blood cells and lymph nodes and destroys
the modern American gay rights movement is generally said to have begun in 1969 with?
with a riot in response to a police raid on a gay bar in NYC-stonewall
Has prostitution in the US increased or decreased since Kinsey's survey?
•decreased •20th century coalition of reformers, early feminists, and health authorities to force red light districts out of existence •epidemics of STIs forced major campaign against prostitution so it went underground •still exists but in decline
What are the benefits and challenges of ethnographic field work?
•delve into depth of a culture, learn language, understand rituals as part of them •problem of regulation •never have sex with people under observation (however issue of racist colonial mindset) •need to become accustomed to the culture to reduce ethnocentric bias
What is the difference between mifepristone and emergency contraception?
•emergency contraception must be given within first few days and prevents ovulation v. mifepristone prevents progestin from getting to uterus
How does Herdt describe relations between the sexes?
•men are preferred sex mostly because they possess semen •women inferior •marriage arranged and patrilineal descent •semen social transactions
Be familiar with the broad outlines of those most at risk for rape/sexual victimization
•mixed race women •Native Americans •women in general •LGBT, especially trans
According to Malinowski, when did sexual activity begin for children?
•sex begins early because there is no taboo, child's play and exploration around 5-6 as a form of amusement •children have their own lives, no interference, a small sub-community
elective abortion
performed in circumstances when a women's life is not at risk
therapeutic abortion
performed to safe guard a woman's life/health
IUD's
-morena most common -women used to think this led to infertility -left in place for years -has string attached
Gardasil
vaccine that prevents against the strains of HPV that cause genital warts and cervical cancer
pulling out
"coitus interruptus" or the withdrawal method. Simple but risky
Oral herpes
"fever blisters" or "cold sores" on the lips
withdrawal method
"pre cum" can be avoided by urinating or wiping tip of penis pros: free, easy, always accessible cons: man could get carried away, no STI protection
Surgical abortion
(Greatest majority of abortions in the US and is done on an outpatient basis and with local anesthesia) -Much more common than medical abortions -Physically removing the fetus and its membranes from the uterus -Vacuum aspiration
What are some key issues in the abortion debates that are making news in the U.S. today?
(Roe v. Wade, increasing restrictions, personhood laws, feticide laws, crisis pregnancy centers) (pp. 302-305) timing of abortion crisis pregnancy centers: suggest abortion services but shame and mislead women.
theoretical use effectiveness
(of a contraceptive method) the effectiveness of a medication, device, or method in preventing pregnancy if used consistently and exactly as intended without error
genital warts (HPV)
***most common STI - different virus than HIV and HSV (herpes). - so common that nearly all sexually active men and women get it at some point in their lives. - many different types - some types can cause health problems including genital warts and cancers, there are vaccines that can stop these health problems from happening.
You are responsible for the STI's covered in the text.
- Chlamydia (bacterial) o 2.8 million cases in the US annually. o Rates are 3 times higher in females than in males o Transmission is sexual or vertical and is highly transmissible o Incubation period is 7-21 days and is usually asymptomatic o Re-infection is common o Similar to gonorrhea - in men, can cause epididymitis or prostatitis and in females, it can cause PID - Syphilis (bacterial) o Transmission is sexual or vertical o Most contagious to sex partners during the primary and secondary stages o Untreated syphilis progresses through 3 stages Primary 10-90 days after infection a chancre (syphilitic sore) appears and heal themselves within 3-6 weeks Secondary painless rash and accompanied by fever, swollen lymph nodes, sore throat, and muscle pain. Untreated symptoms usually disappear within a few weeks Latent phase a person is no longer infectious after about a year in this phase but spirochetes have multiplied and spread throughout the body Tertiary could be decades after the infection (therefore only rarely seen and only in 15% of untreated individuals) and does serious damage or internal organs and body systems o Congenital syphilis syphilis transmitted vertically. May lead to stillborn, neonatal death, infant disorders - Gonorrhea (bacterial) o Symptoms developed quickly: 2-10 days after infection Can sometimes be asymptomatic o In women, the infection can spread into the uterus and oviducts, causing pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), which can lead to infertility o In men, infection can spread to the epididymis or the prostate gland, causing epididymitis, which can also affect fertility o Babies can be infected during the birth process, usually in the eyes and lead to blindness o Gonorrhea is becoming resistant to many basic antibiotics and may require new drugs to treat it - Urethritis inflammation of urethra o Infections are very common and are often caused by sexually transmitted bacteria (but not always) o In men, the symptoms are Discharge (clear or cloudy) Painful urination Asymptomatic in 10% Incubation period is 1-14 days o Epididymitis unilateral testicular pain and swelling, inflammation of the epididymis - Viral STDs (cannot be cured using antibiotics) HPV, herpes, hepatitis, HIV/AIDS o HPV can cause genital warts or cervical cancer (in women) Estimated to be 14 million/year new cases Most common STI in the US It is estimated that most sexually active men and women acquire genital HPV at some point in their lives Most HPV clears itself within 2 years of infection and most infections are asymptomatic Single most important risk factor for cervical cancer Gardasil is a vaccine that protects against the strains of the virus that causes genital warts and cervical cancer - recommended for 11-12 year olds o Herpes (oral or genital and each are caused by 2 different viruses) Oral herpes "fever blisters" or "cold sores" on the lips Genital herpes symptoms occur 2 weeks after exposure in the form of an outbreak of sores at the site of infection • 17% of Americans are infected • small, painful bumps or blisters that are usually found on the vaginal lips, penis, or anus • recurrent, lifelong infection • 50% of new cases are asymptomatic • can transfer the virus from mother to child during birth usually perform a C section in these cases o Genital Warts (caused by HPV virus) - seen a few months after infection and commonly occur in areas of coital friction Usually don't cause symptoms other than the warts themselves o HIV Infections and AIDS AIDS - acquired immune deficiency syndrome HIV - human immune deficiency virus; the virus that causes AIDS Opportunistic diseases may take over once HIV has damaged an individual's immune system Transmission usually through coitus and anal sex o Hepatitis viruses that attack the liver Hepatitis B - transmitted sexually or from contaminated blood • One symptom is jaundice - yellowing of skin and mucous membranes Hepatitis A - transmitted by the fecal-oral route Vaccines are available for both viruses
5. What some risk factors during pregnancy? What are some of the complications of pregnancy?
- Ectopic pregnancy → when the fertilized egg implants somewhere other than the uterus - Pseudocyesis (false pregnancy) → the women believes she is pregnant and shows the signs and symptoms of pregnancy without really being pregnant - Preeclampsia → elevated blood pressure accompanied by generalized edema and proteinuria (protein in the urine) - Miscarriage (spontaneous abortion) → a pregnancy terminates through natural causes before the conceptus is viable - Preterm Delivery → prior to 37 weeks gestation o Cause is unknown in 50% of cases o Genetic predisposition, smoking, previous pre-term birth, cervical or uterine abnormalities, bacterial infections, stress, too much amniotic fluid o Hispanic paradox - Hispanic women are not as often associated with Low birth weight o Financial burden - Environmental things that could lead to complications o Exposure to teratogens (lead, mercury, pesticides, etc) o STDs o Drugs and alcohol • Mother's blood alcohol is the baby's blood alcohol o Opiates and cocaine - neurological damage o Tobacco - respiratory problems, linked to SIDS o OTS/prescription drugs ( due to famous cases such as with DES) - Gestational diabetes - Rh incompatibility - Low birth weight - Infectious diseases (e.g., rubella)
What factors should be considered in choosing a method of contraception?
- Risks? - Side effects? - Effectiveness? - Cost? - Reduce risk of transmitting an STD? - Reduce pleasure? - Partner cooperation? - Moral problem? - Affect menstrual period?
What are the stages of labor and delivery? What is happening in each one?
- The beginning of labor o Discharge of bodily mucus plug from the cervical opening o 10% of women's amniotic sac ruptures (most women don't experience this until the end of the 1st stage) - 1st Stage of Labor: can last from 2 hours to 24 hours o Contractions produce effacement (thinning out) and dilation (opening up) of the cervix o Contractions are very strong - women report pain and exhaustion - 2nd Stage of Labor: Delivery o When cervix is fully dilated, the baby's head begins to move into the vagina, or the birth canal o Episiotomy may be performed - an incision is made on the perineum o After baby is eased out of the mother's body and takes its first breath of air, blood flows to the lungs and the baby doesn't need the umbilical cord - 3rd Stage of Labor: lasts a few minutes to an hour o Placenta detaches from the walls of the uterus and the afterbirth is expelled • Contractions may accompany this expulsion o Episiotomy or any tears are sewn up
What are the recommendations for men and women who have traveled to zika areas?
- Use condoms every time you have sex or do not have sex during the pregnancy. - Do not share sex toys during the pregnancy.
What are the signs of pregnancy?
- breast tenderness - morning sickness - fatigue -tests check for hCG in urine - 5-6 weeks can get a ultrasound - 7-9 weeks can detect a heartbea
progestin
- hormone used to properly regulate the menstrual cycle. - help other hormones start and stop the menstrual cycle. . -helps a pregnancy occur during egg donor or infertility procedures in women who do not produce enough progesterone.
Epidural anesthesia
- injection of anesthesia through a catheter into the epidural space so it can provide rapid release. Most common form of anesthesia during childbirth. The mother doesn't feel pain, but she does feel pressure
What are some key issues in the abortion debates that are making news in the U.S. today?
- pro life/pro choice - conflict of abortion for personal choice/medical (genetic problems, harmful to mother)/situational (rape) - dealing with religious beliefs and political affiliation
Chlamydia (bacterial)
-2.8 million cases in the US annually. -Rates are 3 times higher in females than in males -Transmission is sexual or vertical and is highly transmissible -Incubation period is 7-21 days and is usually asymptomatic -Re-infection is common -Similar to gonorrhea - in men, can cause epididymitis or prostatitis and in females, it can cause PID
Amniocentesis
-2nd trimester provides and early diagnosis of: -chromosomal abnormalities (down syndrome) -genetically produced biochemical disorders -sex linked diseases carried by females -usually done w females over the age of 35 -results are finalized after its too late to terminate the pregnancy
What are the signs or pregnancy?
-A missed menstrual period is usually the first symptom of pregnancy -HCG is produced by the developing placenta and this is what home pregnancy tests measure -Weight gain
Medical Abortions
-Anytime up to 7-9 weeks after start of the last menstrual period -Use od drug called mifepristone -works in 96% of cases
How many new cases of STI's are there each year in the U.S.?
-Chlamydia: 2.8 million new cases/yr -Genital Herpes: 1 million/yr -HPV: 14 million/yr
Which of the STI's we covered were viral?
-Herpes (oral and genital) -Genital warts (HPV type 6 or 11) -Cervical cancer (HPV 16 or 18) -Hepatitis A,B -HIV/AIDS
IUD's
-Information above -Morena is the most common in the US -Used to recommend that you should only get this after you have one child first - many women used to claim that the IUDs caused infertility -Can be left in place for several years -Has a string attached - you will need to be able to stick your fingers up your vagina to feel for the string
How many people in the world are currently living HIV/AIDS?
-Person currently infected with HIV o 1.1 million in the US o 33 million globally -New HIV infections per year o 48,000 in the US o 2.6 million globally
Gonorrhea (bacterial)
-Symptoms developed quickly: 2-10 days after infection -Can sometimes be asymptomatic -In women, the infection can spread into the uterus and oviducts, causing pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), which can lead to infertility -In men, infection can spread to the epididymis or the prostate gland, causing epididymitis, which can also affect fertility -Babies can be infected during the birth process, usually in the eyes and lead to blindness -Gonorrhea is becoming resistant to many basic antibiotics and may require new drugs to treat it
Which of the STI's we covered were Bacterial?
-Syphilis -Gonorrhea -Chlamydia
What happens during the process of fertilization?
-The egg is released from the ovary into the fallopian tubes -The cervix secretes mucus that flushes that flushes the passageways to prepare for the arrival of the sperm -Sperm are capable of swimming about one inch per hour -sperm swarm around the gg and secrete and enzyme called hyaluronidase (this enzyme dissolves the zone pellucid, permitting one sperm to penetrate the egg)
Syphilis (bacterial)
-Transmission is sexual or vertical -Most contagious to sex partners during the primary and secondary stages -Untreated syphilis progresses through 3 stage
Essure
-a method of tubal sterilization that blocks the oviducts by use of metal coils. Body builds scar tissue around the coils and blocks fallopian tubes to prevent sperm and ova from meeting
The male condom
-a thin sheath that fits over the penis -Catches semen and prevents it from entering the vagina -Perfect user failure rate is about 3% and typical-user failure rate is about 18%
How can individuals reduce their risk of contracting an STD?
-abstinence -lower body count, more selectivity -condom use
Coitus interruptus
-also known as the "pulling out" method is probably the most ancient form of birth control -Failure rate is around 19%, so it is not very effective -Over long periods of time, it may contribute to sexual dysfunction in the man and woman -Easy and free but not recommended
methotrexate
-alternative drug for medical abortions -can be administered through injection and works by killing rapidly dividing cells and thus, has a direct toxic effect on the fetus. Process is then followed with misoprostol to induce contractions and expel remains. -works in 90% of cases
HPV
-can cause genital warts or cervical cancer (in women) -Estimated to be 14 million/year new cases -Most common STI in the US -It is estimated that most sexually active men and women acquire genital HPV at some point in their lives -Most HPV clears itself within 2 years of infection and most infections are asymptomatic -Single most important risk factor for cervical cancer -Gardasil is a vaccine that protects against the strains of the virus that causes genital warts and cervical cancer - recommended for 11-12 year olds
2nd trimester
-constipation -Edema (swelling of hands, face, wrist, ankles, feet) Colostrum (yellow fluid secreted from nipples)
- Combination birth control pills
-contain estrogen and progestin -One of the most effective -Estrogen inhibits FSH production, so you don't ovulate -Progestin keeps cervical mucus think to protect against sperm
Vasectomy
-cut the tube of the vas deferens -Very reliable and cheaper than tubal sterilization
Cervical mucus method
-during the period of ovulation, the cervical mucus changes quality -Typical failure rate is 25%
coitus interruptus
-failure rate around 19%
hysterotomy
-fetus removed by means of a surgical incision in the abdomen and the uterus -performed if a woman's health is at risk
mifepristone
-first drug used for medical abortions -blocks progesterone receptors so it seems as if progesterone is absent and the endometrium begins to break down and cease to support the fetus
Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)
-first trimester -less risky -raises ethical issues -results come in before the last week to terminate pregnancy so mother can abort the baby if results are not good
Vacuum aspiration
-first trimester, up to about 14 weeks of pregnancy •Dilate cervix, pases cannula (tube) into uterus, apply suction that breaks up the fetus and removes them •Takes 5 minutes
What is HAART and how does it work (generally)?
-highly active antiretroviral therapy -old school HIV treatment -helps stop the HIV virus from multiplying so it doesn't come up on a normal blood test
Implants
-hormone tube filled the size of a matchstick and can be in place for three years -Commonly inserted into the upper arm
1st Trimester
-increases in hormones produced in the placenta -breasts swell and tingle -frequent urination -morning sickness -vaginal discharges -fatigue and sleepiness
What is pelvic inflammatory disease? What are the long-term effects?
-infection of the female reproductive organs -scar tissue -abcesses in fallopian tubes
Diaphragm
-inserted into the vagina and fits snugly over the cervix -Blocks entrance to the uterus and cream kills any sperm that get past the barrier -Failure rate is 20% due to improper use
Lamaze Method
-involves relaxation and controlled breathing •Reduces pain in childbirth but doesn't eliminate it completely
Depo-Provera Injections
-progestin administered by injections -More effective than the pill but must be repeated every 3 months for max effectiveness -May cause decalcification of bones, but this can be controlled through supplements
misoprostol
-second drug for medical abortions -is given to induce contractions so the endometrium, remains of fetus and its membranes can be expelled
Dilation and evacuation (D&E)
-second trimester, done in the period of 13-16 weeks but can be done up to 20 weeks of pregnancy •Done under general anesthesia in a hospital •2 day procedure: cervix dilated one day with stick, next day the cannula is inserted to remove tissue then forceps used to get remainder, lining of uterus is cleaned with a curette
Genital Warts (caused by HPV virus)
-seen a few months after infection and commonly occur in areas of coital friction -Usually don't cause symptoms other than the warts themselves
The IUD (intrauterine device)
-small piece of plastic that is inserted into the uterus by a doctor or nurse practitioner, and remains in place until the woman wants it removed -Immobilizes sperm and prevent them from getting into uterus -Most common side effects • Increased menstrual cramps, irregular bleeding, and increased menstrual flow
What is zika, and how is it transmitted? Why does it pose a significant problem in Brazil?
-spread through mosquitos or vaginal, anal, or oral sex or sharing sex toys -
Vasovasostomy
-surgery to reverse a vasectomy but sewing the two ends of the cut vas deferens back together -Expensive and only have about a 50% chance of success
Genital herpes
-symptoms occur 2 weeks after exposure in the form of an outbreak of sores at the site of infection -17% of Americans are infected -small, painful bumps or blisters that are usually found on the vaginal lips, penis, or anus -recurrent, lifelong infection -50% of new cases are asymptomatic -can transfer the virus from mother to child during birth → usually perform a C section in these cases
With the basal body temperature method (BBT)
-the woman waits for her daily temp to raise sharply on the day after ovulation -Intercourse would be safe beginning about 3 days after ovulation
Hepatitis B
-transmitted sexually or from contaminated blood -One symptom is jaundice - yellowing of skin and mucous membranes
What happens during the process of fertilization?
1. The egg is released from the ovary into the fallopian tubes 2. The cervix secretes mucus that flushes the passageways to prepare for the arrival of the sperm 3. Sperm are capable of swimming about 1 inch per hour 4. Sperm swarm around the egg and secrete an enzyme called hyaluronidase o This enzyme dissolves the zona pellucida, permitting one sperm to penetrate the egg 5. The fertilized egg, called a zygote, continues to travel down the fallopian tube and is implanted into the wall of the uterus
How does anti-retroviral therapy for AIDS work?
1. fusion inhibitors: block attachment of virus to host cell, can't enter cell 2. reverse transcriptase inhibitors: block transcription of viral RNA into DNA 3. integrase inhibitors: block insertion of DNA into host cell's genome 4. protease inhibitors: block cutting of newly synthesized viral proteins into shorter lengths than needed to function •attack virus on several fronts and reduce its ability to develop resistance, use drug cocktail •greatly reduced death rate
What are the stages of labor and delivery? What is happening in each one?
1. uterine contractions and dilations to open the cervix, ends with transition 2. actual delivery of the baby 3. afterbirth
About how many abortions are carried out each year in the U.S.?
1.02 million
According to the text, what percentage of rapes in the U.S. are reported to law enforcement authorities?
1/3
1. how many cms does a vagina dilate
10 cm
how old are the new cases of people getting infected with an STD?
15-24
Comstock Act
1873, criminalized the sale or possession of obscene materials, including writings about contraception and homo sexuality
what invention allows for birth control hormonal treatments to exist?
1960 synthetic hormones for estradiol
When did gay and lesbian communities begin to flourish in the U.S. ?
1960s
When did gay and lesbian communities begin to flourish in the US?
1970s post Stonewall aided by sexual revolution
homosexuality was considered to be psychiatric disorder by the American psychiatric association until
1973
womb veils
19th-century American form of barrier contraception consisting of a pessary made of rubber/ also called a contraceptive diaphragm
What is emergency contraception?
2 pill types: - containing the progestin levonorgestrel: Plan B, Next Choice - containing progesterone-blocking drug ulipristal: ella
What tests can be used to detect abnormality in the fetus?
2 prenatal tests cane done: Amniocentesis and Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)
About how many people are estimated to be exclusively homosexual in the U.S. and Western European nations?
2% of males and 1% of females
About how many people are estimated to be exclusively homosexual in the U.S. and Western European nations?
2% of males and 1% of females are exclusively homosexual in identity and partners. Similar studies in Europe have slightly higher figures and a 2003 Canadian study showed that 1.7% males and 0.7% females say they are exclusively homosexual. All these studies also show that homosexuality is about twice as common in males than in females.
how many people in the U.S. have an STD?
20 million new cases of STD'S in the US every year
How many people in the world are currently living HIV/AIDS?
34 million
How many people in the world are currently living with HIV/AIDS?
37 million people worldwide
What kinds of contraceptives were available in the 19th century in the U.S.?
Condoms, IUDs, douching syringes, vaginal sponges, womb veils
7. success rate of condoms
82-97
Historical perspectives on birth
?
What is pelvic inflammatory disease? What are the long-term effects?
A PID is an infection of the female reproductive tract, caused by sexually transmitted organisms. Could cause scarring of the oviducts, risking infertility/subfertility and a heightened risk of ectopic pregnancy.
syphilis
A bacterial infection usually spread by sexual contact that starts as a painless sore.
genital herpes (herpes simplex 2)
A common sexually transmitted infection marked by genital pain and sores.
What are the signs of pregnancy?
A missed menstrual period is usually the first symptom of pregnancy - HCG is produced by the developing placenta and this is what home pregnancy tests measure - Weight gain - 1 st trimester o Increases in hormones produced in the placenta o Breasts swell and tingle o Frequent urination o Morning sickness o Vaginal discharges o Fatigue and sleepiness o Emotional low income associated with depression, anxiety about miscarriage
hepatitis B
A serious liver infection caused by the _______________ virus that's easily preventable by a vaccine. Symptoms: yellowing of the eyes, abdominal pain, and dark urine. Some people/children = no symptoms. In chronic cases, liver failure, cancer, or scarring can occur.
The Kinsey Scale
A seven point scale of sexual orientation that ranged from group 10 (exclusively attracted to the opposite sex) to group 6 (exclusively attracted to the same sex) with intervening groups that defines various degrees of bisexuality. This scale is less widely used today than in the past because it supports finer gradations of sexual orientation than are supported by scientific studies. Kinsey found that 37% of males and 13% of females had had one homosexual experience to orgasm as an adult.
What is the difference between HIV and AIDS?
AIDS is caused by HIV, which exists in the body fluids of an infected person HIV is a retrovirus, HIV exists in infected people's blood, semen, vaginal fluids, breast milk, tears, and saliva—but in very different concentrations
How can individuals reduce their risk of contracting an STD?
Abstinence is the best way to prevents STDs. Sexually active people can also reduce their risk of STDs by reducing the number of people they have sex with and also selecting partners who are unlikely to have an STD. Coitus, anal sex, and mouth-to-anus contact are high-risk sexual behaviors. The condom is the key to STD prevention for sexually active people
Where are penalties for same sex behavior likely to be more severe? (pp. 382-383)
Africa, middle east, and south Asia less open. Police harassment, death penalty.
What segments of the population have been most affected by the epidemic of STD's?
African Americans have higher STI rates than other groups - Hispanics and Native Americans aren't as high but still significant - Asian Americans have lower STI rates than white Americans
What is the number one date rape drug?
Alcohol. Young women are the most frequent victims of rape and most perpetrators are men who are known to the victims. Rohypnol is the drug that gets the most attention from the media. Two-thirds of college women who experience sexual assault report that the perpetrator was drinking alcohol at the time of the attack.
The 7-point scale of sexual orientation was developed by
Alfred Kinsey
The primary source of vaginal lubrication is?
An expulsion of fluid from the Bartholims gland
The following gender signals were discussed in the video except
Anorexia in American teenagers
What are the theories put forth to explain homosexuality?
Bailey and Pillard - suggest that sexual orientation has a heritability factor, but doesn't show that genes determine sexual orientation because there wasn't a 100% concordance rate.
Where did the gay rights movement begin? Who started it?
Berlin, Magnus Hirschfield
What are some of the challenges bisexual people face in life?
Bisexuals face prejudice when they come out because there is a degree of pressure to be either gay or straight. Negative attitudes towards bisexual people are more widespread than are anti-gay attitudes. There are harmful stereotypes about bisexual people about them needing to express their sexual attraction in both men and women and are incapable of being in a monogamous relationship. Other negative views include bisexuals being "oversexed" or that they are responsible for the spread of AIDS. These negative views are changing, however, and the bisexual community is very much in a state of evolution.
It can also be argued that production and consumption of porn has deleterious social consequences.
Child pornography, possession, and distribution remains illegal in the US as well as underage/minor exploitation in pornography.
How many new cases of STI's are there each year in the U.S.? What are the most common ones?
Chlamydia: 2.8 million new cases/yr Genital Herpes: 1 million/yr HPV: 14 million/yr
Helen Singer Kaplan added which components to Master and Johnson's model of sexual response?
Desire
What was the most dangerous kind of contraceptive used at the turn of the century?
Douching was the most dangerous because women used an antiseptic soap to cleanse the vagina. This was also an ineffective form of contraception because by the time the solution was used, the sperm had most likely traveled out of reach
How do rights for lesbians and gay men vary around the world?
E, Africa, middle east, and south Asia less open. Police harassment, death penalty.
According to the text, women are more likely to experience _____ jealousy?
Emotional
Erection is controlled by the______ nervous system, whereas orgasm is controlled by the_____ nervous system.
Erection is controlled by the______ nervous system, whereas orgasm is controlled by the_____ nervous system. Parasympathetic/sympathetic
What is the main form of prostitution in the U.S.?
Escorts are the most prevalent form of prostitution in the US.
Where are the most open societies?
Europe, Canada, and US more open
What are some theories put forth the explain rape by men?
Evolutionary theories, Personality disorders, social forces
What is the relationship between attitudes regarding violence against women and language in the U.S. as Katz sees it?
Example with the sentence and how it can be constantly be re-written where the man is not longer talked about or accounted for. Being beaten begins to transform the women who are assaulted.
List in the correct order, the phases of the human sexual response cycle as described by Masters & Johnson
Excitement: could be hard to tell when one goes into another • Plateau: could be hard to tell when one goes into another • Orgasm • Resolution
People who believe that sex has a major purpose in cementing relationships tend to approve of sex between committed, unmarried persons but disapprove of ____ or ____ sex.
Extramarital • Casual
Pschoanalytic theory (Freud, Bieber and the homoseductive mother)
Freud saw homosexuality as a problem with normal psychosexual development and viewed it as a condition, not a sin. The process of development started with a homosexual phase in early childhood that is later forgotten. This "normal" process could be disrupted by abnormal relationships within a family (mother is close-binding or seductive, father is too distant, sibling rivalry, penis envy) and the child could be stuck in the early homosexual phases. Therefore, Freud believed that humans were inherently bisexual. Bieber built his concept of homoseductive mothers and weak fathers on Freudian concept and is the basis of reparative therapy. The homoseductive mother refers to a mother mother who is seductive toward her son, traumatizing the boy and turning him into a homosexual. This traumatize many parents by making them feel responsible for their children's homosexuality.
The gay rights movement began in _____?
Germany
which of the following groups/web sites is associated with recently deceased activists Fred Phelps?
God Hates Fags (Westboro Baptist Church)
What is the difference between HIV and AIDS?
HIV is the virus that causes AIDS. Not everyone who has HIV also has AIDS
How is HIV transmitted? What is the difference between HIV and AIDS?
HIV is transmitted through sex (coitus and anal sex), contaminated needles, blood transfusions, perinatal transmission from mother to child. First outbreak struck gay men living in San Francisco, Los Angeles, and New York in 1970s. HIV is the virus that causes AIDS. Not everyone who has HIV also has AIDS
What does a test for HIV look for?
HIV tests look for the presence of antibodies to HIV and polymerase chain reactions. The ELISA test involves a waiting period of more than a week before results are known but new tests can provide results in 20-30 minutes
what are the viral STD's?
HIV, herpes simplex, hepatitis B, HPV
What are the most common STIs?
HPV (about 79 million currently infected), Genital Herpes (24 million), Trichomoniasis (3.7 million)
Viral STDs (cannot be cured using antibiotics)
HPV, herpes, hepatitis, HIV/AIDS
According to Don Kullick, traverstis in Brazil say they would end a relationship with a boyfriend if_______.
He tried to touch her penis
What is the basis for defining "obscenity" in the U.S.?
In the 19th century, almost anything that was potentially arousing was considered obscene (something that is sexually offensive or threatening to public morality). Today, the law is governed by the Supreme Court's decision in the 1973 Miller v. California (Miller ran a mail-order pornography business). There is no broad, first amendment protection for pornography, but states may restrict a pornographic work under certain conditions: - The average person finds that the work appeals to the prurient interest (is intended to be sexually arousing) - The work depicts, in an offensive way, sexual conduct - The work lacks serious literacy, artistic, political, or scientific merit.
What is IPV? According to the NISVS, is it increasing or decreasing?
Intimate partner violence, decreasing
which of the statements about gender is false?
It is the subjective sense of maleness or femaleness.
Labeling (sociological) Theory
Labeling theory is the theory of how the self-identity and behavior of individuals may be determined or influenced by the terms used to describe or classify them. This theory has not been supported as a "cause" of homosexuality, although labeling may play a role in self-preception and attitudes of others. Socialization, in general, is believed by most theorists to play an important role. There is no support, however, for the idea that children can be socialized into any sexual orientation.
What decisions do an expecting woman/couple need to make regarding the birth itself? What options for childbirth alternatives presently exist?
Lamaze Method involves relaxation and controlled breathing Reduces pain in childbirth but doesn't eliminate it completely o Medications Regional and local anesthetics (an epidural) are most common during births in the US Negative effects of anesthesia can be reduced by using low dosages o Cesarean Section delivery of baby through an incision in the abdomen Reasons can include the mother's pelvis being too small, labor isn't progressing, baby's presentation is problematic, placenta previa, herpes, baby in distress Elective C sections pose a greater risks Also used when normal vaginal birth is impossible or undesirable, such as when the umbilical cord prolapses
although they may have exaggerated the frequency of sex they reported to anthropologist Donald Marshall in the 1960's, the inhabitants of________have become known as an example of society in which sexual expression is considered healthy, and one in which men are expected to bring their partners to orgasm during intercourse
Mangaia
the inhabitants of____ have been known as an example of society where men are expected to bring their partners to... intercourse
Mangaia
How can we explain the epidemic rates of STD's in the U.S.?
Many of the country's system for preventing STDs have eroded. We must expand services and educate the citizens of the US about the seriousness of STDs and what to do to protect yourself from them. I also think we have a high rate of STDs here in the US because people are afraid to tell their partners that they are infected so they hide it and continue to have sex with more people who then become infected and have no idea that they are infected. We should make sure testing and treatment resources are available for everyone.
What are the forms of sexual harassment?
Quid pro sexual harassment, unwelcome sexual advances, hostile environment harassment, third party sexual harrassment
Why is violence against women a men's issue?
Men have been erased from so much of the conversation that is primarily about men. To prevent violence, have to ask questions about why so many men abuse the women that they claim they love. Men commit 99% of sexual violence. If we just focus on what women are doing or thinking or what women can be doing, we will never get to the problem about why men are doing this and how we can get men to stop. If men stop abusing women, women wouldn't have to deal with the issue.
What are the main points of difference among those who disagree regarding the legalization or decriminalization of prostitution?
Moral or religious reasons, casual sex is morally wrong, men's use of prostitution is misogynistic
NARTH
NARTH is a group of therapists that believe they can "cure" homosexuality through psychoanalysis and reparative therapy. Exodus is an organization of "ex-gays" that attest that changing one's sexual orientation is possible. NARTH says that they helps those people who have unwanted same-sex attractions that they want to change and their clinicians have the right to help people pursue those goals. Exodus International was the largest reparative ministry in the world.
What was the "Stonewall Rebellion" and why is it significant?
New York city @ a bar called Stonewall Inn - Triggered activist protests among gays and lesbians - police raided gay bar - people fought back - became symbol of oppression of gays, began the gay pride movement.
How can we explain the epidemic rates of STD's in the U.S.? There are different answers to this question. What do you think? What could, or should, be done, in your view?
Not enough honest conversations with partners before sexual activity - Asking someone to get tested isn't fun, but may be necessary
What was the "Stonewall Rebellion" and why is it significant?
On June 28, 1969, a riot broke out in front of the Stonewall Inn (which catered to gay men, transvestites, and transgender) in response to a police raid. The rioting evolved into street demonstrations that continued for several nights and led to the formation of more-confrontational gay rights organizations. The "Stonewall Rebellion" is often viewed as the starting point of the modern gay rights movement. At this time of the rebellion, homosexuality was still considered a mental disorder and many gay people were attempting to be "cured" of it. Most Americans thought homosexuality was morally wrong and gay people had no legal protection against discrimination. 4. Pp. 385-397 is a detailed discussion of issues such as occupational preferences of lesbians and gay men, the experience of gay people who belong to minorities, the "sex styles" of gay men and lesbians, etc. I will not draw much from this section for testing.
According to the text, what percentage of rapes in the U.S. are reported to law enforcement authorities?
Only about one-third of rapes and attempted rapes are reported to law enforcement agencies. This is much lower than the reporting rate for other violent crimes. Victims gave the following reasons for why they didn't report a rape - It was a personal matter - They were afraid of reprisals - They wanted to protect the perpetrator - The believed the police were biased
One cross-cultural study found robust gender differences in six personality traits. On which of the following traits did women not score higher?
Openness to ideas
In both men and women, orgasm is accomplished by the release of ____?
Oxytocin
What is pelvic inflammatory disease? What are the long-term effects?
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of the female reproductive tract, often caused by sexually transmitted organisms. The symptoms can include abdominal cramps or continuous pain, vaginal bleeding between menstrual periods, vomiting, and fever. PID may cause scarring in the oviducts, resulting in infertility or subinfertility and a heightened risk of ectopic pregnancy
What are some of the challenges bisexual people face in life?
Prejudice, people think they may be deceiving themselves or others, responsible for spreading AIDS, gay, straight, or lying.
What are the pros and cons of caesarian section? Why is the rate so high in the U.S.?
Pros: shorter labor time, no damage to pelvic floor, decreases risk of passing infections to baby Cons: longer recovery time, delayed ability to breastfeed, less bonding with baby, may not be able to have vaginal birth in future, baby-respiratory problems, anesthesia problems, or nicking the baby
Has prostitution in the U.S. increased or decreased since Kinsey's survey?
Prostitution has decreased in the US. Thanks to oral contraceptives and a change in sexual morality, unmarried women are more willing to be sexually active and have sex with their boyfriends
What is reparative (reorientation) therapy? [NARTH, Exodus]
Reparative therapy is the idea that people can reverse their sexuality through psychoanalysis and change their ideas. Even though the market for this kind of treatment has dwindled for the last few years, some organizations of therapists (NARTH) are kept in business and there are ministries that offer prayer-based conversion (Love in Action) and organizations of "ex-gays" that attest to changing their sexual orientation (Exodus). Despite these, an expert panel from the American Psychological Association concluded that there was no convincing evidence for this success and that there is evidence that these treatments are harmful to the individuals that undergo them (depression and suicide)
Rh compatibility
Rh is an antigen on the surface of red blood cells that, when present in a fetus but not in its mother, may trigger an immune response by the mother, resulting in life-threatening anemia of the fetus or newborn
What some risk factors during pregnancy? What are some of the complications of pregnancy?
Risk factors include use of tobacco, alcohol, drugs and radiation Complications include risk of tearing the vaginal wall (requires an episiotomy), premature birth, delayed labor
What are the stages of labor and delivery? What is happening in each one?
STAGE 1: uterine contractions and cervical effacement (thinning out) + dilation, transition (quick contractions) last part: transition intense contractions epidural if needed STAGE 2: delivery of the baby, crowning ( baby's head appears at vaginal opening) uterine contractions end of stage: crowning might have a episiotomy to avoid tears baby out still attached to placenta by umbilical cord STAGE 3: expulsion of the placenta (called the afterbirth) more uterine contractions that expel placenta (afterbirth)
What was the first gay rights organization?
Scientific-Humanitarian Committee, founded in Berlin in 1897.
Difference between sexual tourism, sex work, and sex trafficking
Sexual tourism: travel planned for the purpose of sex, to a country where prostitution is lefal. Sex work: engaging in prostitution, pornography, etc. Sex trafficking: coercing a minor or non-consenting adult available for prostitution.
hierarchy of prostitution (and what each one does)
Street prostitution Massage parlor/strip clubs
Why was the Comstock Act significant?
The Comstock Act was the stature that defined contraceptives as obscene and illicit, making it a federal offense to market birth control through the mail or across state lines. This created a black-market for birth control methods were small-scale production as able to thrive. The first successful change in the law came from Sanger's 1916 arrest for opening the first birth control clinic in America
Where did the gay rights movement begin? Who started it?
The Gay Rights movement began in Germany in 1897 with the founding of the Scientific-Humanitarian Committee. The main figure behind this group was Magnus Hirschfield, a gay Jewish doctor and sexologist. Gay activism moved to the United States after the Second World War. The first enduring gay rights organization, the Mattachine Society, was founded in Los Angeles in 1950 and the first lesbian organization was founded in San Francisco 5 years later.
What was Kinsey's contribution to understanding sexual orientation?
The Kinsey Scale
What is the basis for defining "obscenity" in the U.S.?
The avg person finds the work intending for sexual arousal. The work depicts sexual conduct. The work lacks artistic, political, or scientific merit.
What are the stages of labor and delivery? What is happening in each one?
The beginning of labor o Discharge of bodily mucus plug from the cervical opening o 10% of women's amniotic sac ruptures (most women don't experience this until the end of the 1 st stage) - 1 st Stage of Labor: can last from 2 hours to 24 hours o Contractions produce effacement (thinning out) and dilation (opening up) of the cervix o Contractions are very strong - women report pain and exhaustion - 2 nd Stage of Labor: Delivery o When cervix is fully dilated, the baby's head begins to move into the vagina, or the birth canal o Episiotomy may be performed - an incision is made on the perineum o After baby is eased out of the mother's body and takes its first breath of air, blood flows to the lungs and the baby doesn't need the umbilical cord - 3 rd Stage of Labor: lasts a few minutes to an hour o Placenta detaches from the walls of the uterus and the afterbirth is expelled Contractions may accompany this expulsion o Episiotomy or any tears are sewn up
What does current research suggest about the mental health and social adjustment in children of gay parents?
The children of gay parents generally thrive. Children whose parents were once heterosexual then came out as homosexual have a more difficult time because they have to go through the separation of their parents. Children who have been adopted by gay couples are wanted and loved because gay couples don't have children by accident. Same-sex couples do acknowledge the fact that children should have role models of both sexes, or at least that of its own sex, so they might ensure that a same-sex role model is available in the shape of a close family friend, for example. Studies have been done that show that children of gay parents do not differ significantly from children of heterosexual parents. They may suffer a degree of teasing but there is no evidence that this causes long-term harm. On the contrary, they become less homophobic and are more accepting of social diversity and more emphatic of disadvantaged groups
The key issue described in the vignette about WeDnalfe of Niger was:
The consequence of long post-pardon taboos on relationship between spouses
Anatomy of the Brain (LeVay)
There is an area in the brain (medical preoptic area of the hypothalamus) that is made up of a cell group known as INAH3. This area is the region concerned with male-typical sexual behavior. Autopsies have shown that INAH3 region is smaller in women and gay men than on straight men. Therefore, it was said that this area determines whether a person is attracted to men (low levels in INAH3 region) or women (high cell numbers in INAH3 region). There may be an alternative explanation for this. The differences in the INAH3 area of the hypothalamus may be due to changes that took place during adult life and not during the prenatal period.
reparative/conversion therapy What is the other basic type? (pastoral counseling aka "pray the gay away")
There is no evidence of success, may actually be harmful, depression, suicide 9 states have enacted laws banning the application of conversion treatments to minors
Which of the following about people with autogynephilia is false?
They are also known as "trans men."
Forms of abortion
Vacuum aspiration - first trimester, up to about 14 weeks into pregnancy, conceptus is destroyed by suction Dilation and evacuation - second trimester, up to about 20 weeks, opens cervix and scrapes out contents of uterus with a curette Saline-induced abortion - late in the second trimester, injects salt solution into amniotic sac Hysterotomy - surgical incision in the abdomen and uterus Medical abortions - mifepristone to block progesterone receptors then misopristol to induce contractions
Sterilization in males
Vasectomy,Vasovasostomy, Tubal Sterilization,
Which group is associated with Fred Phelps
Westboro Baptist Church
6. Historical perspectives on birth
Women's lives and expectations were influenced by the reality of death, disability, and pain during childbirth - High fertility rates - 7 was the average children number in the 1700s and 1800s. by 1900, white middle class women had much lower birth rate due to contraception and abortion - Death - used to be a real possibility during birth and fears were frequently recorded - Disabling post-partum problems widespread - laceration of tissues, fistula holes, prolapses uterus was the most common complaint, lacerations due to forceps, depression (??) - Pain and suffering during delivery - reason why forceps and opium was introduced after the 1760s Women helped each other and cared for one another during difficult pregnancies through female midwives. System changes: - Forceps, male midwives (used surgical techniques), anesthetics, choloroform, opium Medical OB/GYN expands in 1800-1850 and infections became a greater danger once germ theory was known 1930s birth becomes more systematic. In 1955, 95% of women deliver babies in hospital
Can men be raped?
Yes, men can rape other men. Women can also sexually assault a man, most commonly in a situation where the man is drugged or otherwise impaired.
What segments of the population have been most affected by the epidemic of STD's?
Young people are at high risk for many years between the time they first have sex and the time when they want to have children (about 10 years). 19 million new infections with STD-causing organisms occur in the US every year and about half of these occur in people between the ages 15-24.
What is zika, and what are the implications for contraception and abortion?
Zika is a virus started through the bite of an Aedes mosquito, it can be spread via sexual contact (vaginal, anal and sex toys). It can be spread even if the person has yet to experience symptoms. Zika virus infection during pregnancy can cause microcephaly and other severe brain defects. Raises issue of whether infected women should be allowed to abort their babies who may have severe physical abnormalities.
Plan B
a backup plan that helps prevent pregnancy when taken within 72 hours (3 days) after unprotected sex or birth control failure The sooner it's taken, the better it works contains levonorgestrel, the same hormone used in many birth control pills—just at a higher dose. It should not be used as regular birth control, because it's not as effective
Fetal alcohol syndrome
a collection of physical and behavioral symptoms in a child who was exposed to high levels of alcohol as a fetus
fetal alcohol syndrome
a collective of physical and behavioral symptoms in a child who was exposed to high levels of alcohol as a fetus.
Episiotomy
a cut extending the opening of the vagina backward into the perineum, performed by OB/GYN with the intention of facilitating childbirth or reducing the risk of ripping
episiotomy
a cut extending the opening of the vagina backward toward the perineum , performed by an obstetrician with the intention of facilitating childbirth or reducing the risk or a perennial tear. higher risk of painful sex later
Clelia Mosher
a physician, hygienist, and women's health activist who disapproved of Victorian stereotypes about the physical incapabilities of women. Interviewed many mothers who were educated and upper-middle class about their contraceptive use and published the survey in 1892. Controversial because of its frankness and overwhelmingly positive views of the participants, even including the use of "male sheaths" and "rubber caps over the uterus"
Chancre
a primary sore on the skin or a mucous membrane in a person infected with syphilis
"mini-pill"
a progestin-only pill
Fem-Cap
a reusable, non-hormonal, latex-free contraceptive device - reusable for a year - made of non-allergenic, durable, surgical-grade silicone - designed to cover the cervix to prevent sperm from entering - proven in clinical trials to be to be over 92% effective in the prevention of pregnancy.
Pessaries
a small soluble block that is inserted into the vagina to treat infection or as a contraceptive
caesarian section (C-section)
a surgical operation for delivering a child by cutting through the wall of the mother's abdomen. 18% just for fun
CVS-chorionic villus sampling.
a test made in early pregnancy to detect congenital abnormalities in the fetus. A tiny tissue sample is taken from the villi of the chorion, which forms the fetal part of the placenta. higher risk to fetus than amnio 10 to 12 weeks
Fem-Cap
a type of diaphragm with a one-way valve
Primipara
a woman who is giving birth for the first time
The in the Standard Days Method (SDM)
a women who knows she is regular should abstain from sex between days 8-19
Post-abortion syndrome
according to the most recent studies, abortion does not have negative psychological consequences for the mother
how many people have HPV?
about 14 million of the 20 million are HPV
HSV types I and II (Herpes simplex viruses)
aka Herpes two types: herpes type 1 (HSV-1, or oral herpes) and herpes type 2 (HSV-2, or genital herpes). HSV-1= cold sores around the mouth. HSV-1 can cause genital herpes, but most cases of genital herpes are caused by HSV-2... In HSV-2, the infected person may have sores around the genitals or rectum
What is the number one date rape drug?
alcohol
All the statements made about kissing drawn from the Science article, Affairs of the Lips are true except
all known human societies engage in romantic kissing
What tests can be used to detect abnormality in the fetus?
amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
Mirena
an FDA-approved intrauterine device (IUD) that is recommended for women who've had a child made of soft, flexible plastic, implanted by a physician
Mirena
an IUD that also releases progestin
Retrovirus
an RNA virus whose genome is copied into DNA within the host cell
Ultrasound
an imaging procedure that depends on the reflection of ultrasonic waves form density boundaries within the body
ultrasound
an imaging procedure that depends on the reflection of ultrasonic waves from density boundaries within the body.
Depo-Provera
an injectable form of progestin, used as a contraceptive in women or to decrease the sex drive in male sex offenders
Girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia are exposed to abnormally high levels of _______, which causes some of their personality and cognitive traits to be shifted toward a _______ pattern.
androgen; masculine
epidural anesthesia
anesthesia administered outside the membrane that surrounds the spinal cord.
What does an HIV test "look" for?
antibodies after seroconversion
What does an HIV test "look" for?
antibodies to HIV in your blood or saliva
induced abortion
any abortion performed intentionally by medical or surgical means (any abortion except miscarriages)
Teratogen
any agent that can disturb the development of an embryo or fetus. May cause birth defect in the child or halt the pregnancy outright
Protease inhibitors
are a class of antiviral drugs that are widely used to treat HIV/AIDS. They block the cutting of newly synthesized viral proteins into the shorter lengths that are required for function
evolutionary psychologists believe that men find younger women more attractive because younger women_______
are more fertile and have more years ahead to nurture children
What are the benefits of breastfeeding? Why is it controversial in the U.S.?
baby less likely to develop illnesses, cognitive benefits- higher IQ and better academics performance @ age 6 shrinks uterus and reduces postpartum bleeding, sheds baby weight, reduced risk of ovarian and breast cancer convenient and less expensive, intensive nursing associated with reduced fertility
Womb veils
barrier contraception consisting of an occlusive pessary made of rubber. It was a forerunner to the modern diaphragm and cervical cap
The calendar method
based on the assumption that ovulation occurs about 14 days before the onset of menstruation
What kind of sexual relationship does a travesti usually have with a boyfriend?
bear type who lays around, he penetrates the travesti
Premier escorts
beautiful and well-presented young women or men that a client can take to dinner or a show without embarrassment o Often work for a madam, who manages an escort service and may have access to affluent society o Male escorts are the only kind of prostitution that women use in significant numbers - they are called gigolos
Roe v Wade
court case in 1973 that legalized abortions in the 1st trimester and gave the state limited rights in the second trimester
HAART(highly active antiretroviral treatment)
combinations of antiretroviral drugs that have proved effective in the treatment or prevention of AIDS
chlamydia
common STD, can cause permanent damage to a woman's reproductive system, making it difficult for her to get pregnant later on, can also cause a potentially fatal ectopic pregnancy (pregnancy that occurs outside the womb) Female symptoms: burn while peeing, discharge Male symptoms: burn while peeing, discharge, some pain in testicles can also get infect rectum, either by having receptive anal sex, or by spread from another infected site (such as the vagina) Symptoms include rectal pain, discharge, bleeding
. In Sternberg's model, ______ describe a relationship in which intimacy is high but passion ends
compassionate love
nonoxynol-9
compound that makes up spermicide. Some people are allergic to this so when they use spermicide as a form a birth control, it tastes bad
The cognitive model of sexual response proposed by Walen and Roth:
comprises of two steps starting with perception of sexual stimulus
Contraception Barrier Methods
condoms, diaphragms, cervical caps, female condoms, sponge
barrier methods
condoms, diaphragms, cervical caps, female condoms, sponge
barrier methods of contraception
condoms, diaphragms, cervical caps, female condoms, sponge
Some brain scientists are critical of strictly cognitive models of mental development because
consciousness does not necessarily have access to the neural circuitry that underlies feelings and emotions.
The patch (Ortho Evra)
contains same hormones as combo pill but is administered through the skin
Today sponge
contains spermicide and sits against the cervix like a diaphragm and creates a physical barrier
spermicides
contraceptive foam, jellies, cream, film
Spermicides
contraceptive foam, jellies, cream, film -Spermicides come in a tube or can, along with a plastic applicator which is filled and inserted into the vagina -Consists of chemicals that kill sperm and an inert base that blocks entrance to the cervix -Failure rates can be as high as 25%
Why is the use of the "ethnographic present" a problem when considering cross-cultural data?
convention of anthropologists writing in present tense because flows better and normalized but causes issues for people reading that they may think these things are still happening now not in the past but cultures evolve
Abstinence
couple makes the choice to not have sex as their primary form of birth control
What are the procedures for sterilization for males and females?
males: vastectomy- cut the tube of the vas deferens, very reliable and cheaper than tubal sterilization reversal- sew ends of the vas deferens together females: tubal sterilization- oviducts tied and cut--> sperm and ova can't meet more effective than a vastectomy and more invasive
Personality disorders
many violent rapists have severe personality disorders or are driven by sadistic impulses
IUDs
marketed before the 1920's as a device that helped to correct a prolapsed uterus. Caused a high incidence of pelvic inflammatory disease
Jaw width, mouth, and nose width, chin size, lip fatness and eye size features relate to _____ in judging facial attractiveness
masculinity-femininity
Pessaries
medical device inserted into the vagina, either to provide structural support, or as a method of delivering medication. Also used to perform early abortions
A hijra is a
member of a class of male-to-female transexuals from northern India and Pakistan.
A sex difference is evident between men and women in reported total number of sex partners. Potential explanations for this sex difference include all of the following except
men and women use different definitions of the term "sex partners."
Street prostitution
minority but they are the most visible part of the industry and exposed to the greatest risk
Candida
most common fungal infection in the world caused by a genus of yeast
Escort service
most prevalent in the US -Escorts advertise their services in newspapers, adult magazines, yellow pages, or internet sites
Massage parlors
most readily available locations for prostitution in suburban areas but have become a frequent target for police raids
Homoseductive Mother (Bieber)
mother who was seductive towards her sone, which traumatized the boy and turned him to homosexuality.
theoretical effectiveness
perfect-user failure rate vs typical-use failure rate
What decisions do an expecting woman/couple need to make regarding the birth itself? What options for childbirth alternatives presently exist?
o Lamaze Method → involves relaxation and controlled breathing • Reduces pain in childbirth but doesn't eliminate it completely o Medications • Regional and local anesthetics (an epidural) are most common during births in the US • Negative effects of anesthesia can be reduced by using low dosages o Cesarean Section → delivery of baby through an incision in the abdomen • Reasons can include the mother's pelvis being too small, labor isn't progressing, baby's presentation is problematic, placenta previa, herpes, baby in distress • Elective C sections pose a greater risks • Also used when normal vaginal birth is impossible or undesirable, such as when the umbilical cord prolapses
HAART
offers a complete continuum of care to people living with HIV/AIDS including housing, primary care, medications, case management, and an array of supportive services provides HIV prevention education and FREE testing to the Baton Rouge area.
Socialization research has shown that the gender identity of a child can be influenced by
older siblings.
Rhythm methods
only form of "natural" birth control and require abstaining from intercourse during the woman's fertile period
Brothels/Whorehouses
only in rural areas of Nevada where they are still legal in the US or tolerated in mining or logging communities
D&E (dilation and evacuation)
opening of the cervix and scraping out the contents with a curette performed early in the second trimester
Hormonal methods
oral contraceptives, implants, injections, ring, patch
hormonal methods
oral contraceptives, implants, injections, ring, patch
hormonal methods of contraception
oral contraceptives, implants, injections, ring, patch
Estrogen
other hormone that is regulated during the menstrual cycle. Most birth control combination pills have both estrogen and progestin
Comstock Act
outlawed contraceptive manufacture and this dissuaded large firms from the exclusive production of merchandise of questionable repute. Allowed small-scale production to thrive
how many types of STD's are there?
over 200 but people usually are caused by 7 0f them
erection is controlled by the ______nervous system, whereas orgasms are controlled by the ____nervous system
parasympathetic/sympathetic
olfactory cues may provide information about potential reproductive fitness, as shown in one experiment in which men with the most attractive smells, as rated by fertile women, also had________
physically symmetrical bodies
intrauterine devices (IUD)
plastic objects in the shape of a "T", function is not fully understood pros: highly effective, convenient and non intrusive, significant protection against endometrial cancer cons: $$, some irregular cramping/bleeding, no protection against STIs
Homophobia
prejudice against homosexuality or gay people
in some indigenous tribes of lowland South America such as Canela, people do not understand that one sperm fertilizes one egg, and therefor believe that a child can have many fathers. Although biologically inaccurate, it offers the benefit of_________
producing more male support and protection of children
conflicting perspectives on the value or harm of pornography
promotes general moral decay and undermines traditional social institutions, harms women. Studies have shown that only men with already predisposing personalities would be influenced by porn to harm women. There is a correlation between high porn consumption and sexual violence, but it is not causal and may be more predisposed. In japan, number of rapes has decreased despite large production and consumption of porn, unresolved if there are harmful effects.
female condoms
pros: only contraceptive controlled by a woman that prevents STIs/HIV, put in ahead of time cons: less appealing to men, an end hangs out, could get drawn into vagina during sex
8. what is Rh
protein on the surface of red blood cells
What are the theories put forth to explain homosexuality? (pp. 375-380)
psychodynamic:explain in terms of internal mental processes, homosexual phase in early childhood, developmental phase disrupted by abnormal relationships with family biological: in terms of phenomina such as brain chemistry, hormones, genes and evolution, depends on androgen levels during sensitive period of prenatal development
sex-linked trait on X chromosome of females
recessive traits that lead to feminine characteristics. Hemophilia is a well-known x-linked trait.
one difference between male and human sexual response found by Masters and Johnson was that men experience__________period while women do not.
refractory
What is "alligatoring" for the Mehinaku?
sex in the alligator place/gardens, specific sexual positions because on the ground seated for sex
Jackson Katz TED talk
sexual assault is a mens issue, paradigm-shifting perspective, bystander approach
Contraceptive entrepreneur
small players that used birth control devices in their home to produce contraceptive methods. They became key figures and competitors in the illicit world of contraceptive manufacturing
contraceptive implants (Nexplanon)
small rods w/ contraceptive hormones, implanted under skin, protects for at least 3 years pros: no action from user besides insertion, most reliable hormonal contraception cons:$$$, contains progestin only, irregular bleeding is common, no overweight women
Magnus Hirschfeld struggled for the repeal of German _____ statutes
sodomy
What happens during the process of fertilization?
sperm enters an ovum in the oviduct, fertilized ovum is now called an embyro - embryo migrates toward the uterus while the lining of the uterus is being prepped for the embryo - embryo does implantation (burrows into the endometrium) and secretes hCG (hormone that stops menstruation) -process of fertilization takes place in the oviduct
nonoxynol-9
sperm killing chemical, destroys sperm with a detergent-like action that disrupts their chemical membranes
fertility awareness methods
standard days, calendar rhythm method, cervical mucus method pros: inexpensive/free, usable by people who consider other contraception immoral, no side effects cons: less reliable, great deal of time without sex, demand time and attention, calendar method takes 6 months till you can even start using it
what did Margaret Sanger do?
started birth control movement NY nurse, she often interacted with couples who were desperate started handing out info about contraception and was outlawed by state
prenatal hormone theory hypothesis
states that everything depends on androgen levels during a sensitive period of prenatal development
Prenatal factors
stress, exposure to high levels of estrogen, birth order, 2D:4D finger length ratio
the basic physiological processes responsible for the physical changes in the genitals that occur during the human sexual response cycle are______ and ______
sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system
Congenital syphilis
syphilis transmitted vertically. May lead to stillborn, neonatal death, infant disorders
What is the difference between RU-486 and emergency contraception?
taken 2-3 days after sex prevents ovulation and conception
4. pill that moms took that hurt their babies unkowningly
thalidomide
what is the primary theme of the excerpt about the Trobriand islanders?
the "proper" way of engaging in premarital relationships
What does current research suggest about the mental health and social adjustment of children of same sex parents? (pp. 393-393)
there is no difference
How is HIV transmitted?
through unprotected coitus and anal sex
Hepatitis A
transmitted by the fecal-oral route
perineal tear
trauma to the perineum during childbirth. Doctors make a precise incision to this area before the tear occurs so they can stitch it up neatly
T/F Evidence shows that homophobic men are aroused by male-male sexual interaction
true
T/F for centuries, syphilis was untreatable
true
HSV types I and II
two herpesvirus complexes that cause oral (I) and genital (II) herpes
What tests can be used to detect abnormality in the fetus?
ultrasound scan - aminocenesis (amniotic fluids for downs, chromosome/gene abnormalities) (15 - 18 weeks) - chronic villus sampling (catheter used to sample tissue from placenta)(10 - 12 weeks) PGS - if one parent has a disease not useful for Down syndrome
According to evolutionary psychology accounts, the jealousy experienced by males is attributable to
uncertainty of paternity.
Epididymitis
unilateral testicular pain and swelling, inflammation of the epididymis
6. how many weeks does a nuvaring stay in
up to 4 weeks
What is the sexual orientation of children raised in gay and/or lesbian families
usually have a heterosexual orientation
3 stages of Syphilis
• Primary → 10-90 days after infection a chancre (syphilitic sore) appears and heal themselves within 3-6 weeks • Secondary → painless rash and accompanied by fever, swollen lymph nodes, sore throat, and muscle pain. Untreated symptoms usually disappear within a few weeks • Latent phase → a person is no longer infectious after about a year in this phase but spirochetes have multiplied and spread throughout the body • Tertiary → could be decades after the infection (therefore only rarely seen and only in 15% of untreated individuals) and does serious damage or internal organs and body systems
Bieber attributed the development of male homosexuality to primary to
• dominant, overly intimate mothers
What segments of the population have been most affected by the epidemic of STD's?
•15-24 year olds •more common in the South •more common in blacks •more common in people who engage in male gay sex
About how many abortions are carried out each year in the US?
•19% of all established pregnancies •926,000 in 2015 •rate is declining
What was the Stonewall Rebellion and why is it significant?
•1969 Stonewall Inn gay bar, riot post police raid, street demonstrations followed by formation of more-confrontational gay rights organizations •starting point of the modern gay rights movement
What is unique about the Dani of Irian Jaya, according to Heider?
•1970 •low level of sexual interest or activity •post partum sexual abstinence •prevents sex between parents but not outside marriage, but few engage in affairs •no sign of unhappiness or stress •little erotic input in infants, sex not a focus of life, increased sexuality in adolescence but interactions low affect
Why did Messenger describe the inhabitants of Inis Beag as "sexually repressed"? When was this research carried out? Would we expect to see the same situation today?
•1971 •arranged marriage but marital sex repressed, keep clothes on, only missionary, male ejaculates and then cover up again •pagan ideas fused with Catholicism •lack of sexual knowledge, never discussed so never understand it •ethnophysiology: sex as debilitating and women considered dangerous when on period or after birth •rewards and punishments for sexual curiosity as a child •probably not the same situation today because of increased tourism, information, and education
What is the basis for defining "obscenity" in the US?
•Comstock Law 1873: criminalized sale and possession of obscene materials •sexually offensive or threatening to public morality •Miller v. California 1973: no 1st amendment protection of pornography but states say acceptable under certain conditions •must be sexually arousing, depicts or describes in offensive way sexual conduct or excretory functions, work lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific merit
Are Condoms Safe?
•Condoms are very expandable •Holes are rare to nonexistent to HIV virus and other STDs cannot pas through •Condoms are safe and effective at reducing the risk of pregnancy and infection •Best method with the exception of abstinence
Be familiar with the anthropologists who first studied sexuality as a component of culture
•Edward Westermark: incest taboo, cross cultural family and marriage research •Freud •crosstalk and interdisciplinary work before specialization became important •Freud > Ellis > Mead > Kinsey > MJ > Money > contemporary •cultural chill in 1940, ban of sex research, anthropologists move to kinship studies
How do Depo-Provera Injections work?
•Inhibiting ovulation •Thickening of cervical mucus •Inhibit growth of endomertrium
What was Kinsey's contribution to understanding sexual orientation?
•Kinsey scale •0 (exclusively heterosexual) to 6 (exclusively homosexual) •accounted for spectrum •5 point scale normally used today because people believe there are less sexual gradations than originally thought
Gay theory: anatomy of the brain
•LeVay research on INAH3 region of the hypothalamus •function of inner ear •size of left and right cerebral hemispheres
Tubal sterilization
•Oviducts are tied and cut, cauterized, or closed off with clips - results in sperm and ova not being able to meet •More expensive than a vasectomy and more invasive and often times, cannot be reversed •One new method: Essure
What are some key issues in the abortion debates that are making news in the US today? (Roe v. Wade, restrictions, personhood laws, feticide laws, crisis pregnancy centers) (pp. 302-05)
•Roe v. Wade hoping to be overturned by changing Supreme Court judges •requiring parental consent, difficult to access abortion, waiting time •prosecute mother for homicide with feticide laws establishing personhood for fetus with rights distinct from the mother •crisis centers expose mothers to scams and shaming to try to change their mind, false advertising
side effects of BC
•Slight increases in diseases of circulatory system •Aggravate already existing cancers •Vaginal discharge increases •20% report irritability and depression
How do rights for lesbian and gay men vary around the world? Where are the most open societies? Where are penalties for same sex behavior likely to be more severe? (pp. 382-83)
•Western Europe tradition of social tolerance v. American conservatism •South America some areas of progressiveness but also hate crimes and police harassment increases •homosexuality illegal in most of the Middle East and Africa
What are the signs of pregnancy?
•absence of menstrual period •breast tenderness •fatigue •nausea (morning sickness) •confirmed by pregnancy test and ultrasound scan
How can individuals reduce their risk of contracting an STD?
•abstinence •have sex with fewer partners •keep needles clean and fresh •talk with partner about STI
What does the Dani example suggest about the role of universality of libido?
•against Freud because all humans don't innately have a high sex drive that must be expressed •sexual drive defined by cultural/social circumstances
What is the number one date rape drug?
•alcohol •incapacitated rapes
What do the term asexual and demisexual mean? (pp. 133-34)
•asexual: no interest in interpersonal sex •demisexual: needing established romantic relationship before sexual development, need strong emotional bond
Which of the STI's we covered were viral? Bacterial?
•bacteria: syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia •viruses: herpes, genital warts, HPV, Hep B, Hep A, HIV/AIDS
Where did the gay rights movement begin? Who started it?
•began in Germany with first gay rights organization, Scientific-Humanitarian Committee in Berlin (1897) •led by Magnus Hirschfeld, gay Jewish doctor and sexologist who developed ideas of biological theory to sexual orientation and gender •overthrew sodomy statues
How is HIV transmitted? What is the difference between HIV and AIDS?
•began with chimps as bush meat, ingest •transfer by sex, contaminated needles, blood transfusions, and perinatal transmission between mother and child •HIV is the virus that causes AIDS, which is a condition that develops years after the HIV infection
What similarities can you find between the Mehinaku example and Malinowski's description of Trobriand village life? What differences?
•both are separated by labor and socialization, but the Trobriands are more sexually liberated •less affairs in marriage for Trobriands •expect romantic love in marriage in addition to economic exchange
What were some of Masters and Johnson's contributions to understanding human sexuality? (HSRC, sex therapy). What were some of the criticisms of their work? (ex. Leonore Tiefer)
•contributions: HSRC, sex therapy, bring sex out of the shadows •criticisms: Leonore Tiefer critics the medicalization of sex and pharmacy involvement, orgasm industry, MJ observation only, machine like and generalizing, fake universality because had to be orgasmic to be in study, no thought of emotional intimacy in sexual arousal
barrier contraceptive methods (condom, diaphragms, cervical caps, female condoms, sponge)
•create physical barrier •use in conjunction with spermicide foam or gel •male condoms much better than female and less expensive •physical and chemical barrier •Today sponge with water, diaphragm and cervical cap combo
What decisions do an expecting woman/couple need to make regarding the birth itself? What options for childbirth alternatives presently exist?
•decide plan for birth, whether at hospital or at birthing center or at home •determine with consideration of likelihood of complications
What is the Mehinaku view on premarital sex? Illegitimate children? How do these ideas contribute to the prevalence of extramarital affairs?
•expect children to explore •monitor sexuality at adolescence to ensure maturation through celibacy and seclusion of poisonous female (period and discharge) •expect boy to break out of family life for sex, when dad kicks him out he is a man •affairs completely normalized and occur as long as no social taboo, increases village cohesion and enduring relationships with affection
Serena Nanda discusses the practice of arranged marriage in India. What factors were important for Nanda's friends in their search to find a wife for their son? How does the rationale for arranged marriage contrast with the rationale for individual choice? What is a "love match" in India?
•family reputation, classism, dowry, smooth relatives to make sure families get along, skin color •idea of not having to focus on it, concentrate on individual purpose and studies and pursuits •love match is any marriage that isn't arranged
According to the text, what percentage of rapes in the US are reported to law enforcement authorities?
•fewer than 1 in 3 rapes/sexual assaults are reported to police •reasons: personal matter, afraid of reprisals, want to protect perpetrator, believe police were biased or would do nothing
New initiatives in male contraception
•heat: sperm impaired at high temperatures, use device to keep testes in inguinal canal to keep at body heat •intra-vas devices: plugs inside vas deferum to block flow of sperm •androgens: testosterone and androgens prevent sperm production •dry orgasm pill: disrupt smooth muscle in penis to prevent sperm mixed with ejaculate, go into bladder •immunology: develop antibodies against sperm •retinoic acid blockers: required for sperm production, use receptor blockers
effectiveness of contraception
•highly effective (97-99%): IUD, hormonal methods, sterilization •moderate (82-86%): male condom •less effective (80%): all other options (ex. withdrawal, female condoms) •hope and pray is 15% effective
According to Kulick, how do travestis feel about their penises?
•if their boyfriends touch their penis then they're gay and thus have to terminate the relationship •use penis in sex work because people want it •tuck penis back in underwear to make vagina/mound for their boyfriends
What is pelvic inflammatory disease? What are the long-term effects?
•in women when gonorrhea spreads to oviducts and uterus •first symptoms of gonorrhea: abdominal cramps, pain, bleeding, vomiting, fever •may cause scarring of the oviducts and result in infertility and risk of ectopic pregnancy
What are the three types of stalking?
•intimate partner stalking: victim is stalked by current or former spouse •delusional stalking: stalker has the fixed belief that the victim is in love with him or could easily be made to fall in love with him (erotomania) •grudge stalking: stalker pursues victim to seek revenge for some actual or imagined injury, not usually sexual
What is IPV? According the NISVS, is it increasing or decreasing?
•intimate partner violence •National intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey •often assault and violence committed within intimate sexual relationships •rate has dropped dramatically in recent years (down for women by 71%, 50% for men)
What are some of the challenges bisexual people face in life?
•issue of thinking bisexual people are confused, untrustworthy, less monogamous, less able to maintain long-term relationship •stereotype that bisexual men more likely to spread HIV
What are some risk factors during pregnancy? What are some complications of pregnancy?
•issues of medical history, premature birth, delayed labor, C-sections •make sure to be healthy and avoid problematic substances during and before pregnancy
Discuss issues such as occupational preferences of lesbians and gay men, the experience of gay people who belong to minorities, the "sex styles" of gay men and lesbians
•jobs dominated by persons of the other sex (ex. flight attendants, mechanics) •jobs requiring high level of social perceptiveness (ex. psychologist) •jobs allowing people to perform their work without a great deal of reliance on others (ex. technical writer, home appliance installer) •gay people in minorities face the same discrimination of racism, but even more isolated, issues of facing more difficult barriers of cultural traditions •sex styles tend to take their time, especially with lesbians, over an hour, men tend to edge, gay men more open about sex (ex. bathhouses)
Gay theory: socialization
•labeling: if people tell you you're gay, you will be; social constructivism •molestation •early same sex experiences
How can we explain the epidemic rates of STD's in the US? There are different answers to this question. What do you think? What could be done to reduce the high rates of infection in the US?
•less education and assistance programs to help prevent them •social conservatism •eroded public health infrastructure
What points of evidence does Heider use to conclude that the Dani have a low level of sexuality?
•low energy system: little sex activity or thought but also generally low energy expenditure in activities •environment of valley creates optimal comfort and minimal stimulation, mild and moderate, no yearly rhythm of weather, constant steady state •extremely low stress Dani infants receive, snugly snoozing on mother's back
What are the procedures for sterilization for males and females?
•males: locate vas deferum, make incision, tie ends, highly reliable and convenient, cheaper and safer than female sterilization, no STI protection and mostly non-reversible •females: tubal ligation ties the tubes, more invasive than male sterilization, more expensive, laparoscopy and mini-laparotomy, can reduce cancers, longer recovery
Why is being married so important for Mehinaku?
•marriage mediates economic relationship between sexes (women make flour v. men collect fish and meat) •hammock weaving as dowry, fish stew and bread exchange •separation of sexes •
What are the main points of difference among those who disagree regarding the legalization or decriminalization of prostitution?
•men and young people support decriminalization/legalization •people oppose morally and religiously rather than real negative effects of prostitutions like STIs •issue of misogyny or bodily autonomy •idea to legalize and laissez faire, no government interference, libertarian affair
Gregor concludes that the high level of extramarital affairs actually contributes to village cohesion. What is his reasoning here?
•more kinship •enduring relationships with mutual affection keeps the group tight •no feelings of jealousy because it's expected that things are transient and marriage only economic •more children to care for communally
coitus interruptus contraceptive method
•most ancient, not very effective •over long time may lead to sexual dysfunction •free and no preparation •man takes responsibility for contraception •no STI protection
fertility awareness contraceptive method (calendar, BBT, Billings)
•natural, rhythm method, calendar •abstain day 8-19 for standard days method •cycle beads show color of cycle and when ovulation occurs •phone apps more accurate allow less abstaining from sex •sympto thermal method: aware of cervical secretions and basal body temperature
Gay theory: psychoanalytic
•new focus on cognitive process and parental relations, focus on queerness as a disorder rather than a sin •Freud: anal fixation •Bieber and the homoseductive mother
What does current research suggest about the mental health and social adjustment of children of same sex parents (p. 393)?
•no scientific basis for concluding that gay and lesbian parents are any less fit than heterosexual parents, or their children any less psychologically healthy and well adjusted
IUD contraceptive method
•old form of contraception, move away from their stigma in 19th and early 20th centuries •ParaGard (copper, no hormones, 10 years); changes oviduct lining •Skyla, Mirena (hormones, 3-5 years)
What is Truvada and how is it different from drugs to treat AIDS?
•once daily pill (two antiretroviral drugs) used as pre-exposure prophylaxis to prevent the virus •not always consistent so injections are in trial phase
Review the information on the PowerPoint regarding the relationship of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems to human sexual response
•parasympathetic: maintenance of the body, more passive, occurs with vasocongestion •sympathetic: fight or flight, emergency response, active, occurs with orgasm and myotonia
What are two core techniques cultural anthropologists use to gather ethnographic field data?
•participant-observation •interviews
What is reparative/conversion therapy and what is the other basic type (pastoral/pray the gay away)?
•pastoral: pray the gay away •secular: science and counseling, meant to convert back to heterosexuality •NARTH: homosexuality unnatural because no purpose, right to therapy conversion •many pastoral groups gone now such as Exodus when two speakers fell in love
How many genders does Kulick identify for Brazil?
•penetrated •penetrator
What are the benefits of breastfeeding? Why is it controversial in the US?
•physical and psychological health and bonding between mother and child •better for baby to help fight infections •helps shrink uterus and shed weight •less expensive and convenient •contraceptive effect •controversial in US because of public feeding and women's movement increased naturalness of it and that it's not demeaning
Different perspectives on the value or harm of pornography. What is LeVay's POV?
•pornography is victimless because creators do it voluntarily and get sexual pleasure •production and consumption of porn has social consequences so needs to be regulated •moral decay and undermining the family according to religious conservatives •harms women because teaches men to abuse and rape women and women dress to invite it •sexual exploration
Gay theory: genetics
•problem with locating the 'gay gene' •Bailey and Pillard: orientation has a heritability factor but familial genes and socialization important •homosexuality common in identical twins •Dean Hanner: claims genetic gay marker on X chromosome but junk science •issue of recent studies using better sample sizes and now hereditary theory has declined
What are the pros and cons of C-sections? Why is the rate so high in the US?
•pros: shortens labor time, helps if fetus in wrong position or woman's pelvis too small, less malpractice suits, easier on schedule, saves lives •longer recovery time, more invasive, higher risk •seen as preferable and good for mothers fearful of childbirth, no sex life impairment
What are the theories put forth to explain homosexuality? (pp. 375-80)
•psychodynamic: fixation on anal phase, homoseductive mother •socialization: trauma, conditioning, early experiences •prenatal: exposure to androgen to exhibit atypical gender traits •biology: sizes of brain parts, genes
What are the forms of sexual harassment?
•quid pro quo harassment: deals in exchange for sex, issue of employer and employee, power dynamics •hostile environment harassment: pattern of unwelcome attention, advances, or statements that make life difficult for the victim
Is the rate of rape in the US increasing or decreasing?
•rate in college is decreasing •overall decreasing but more open communication about the topic so seems to be getting worse
What factors should be considered in choosing a method of contraception?
•reliability of the method •safety generally and with individual risk factors •reversibility •STI protection •ease of use •cost •control of contraceptive method for the individual
How important is romantic love in marriage for Mehinaku? How do spouses relate to each other?
•romantic love is laughable •romance between spouses seen in bad taste because doesn't show respect which is shown by being apart •early couples together but affection limited, economic appreciation first •romantic love for extramarital affairs which increase kinship
What happens during the process of fertilization?
•semen ejaculated into vagina, enter cervix through passive transport, reach oviduct and fertilize ovum after working with enzyme to burrow through shell around egg •egg releases chemical attractant to lead sperm to it •once sperm enters ovum's cytoplasm it is fertilized •combo cell of sperm and egg called a zygote (becomes embryo once splits into two cells)
How does the picture of family life and child development painted by Malinowski for the Trobriand Islands in the early 1900s differ from conventional norms in the US?
•sex normalized and open in this society, kids hear sexual talk and jokes, see sex in family huts •early sexual exploration becomes systemized in adolescence •bachelor houses as places for sex after children ejected from family life, couples but not exclusive or permanent •courting for marriage the couple does everything together except eat food v. early couple just shares bed and pleasure
Know the difference between sexual tourism, sex work, and sex trafficking
•sex tourism: traveling to a foreign country to find sex partners (usually prostitutes) •sex work: someone who offers his or her body for sex •sex trafficking: illegally kidnapping people and selling them as sex slaves
How do cultures vary in terms of sexuality? For example, how do cultures differ in terms of attitudes and normative behavior when it comes to sexual impulse, categorization of sex/gender?
•sexual impulse (post pardum, widowhood, ageism, Inis Beag, Dani) •sex and gender categories (gender malleability in cultures, more than 2 sexes, travestis, hijras, two-spirit) •sexual orientation acceptance •prostitution/commercial sex •beauty standards (cultural construction v. evolutionary psychology, universal attractors) •sexual style (dating rules, sexual taboos, Trobriand courtship with bachelor hut) •pattern of marriage, family, and kinship (premarital and extramarital sex, # spouses) •ethnophysiology (Sambia semen beliefs)
How do travestis modify their bodies?
•silicon implants (liters and cups) •eating birth control hormone pills
According to Gregor, Mehinaku men and women have different sexual expectations, partly due to differences in socialization. How are the social development and expectations of men and women different?
•socialized separately, male and female ring with power divided •division of labor •economic exchange and codependence •expect female repression of sexuality, inferior and dangerous with body fluid, risk to have sex •low sexuality because reprimanded but then berated if women don't have sex "worthless"
How does the ethnographic example in Sambia illustrate that ethnophysiological concepts vary cross-culturally (concepts of growth and development, reproduction)?
•sperm required to become man, fellatio to ingest manhood •semen is magic, humans are conductors of its energy •economy of semen transactions •ethnophysiology •spermatorrhea •idea of sex informs their sexual relationships and how it mimics economic dynamics
spermicide contraceptive method (contraceptive foam, jellies, cream, film)
•spermicide can develop an allergy to so use carefully and sparingly •issue of needing female fingers up to cervix to apply
Be familiar with the hierarchy of prostitution and what each one does
•street based (cheap and dangerous) < escort (expensive, less visible, more security) •street prostitution: pay by the hour, lowest rank, social degradation, high risk of abuse, more STI because can't enforce protection as much •massage parlor/exotic dance: suburban, less targeted for abuse and police raids •escort: main form of prostitution, most prevalent, much safer, more expensive, call girls •premier escorts: beautiful and well presented, dinner and show without embarrassment, rings and madams
Gay theory: prenatal factors
•stress •exposure to high levels of estrogen/androgen causes queerness •risky to extrapolate for humans off of lab rat data •birth order: gay men likely to be later in order with older brothers not sisters, possibly mother forms antibodies against HY antigen that causes sexual differences •2D:4D: ratio closer shows more testosterone
partible paternity
•the belief that two or more men may be fathers of the same child (ex. Canella) •comes from ethnophysiology belief that on feast days one woman has sex with many people and thus all men are the father •increases resources and economic ties
Forms of abortions and how they can be done
•therapeutic abortion: done to save mother's health •elective abortion: done by the mother's choice •surgical abortion: physically removing fetus and its membranes from the uterus •vacuum aspiration post dilation, first trimester •dilation and evacuation in second trimester •saline-induced in late second trimester •hysterotomy •medical abortions: resemble miscarriage through medicines, two step •mifepristone that blocks progestin to kill uterus support, then give misoprostol to induce contractions to force miscarriage and expel the materials
Would it be accurate to say there were no rules about sexuality in the Trobriand Island community? What were the rules for the bukamatula?
•there are rules and sexual exploration is institutionalized •rules of house: exclusive couples, decorum and no orgies, no legal binding of couples, exclusion of any other community interests except sex
What tests can be used to detect abnormality in the fetus?
•ultrasound scans: reveals congenital abnormalities plus combo with biomedical tests can show Down syndrome •amniocentesis: see chromosomal and genetic abnormalities and spina bifida •chorionic villus sampling: abnormalities except for spina bifida
Can you provide examples of ways in which societies perceive attractiveness differently? There are some gender signals that are universally considered attractive (Language of the Sexes)
•unblemished skin and other signs of fertility, youth, and health •cross cultural: golden lotus, corsets, high heels, dresses to create huge body shape
hormonal contraceptive methods (oral, implants, injections, ring, patch)
•use progestin and synthetic estradiol •pills can be combo or progestin only (28 active) •estrogen inhibits FSH production to prevent ovulation •progesterone keeps mucus thick so sperm less likely to access cervix •pills increase risk of cancers and weight gain and discharge, but help prevent ovarian and endometrium cancers, fewer and lighter periods •ring similar to pills, release hormones, change every 3 weeks + 1 week period •patch: Xulane, hormones through skin, new patch every 3 weeks + 1 week period •injections: DepoProvera, progestin, inhibit endometrium growth and ovulation, repeat every 3 months, problem of decalcification
What is RU-486 (mifepristone)? How does it work?
•used in medical abortions •blocks progestin receptors so endometrium begins to break down and ceases to support the fetus, detaches, and dies
