humerus and shoulder girdle, Upper limbs, abdomen, POSITIONING CH 3: ABDOMEN, RADT 1210 Chest, radt 1210 chapter 1

most frequent fractured carpal bone

Scaphoid

wrist fat stripes

Scaphoid fat stripe Pronator fat stripe

lateral, dorsal

Decubitus positions are ----- and -----.

AP Abdomen (KUB)

Demonstrates borders of psoas major muscles

Horizontal Beam Transthoracic Lateral Humerus (Trauma)

Demonstrates entire humerus without rotation Unaffected limb raised over head CR to mid aspect to involved humerus

Criteria for left lateral decubitus

Diaphragm demonstrated Both sides of body included No rotation No motion Exposure factors air raises

Criteria: Dorsal DecubitusRight Lateral Position

Diaphragm included No rotation No motion Exposure factors

Erect AP Abdomen Criteria

Diaphragm included (unless PA chest taken) No rotation No motion Exposure factors air rose fluid fell down have to have diaphragm

Two-Way Acute Abdomen(AP Supine and Erect)

Diaphragm is not included, requires lateral decubitus or erect PA chest supine

Digestive tract Accessory organs ØLiver ØGallbladder ØPancreas ØSpleen

Digestive tract

lateral finger

Digit parallel to IR CR to PIP Routine •PA •Oblique •Lateral

PA Oblique 45 degrees

Digit parallel to IR CR to PIP Routine PA •Oblique •Lateral

DIP

Distal Interphalangeal joint; joint at the most distal end of the finger and toes

PA wrist projection evaluation criteria

Distal radius, ulna, and carpals demonstrated Center of field at midcarpals No rotation Exposure factors

Respiratory System :Pleura

Double walled Chest pathology ØPneumothorax ØHemothorax ØPleurisy

Bone metastases

Transfer of disease or cancerous lesions from one organ or part that may not be directly connected

inspiration

atelectasis, foreign body

Levels of Human Structural Organization

atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, system, organism

chemical level of organization

atoms and molecules

lesser omentum

attaches stomach to liver

AEC

automatic exposure control no

surgical neck of humerus

axillary nerve and posterior circumflex artery

LUQ

b

6

b 1. peritoneal cavity 2. visceral peritoneum 3. lesser omentum 4. small bowel 5. mesentry 6. greater omentum 7. parietal peritoneum 8. stomach

4

b 1. stomach 2. lrg intestine 3. small intestine 4. pharynx 5. esophagus 6. spleen 7. pancreas 8. liver 9. oral cavity

11

b 1.Anus 2. Appendix (vermiform) 3. Ascending colon 4. Cecum 5. Descending colon 6. Ileocecal valve 7. Left colic (splenic) flexure 8. Rectum 9. Right colic (hepatic) flexure 10. Sigmoid colon 11. Transverse colon

appendicular skeleton(126bones)

clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges, hip bone, femur, tibia, fibula, patella, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

Gonadal shielding

Male Shield at upper edge of symphysis pubis Female Ovarian shield only if it does not obscure essential anatomy

Oblique Projections of Elbow

Medial oblique 45° internal (medial) rotation lateral oblique 45 degress external(lateral) rotation Lateral oblique ØRadial head, neck, and tuberosity in profile ØLateral epicondyle and capitulum in profile Medial oblique ØCoronoid process in profile ØTrochlea and medial epicondyle in profile

Mediastinum

Medial portion of thoracic cavity between lungs Four structures ØTrachea ØEsophagus ØThymus gland ØHeart and great vessels

pleura

Membrane surrounding the lungs

MCP

Metacarpophalangeal Joint: large joints in the hand at the base of each finger

inferior costal margin

Mid and upper abdomen landmarks for palpation include: Xiphoid process (T9-T10) --- ---- ----- (L2-L3) Iliac crest (L4-L5)

Degree of inspiration

Minimum of 10 ribs Count posterior ribs

Positioning rules and principles

Minimum of two projections ➢Anatomic structures superimposed ➢Localization of lesions or foreign bodies ➢Determination of alignment of fractures

hyaline cartilage

Most common type of cartilage; it is found on the ends of long bones, ribs, and nose

alimentary canal

Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestines, Large Intestines, , and Anus.

Abduction

Movement away from the midline of the body lateral

radial deviation

Movement of the wrist towards the radius or lateral side

Ulnar deviation

Movement of the wrist towards the ulna or medial side

ulnar deviation

Movement of the wrist towards the ulna or medial side

Adduction

Movement toward the midline of the body

Protraction

Moving a part forward

infraspinous fossa

Name this specific area of the scapula.

DJD (degenerative joint disease)

disease of joints in which the cartilage undergoes degeneration AP and lateral shoulder

COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)

disease with enlarged lung spaces, usually from smoking can cause shortness of breath

bronchopneumonia

diseased state of the bronchi and lungs

Dislocation

displace of joint

RUQ organs

liver, gallbladder, duodenum, head of pancreas, right kidney and adrenal, hepatic flexure of colon, right suprarenal gland

accessory organs of the digestion

liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen

retroperitoneal

located behind the peritoneum

thymus gland

located in the mediastinal cavity anterior to and above the heart; secretes thymosin

scaphoid fat stripe

located lateral to the scaphoid and visualized on the PA and oblique views of the wrist

olecranon fossa

located on the posterior side of the distal end of the humerus superior to the trochlea and articulates with the olecranon process of the ulna

c

located under or beneath the peritoneaum a) Intraperitoneal b) Retroperitoneal c) Infraperitoneal

medial border of scapula

long edge or border near the vertebrae

shaft

long midportion of both radius and ulna is called ( body)

xiphoid process

lower portion of the sternum

xiphoid process

lower, narrow portion of the sternum

Depression

lowering, letting down, moving of a body part

decubitus

lying down

recumbent position

lying down in any position (also called decubitus position)

prone

lying face down

ventral recumbent position

lying face down, prone

Dorsal decubitus position

lying on dorsal ( back) / surface

supine

lying on the back

dorsal recumbent

lying on the back; supine

Ventral decubitus position

lying on ventral (belly) surface with the x-ray beam directed horizontally exiting from the side closest to the IR

oblique hand

make ok sign then straighten 2nd digit or use sponge

Chondrosarcoma

malignant tumor of cartilage

Osteosarcoma

malignant tumor of the bone

osteogenic sarcoma

malignant tumor originating in bone-producing cells

Inferosuperior axial projection

may be used to evaluate the glenohumeral joint when the patient is able to abduct the arm

The ulnar notch is located at the:

medial aspect of the distal radius

average adult humerus and shoulder

medium kvP, 70 to 85 with grid for shoulder thickness>10 cm Higher mA small focal spot

elliposidal joint

metacarpophalangeal joints wrist radiocarpal joint

criteria erect vs supine

minimize breast shadows

integumentary system

protects the body within limits against microbial invasion and mechanical, chemical, UV damage eliminates waste through perspiration synthesis certain vitamins

pivot joint

proximal radioulnar joint elbow joint

Coastal Surface of Scapula

proximity to the ribs

What two large abdominal muscles extend next to the lumbar spine and are indicators of a well-exposed KUB?

psoas major

empyema

pus in the pleural cavity

deltoid tuberosity of humerus

raised area on lateral surface of humerus to which deltoid muscle attaches

Ewing sarcoma

rare malignant tumor arising in bone; most often occurring in children

ischial tuberosity

receives the weight of the body when sitting

Epigasric Region

region above the stomach

umbilical region

region of the navel

nasopharynx

region of the pharynx at the back of the nose and above the soft palate

urinary system

regulate fluid and electrocyte balance and volume regulates blood eliminates waste products kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

nervous system

regulates body activities voluntary or involuntary transmit electrical impulses to various parts of the body and the brain

which one of the following conditions is classified as a form of pneumoconiosis

silicosis

sitting erect

sit up/hold the xray receptor heart closer to the image receptor - greater detail

PA chest

sitting erect

heart

size of the fist

Hypostenic

slender normal shape 35% population

Amphiarthrodial

slightly movable

SBFT

small bowel follow-through (x-ray study of the small intestine with contrast)

nutrient foramen

small opening in the middle of the external surface of the diaphysis, through which an artery enters the bone to provide nourishment

peritoneal cavity

space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum

Axial (Superoinferior) Projection

special nasal bone projection

What is the joint classification for the scapulohumeral joint?

spheroidal

Which of the following is NOT one of the accessory organs for digestion?

spleen

Joints of the shoulder girdle

sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, scapulohumeral

bony thorax

sternum, ribs, and thoracic vertebrae

Three digestive organs within the abdominal cavity

stomach, small intestine, large intestine

LUQ organs

stomach, spleen, left colic flexure, tail of pancreas, left kidney, left suprarenal gland

Gallbladder

stores bile

Gallbladder function

stores bile

b

structures closely attached to the posterior abdominal wall. structures are less mobile and move around less within the abdomen a) Intraperitoneal b) Retroperitoneal c) Infraperitoneal

Arthrology

study of joints

what is another term for the mid area of the coastal surface of the scapula

subscapular fossa

fat pads

superficial to the joint capsule, protect articular cartilages

left lobes of lung

superior and inferior

right lobes of lung

superior, middle, inferior

respiratory system

supplies oxygen to the blood and eventually to the cells eliminates carbon dioxide from the blood assist in regulating the acid-base balance of blood

skeletal system functions

support and protect many soft tissues of the body store calcium produce blood cell allows movement through interaction with the muscles to form a system of levers

connective tissue

supportive tissue that bind together and support various structures

pericardial sac

surrounds the heart and helps prevent overfilling.

functional joints

synarthrodials, amphiarthrodials, diarthrodials

elbow joint

synovial(diarthrodial)

Intermetacarpal

synovial, plane/gliding

intussusception

telescoping of the intestines

endocrine system (internal )

the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

axial skeleton(80 bones)

the central axis of the body skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum, auditory ossicles, hyoid

semilunar notch (trochlear notch)

the concave depression on the ulna that articulates with the humerus

Left Posterior Oblique (LPO) and right posterior oblique

the cr exits from left to right posterior aspects of the body

Image Receptor (IR)

the device that responds to the ionizing radiation to create the radiographic image

abdominal, thoracic

the diaphragm separates the ---- cavity from the ---- cavity

Humeral condyle (humerus)

the entire distal extremity (including the two articular areas and the lat and med epicondyles

visceral peritoneum

the inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity

ginglymus (hinge) joint

the interphalangeals are what type of joint humeroulnar and humeroradial

trochlear notch

the large concave depression or notch, that articulates with the distal humerus

acromion of scapula

the lateral end of the spine of the scapula that articulates with the clavicle to form the AC joint

AP lordotic position

the long axis of the body rather than the CR is angled

pariental peritoneum

the outer layer of serous membrane, lines the internal walls of the abdominopelvic cavity

Right or left lateral decubitus position

the patient lies on the side and the xray beam is directed horizontally from anterior or posterior

cricoid cartilage

the ring-shaped structure that forms the lower portion of the larynx

radial tuberosity

the rough oval process on the medial and anterior side of the radius, just distal to the neck

Pisform bone

the smallest looks like a pea

laryngopharynx

the third division of the pharynx, is shared by both the respiratory and digestive systems

interphalangeal joints

the thumb has only phalanges

capitate bone

the wrist bone with a rounded head shape that articulates with the 3rd metatarsal

Right lungs contains how many lobes?

three superior middle inferior

Pharynx

throat

four radiographic structures located in the mediastinum

thymus gland, heart and great vessels, trachea, and esophagus

apex of the lung

tip or uppermost portion of the lung. An apex is the tip of a structure.

epithelial tissue

tissue that lines the interior and exterior body surfaces lining of vessels, and organs such as stomach and intestines

muscle tissue

tissues that make up the substance of a muscle

nervous tissue

tissues that make up the substance of nerves and nerve centetr

dorsal (foot)

top of foot

Tangential projection

touching a curve or surface at only one point

Medial vs. Lateral

toward midline vs away from midline

proximal vs distal

toward or nearest the trunk of the body or nearest the point of origin on one of its parts; away from or farthest from the trunk or the point of origin of a body part

cephalad/caudal

toward the head/toward the tail

Superior vs. Inferior

towards head vs towards feet

red blood cells (erythrocytes)

transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

descending colon

travels down the left side of the abdominal cavity to the sigmoid colon

ascending colon

travels upward from the cecum to the undersurface of the liver above the cecum

Triquetrum

triangle

Which of the following structures is located on the distal humerus?

trochlea

concentric angle elbow

trochlear sulcus trochlear notch of ulna outer ridge of capitulum and trochlea

The distal radius will cross over the ulna when the hand is pronated.

true

The left bronchus is smaller in diameter than the right but is approximately twice as long.

true

The pharynx is a common passageway for both food and respiration

true

shoulder dislocation

true separation of humerus from glenoid fossa PA oblique

Urethra

tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

Eversion

turning outward

volvulus

twisting of the intestine on itself

Long bones require how many projections?

two projections

Infraperitoneal organs

underneath the peritoneum -lower rectum, urinary bladder, reproductive organs, male closed sac, female open sac

manubrium

upper portion of the sternum

radiocarpal joint

pertaining to the joint between the radius and wrist synovial(diarthrodial) ellipsoidal (condyloid)

mediolateral

pertaining to the middle and to the side

What type of immobilization technique should be used for a chest study in a young pediatric patient?

pigg o stat

trochoid joint

pivot joint, rotation proximal and distal radioulnar joints between the first and second cervical vertebrae

Lateral Chest Position

place side of interest closest to IR, left lateral position.

synovial joint movement types

plane ginglymus trochoid ellipsoid spheroidal sellar bicondylat

acriomioclavicular joint (AC)

plane or gliding

sternoclavicular joint(SC)

plane or gliding

styloid process

pole-like process extending downward from the temporal bone on each side of the skull

Recumbent (supine) position

position with knees and hip flexed and things abducted and rotated externally, supported by ankle supports

Projection

positioning term that describes the direction or path of CR of the xray beam as it passes through the patient

external rotation of humerus

posterior deltoid, infraspinatus, teres minor

soft palate

posterior portion, not supported by bone

internal oblique

posterior side of arm flat on IR and palm flat

external oblique

posterior side of arm flat, palm up, bring shoulder to table

digestive system

prepare foods for absorption by the cells through numerous physical and chemical breakdown processes elimination of solid wastes from the body

Bone Development

primary center:diaphysis(body) secondary center: metaphysis, epiphyseal plate, epiphyses

Ossification

process of bone formation

radiography

process of recording x-rays

thyroid gland

produces hormones that regulate metabolism, body heat, and bone growth

olecranon process

projection at the upper end of the ulna that forms the bony point of the elbow

PA oblique

projection of the upper limb with lateral rotation

anteroposterior

projection refers to a projection of the cr to anterior to posterior the opposite of PA describes the direction of the travel of CR which enters anterior surface and exits posterior surface

special projections

projections most commonly taken to demonstrate better specific anatomic parts or certain pathologic conditions or projections that may be necessary for patients who cannot cooperate fully

pneumonia

Bacterial infection of the lungs

lateral position

side lying position

An injury of the anteroinferior aspect of the glenoid labrum is termed:

Bankart lesion

Liver

Produces bile to break down fat

tranverse section

a horizontal plane separates the body into upper and lower portions

spleen location

a large dark-red oval organ on the left side of the body between the stomach and the diaphragm LUQ

localization of lesions or foreign bodies

a minimum of two projections take at a 90 degree or as near as possible to right angles of each other

intravenous pyelogram

a radiographic study of the kidneys and ureters

Trochlea

a smooth, grooved articular process shaped like a pulley

lithotomy

a surgical incision for the removal of a stone from the bladder position

ascites

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen

Scoliosis

abnormal lateral curvature of the spine (S-shaped curve)

osteoperosis

abnormal loss of bone density ap and lateral long bone

What is the most posterior scapular structure?

acromion

3

acute abdominal series is also called a ---way abdominal series

Rotator Cuff Pathology

acute or chronic traumatic injury to one or more of the rotator cuff muscles MRI or sonography

suprarenal glands

adjust water balance, tissue metabolism, cardiovascular and respiratory activity

lobar pneumonia

affects larger areas of the lungs, often including one or more sections, or lobes, of a lung

pneumothorax

air in the thoracic cavity

right colic flexure

aka the hepatic flexure, the right-angle turn that continues from the ascending colon

determination of alignment of fractures

all fractures require a minimum of two projections, taken at 90 degree or as near as possible to right angle of each other

Muscular System

allows for movement skeletal, visceral, and cardiac types produces body heat maintain posture

jugular notch

central indentation in superior border of manubrium

superimposition of anatomic structures

Certain pathologic conditions may not be visualized on one projection only

Positioning Accuracy

-All pertinent anatomy demonstrated -Multiple images aligned on IR -Collimation -Rotation -Central ray (CR)

trapezium bone

Irregular-shaped carpal bone. Makes up the thumb. In between thumb bones and scaphoid bone.

metacarpophalangeal joint

Is the knuckle between the hand and the finger

C

Ischial tuberosity

lateral recumbent

Lying on side (right or left lateral)

Left Anterior Oblique (LAO)

Lying on the left anterior surface, the right anterior surface is elevated

AP Lordotic

Horizontal CR to midsternum Special AP supine or semierect Lat decubitus AP lordotic 20 in Support their back

Two projections

Humerus Tibia/fibula Chest Hip femur Forearm

lymphatic system

Lymph nodes, Lymph vessels, lymph glands, Spleen

oblique thumb

MCP joint palm flat on table(naturally oblique)

carina

Point at which the trachea bifurcates (divides) into the left and right mainstem bronchi.

carina of trachea

Point at which the trachea divides into bronchi

oropharynx

central portion of the pharynx between the roof of the mouth and the upper edge of the epiglottis

Criteria: Chin Extended erect vs supine

chin up or chin down

Triquetrum

"Pyramid-shaped" carpal bone in the proximal row

Seven landmarks of the abdomen

(1) xiphoid process, (2) inferior costal (rib) margin (3) iliac crest (4) anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) (5) greater trochanter (6) symphysis pubis (7) ischial tuberosity

ulcerative colitis

chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers AP abdomen

Greater trochanter

(what's missing?) Lower abdomen and pelvic landmarks include: ASIS ---- ----- Symphysis pubis Ischial tuberosity

Symphysis pubis

(what's missing?) Lower abdomen and pelvic landmarks include: ASIS Greater trochanter ---- ------ Ischial tuberosity

Ischial tuberosity

(what's missing?) Lower abdomen and pelvic landmarks include: ASIS Greater trochanter Symphysis pubis ---- -----

Lateral wrist

* hand and wrist in true lateral *CR to midcarpal area * distal radius, ulna, and carpals demonstrated center of field at midcarpals no rotation exposure factors

Inversion stress

*1.* Patient with lateral ankle up with the foot off the end of the table *2.* Doctor stabilizes the tibia and presses down on the lateral talus and calcaneus inverting the ankle *Positive Test*: Increased inversion compared with other side indicates anterior talofibular and /or calcaneofibular ligament tear.

Positioning Considerations for Upper Limb

*40 inches(100cm) minimum SID *Gonadal Shielding *Four-sided collimation when posssible *Long axis of part to long axis of IR *Patient ID and side marker visible

PA Oblique Wrist

*CR to midcarpal area *distal radius, ulna, and carpals demonstrated *trapezium seen in its entirety *SID= 40"

lateral angle of scapula

(head of the scapula) is the thickest part of the bone.

Circumduction

circular movement of a limb at the far end

Placing Radiographs for Viewing

- Patient facing the viewer - Patient's right to the viewer's left - Lateral projections - Decubitus projections

silicosis

disease due to silica or glass dust in the lungs; occurs in mining occupations

Technical Factors

-High kV (110 to 125) -Grid -High mA, short exposure time

Lesser sac (omental bursa)

-diverticulum of the peritoneal cavity of the left side, posterior to the stomach

Viewing radiographs

-limbs: anatomic position -hands and feet: digits up

What is the minimum SID for erect chest radiography?

.72 inches (183 cm)

Abdomen X-ray

1. 2 patient identifiers 2. Lower table 3. Raise table to working level 4. Put in IR 5. Tell if IR is in Bucky Tray 6. Detent 7. Lateral until green light 8. Longitudinal 9. SID - 40 inches 10. Line up IR 11. Push in Bucky tray 12. Adjust table 13. Collimate 14. Put on marker

Where is the CR centered for an AP erect abdomen projection as part of an acute abdomen series?

1 to 2 inches above illiac crest

Phalanges (hand)

fingers

chest

1. Pull tube partially away from the table 2. Tell it wall unit 3. Detent 4. Lateral until green light 5. Turn tube 90* 6. Longitudinal green light 72 inches 7. Place IR 8. Adjust laser to center 9. Collimate to portrait or landscape

Fat Stripes of Wrist

1. Scaphoid fat stripe 2. Pronator fat stripe

Nine Regions

1.Right hypochondriac 2.Epigastric 3.Left hypochondriac 4.Right lateral (lumbar) 5.Umbilical 6.Left lateral (lumbar) 7.Right inguinal (iliac) 8.Pubic (hypogastric) 9.Left inguinal (iliac)

general principles for determining positioning routines for minimum of 2 projections (90 degree from each other)

1.superimposition of anatomic structures 2. localization of lesions or foreign bodies 3. determination of alignment of fractures

Pronator fat stripe of the wrist

1/4 inch from the anterior surface of the radius

How many posterior ribs should be seen above the diaphragm for a well-inspired PA chest projection?

10

humerus

10 by 12

What is the preferred length of time a patient should lie on his or her side prior to a lateral decubitus projection?

10 to 20 minutes

Three projections

fingers, toes, hands, wrists, elbows, ankles, feet, knees

thumb

first finger

Radiation Protection

limited repeat exposures, collimation, gonadal shielding, & backscatter protection.

What is the recommended kV range for adult chest radiography?

110 to 125 kV

cystic fibrosis

A genetic disorder that occurs in people with two copies of a certain recessive allele; characterized by an excessive secretion of mucus and consequent vulnerability to infection; fatal if untreated.

Molecule

A group of atoms bonded together

Normal curves of spine

A healthy back has three natural curves: An inward or forward curve at the neck (cervical curve) An outward or backward curve at the upper back (thoracic curve) An inward curve at the lower back (lumbar curve)

pariental pleura

lines the walls of the thoracic cavity

axial plane

A horizontal flat surface dividing the body into upper and lower parts; also known as the transverse plane

Transthoracic lateral projection

A lateral projection through the thorax.

Organism

A living thing

skeletal muscle

A muscle that is attached to the bones of the skeleton and provides the force that moves the bones.

anus

A muscular opening at the end of the rectum through which waste material is eliminated from the body

Perioneum

lining of the abdominal cavity

AP Supine Abdomen Two- and Three-Way Acute Abdominal Series

14 by 17 center at illac crest

potrait

14 by 17 14 length 17 width

Esophagus

A muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach.

right hypochondriac region

liver, gallbladder

what type of CR angle is required for the AP semiaxial projection for the apices of the lungs

15* to 20* cephalad

What type of injury is diagnosed most often with the PA stress (Folio method) projection?

A. Ulnar collateral ligament injury

Which of the following projections/routines would best demonstrate a Bennett's fracture?

A.AP axial projection (modified Robert's method)

What type of CR angle is required for the AP axial projection (modified Robert's method)?

15° proximal

shoulder

17 by 12

landscape

17 by 14 17 wide 14 length

PA Erect ChestAcute Abdominal Series

17 by 14 landscape

Evalution criteria

Anatomy demonstrated: elbow and wrist joints both included Position: no rotation at wrist and at elbow joints Exposure: optimal exposure factors Image markers: "R" marker visible

axial plantodorsal projection

Angled CR enters the plantar surface of the foot and exits the dorsal surface

abdomen

AP

pelvis

AP

How many exposures (minimum) are required for the AP elbow acute flexion study?

2

Left lungs contains how many lobes?

2 superior inferior

Left Lateral Decubitus AbdomenAcute Abdominal Series

2 inches above crest r marker

Positioning rules and principles 2

2.Minimum of three projections when joints are in prime interest area ØAP or PA ØLateral ØOblique

b

2/5 of small intestine: a) Duodenum b) Jejunum c) Ileum

skeletal system

206 separate bones osteology arthrology

What type of CR angle is required for the tangential (Gaynor-Hart method) projection?

25 to 30 degress

ACE campaign

Announce your name Communicate your credentials Explain what you're going to do

Nursemaid's elbow

Annular ligament displacement

PA waters

Another name for the parietoacanthial projection

c

3/5 of small intestine: a) Duodenum b) Jejunum c) Ileum

AP Axial CR

30 degrees asthenic

RUQ

Answer where which of the following is located (RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, or LLQ ?) : Liver

Hypostenic

35%

Grashey Method

35-45 degree

Posterior Oblique: Glenoid Cavity (Grashey Method)

35° to 45° oblique CR perpendicular to IR 2 inches (5 cm) inferior and medial from superolateral border of humerus Glenoid cavity profiled Scapulohumeral joint centered Optimal exposure factors

psoas

AP Abdomen (KUB) demonstrates borders of ---- major muscles

RLQ

Answer where which of the following is located (RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, or LLQ ?) : appendix

RLQ

Answer where which of the following is located (RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, or LLQ ?) : ascending colon

anterior oblique

45° RAO

Posterior Oblique

45 **side closest to IR *lung filed appear shortest on posterior than anterior oblique because of the magnification *the heart appear larger because they are far from the IR AP supine or semierect Lat decub (AP) AP lordotic Anterior and posterior oblique

LLQ

Answer where which of the following is located (RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, or LLQ ?) : descending colon

RUQ

Answer where which of the following is located (RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, or LLQ ?) : duodenum

RLQ

Answer where which of the following is located (RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, or LLQ ?) : ileocecal valve

LUQ

Answer where which of the following is located (RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, or LLQ ?) : left kidney

Hypersthenic

5%

RUQ

Answer where which of the following is located (RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, or LLQ ?) : right kidney

LUQ

Answer where which of the following is located (RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, or LLQ ?) : spleen

Sthenic

50%

Anatomy ReviewLarge Intestine (Periphery of Abdomen)

Anus Appendix (vermiform) Ascending colon Cecum Descending colon Ileocecal valve Left colic (splenic) flexure Rectum Right colic (hepatic) flexure Sigmoid colon Transverse colon

Lateral Wrist

60 kVp @ 1.65 mAs

PA Wrist

60 kVp @ 1.65 mAs

body of clavicle

Area between the two ends

Criteria: lateral chest

Arms raised high

AP Elbow

64 kVp @ 4 mAs

Lateral Elbow

64 kVp @ 4 mAs

AP projections of elbow

AP extended Humerus parallel Forearm parallel

How much is the elbow flexed for a trauma axial lateral projection (Coyle method) to demonstrate the coronoid process?

80 degree

True lateral elbow

90° flexion. Appearance should have 3 concentric arcs: 1. trochlear sulcus - first and smallest 2. capitulum and trochlea - 2nd - outer ridges/rounded edges 3. trochlear notch of the ulna. Arcs will appear symmetrically aligned when pure 90°

The boomerang filter can be used to improve:

AP projection of the shoulder, lateral projection of the facial bones

Chest special

AP supine or semierect Lateral decubitus AP lordotic Anterior oblique Posterior oblique

trapezoid bone (hand)

< sign

Reasons for erect chest position

Allows diaphragm to move farther down Demonstrates air-fluid levels Prevents engorgement of pulmonary vessels

Epigottis

A flap of tissue that seals off the windpipe and prevents food from entering.

greater trochanter

A bony prominence on the proximal lateral side of the thigh, just below the hip joint.

Osteoporosis

A condition in which the body's bones become weak and break easily. AP and lateral shoulder

Osteoporosis

A condition in which the body's bones become weak and break easily. ap and lateral affected area

Periosteum

A dense fibrous membrane covering the surface of bones (except at their extremities) and serving as an attachment for tendons and muscles.

ureter

A duct leading from the kidney to the urinary bladder.

Trapezoid

A quadrilateral with exactly one pair of parallel sides

Sims position

A recumbent oblique position with the patient lying on the left anterior side, with the right knee and thigh flexed and the left arm extended down behind the back.

Fowler's position

A recumbent position with the body tilted with the head higher than the feet

Trendelenburg position

A recumbent position with the body tilted with the head lower than the feet

Rectum

A short tube at the end of the large intestine where waste material is compressed into a solid form before being eliminated

appendix (vermiform appendix)

A small, fingerlike extension of the vertebrate cecum; contains a mass of white blood cells that contribute to immunity.

The MCP joints are classified as:

A. Ellipsoidal

B

ASIS

anterior superior iliac spine

ASIS stands for ?

14 x 17 (inches)

Abdomen x-ray IR size:

40

Abdomen x-ray SID:

70-80

Abdomen x-ray kVp:

lengthwise

Abdomen x-ray orientation of cassette to body (lengthwise or crosswise)

joint effusion

Accumulation of fluid in joint associated with underlying condition AP and lateral joint

PA

Acute abdomen series includes: AP supine abdomen AP erect abdomen ___ erect chest

AP

Acute abdomen series includes: AP supine abdomen ___ erect abdomen PA erect chest

AP

Acute abdomen series includes: ___ supine abdomen AP erect abdomen PA erect chest

Elbow special projections

Acute flexion Trauma axial lateral (Coyle method) Radial head projections

thyroid cartilage

Adam's apple

Patient Preparation for abdomen

All clothing removed Opaque objects removed Hospital gown worn Pillow for head, clean linen on table Cover patient for warmth and modesty

AP oblique projection

An AP projection of the upper or lower limb that is rotated and must include a qualifying term -Ex. AP Oblique Projection - Medial Rotation

oblique position

An angled position in which neither the Sagittal not the coronal body plane is perpendicular or at a right angle to the IR. Described by the part closest to the IR, or that body part from which the CR exits

Tuberculosis

An infectious disease that may affect almost all tissues of the body, especially the lungs

excretory urogram

An intravenous pyelogram (IVP) is also referred to as a(n)

Pancreas

An organs in the abdominal cavity with two roles. The first is an exocrine role: to produce digestive enzymes and bicarbonate, which are delivered to the small intestine via the pancreatic duct. The second is an endocrine role: to secrete insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream to help regulate blood glucose levels. posterior to the stomach

erect

An upright position, to stand or sit erect

AP external rotation shoulder

Analog KV =70 to 75, Digital KV = 80 +/- 5, 40 in. SID, externally rotate arm, epicondyles parallel to IR, CR centered 1 in. inferior to coracoid process, greater tubercle in profile laterally

Exposure Factors

Analog/Digital kV (70-80) Short exposure time Adequate mAs no bowel preparation

Cells

Basic unit of life

Atom

Basic unit of matter

hepatic flexure

Bend between the ascending colon and the transverse colon.

Enchondroma

Benign tumor consisting of cartilage

evaluation criteria AP Oblique Bilateral (Norgaard Method) Projection

Bilateral hands in 45° oblique position Midshafts of second to fifth metacarpals and base of phalanges not overlapped MCP joints should open Exposure factors

PA Stress (Folio Method) Projection

Bilateral stress projection for possible ulnar collateral ligament injury

Divisions of Chest Anatomy

Bony thorax ØProtective framework Respiratory system ØLungs and airways Mediastinum ØSpace between lungs

digestive system

Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells.

AP Scapula

Breathing technique (optional) CR to midscapula AP and lateral Entire scapula demonstrated Lateral border of scapula free of ribs and lungs Optimal exposure factors

AP Axial ProjectionModified Robert's Method

CR 15° proximal to first CMC joint Base of first metacarpal and trapezium must be clearly visualized

AP Semiaxial Lordotic

CR 15° to 20° cephalad

Tangential ProjectionIntertubercular Groove (Supine)

CR 15° to 20° posterior to humerus Anterior humeral head profiled Groove profiled between greater and lesser tubercles Optimal exposure factors

dorsal decubitus right lateral

CR 2 inches (5 cm) above iliac crest to midcoronal plane Special •PA prone •Lateral decubitus •Erect AP •Dorsal decubitus sometimes taken for aortic aneurysm

Left Lateral Decubitus Position

CR 2 inches (5cm) above the iliac crest special: PA lateral decubitus liver traps free air or see it at the rib border to see air along it

Inferosuperior Axial (Lawrence Method)

CR 25° to 30° medial to axilla Arm supinated, abducted 90° (or as near 90° as possible)

Trauma Axial Lateromedial Projections (Coyle Method)

CR 45° to shoulder 90° flexion For radial head CR 45° away shoulder 80° flexion For coronoid process

Lateral Upper Airway

CR at C6-7 •Slow, deep inspiration Routine : Lateral AP

AP Upper Airway

CR at T1-2 •AML perpendicular to IP Routine Lateral AP

Geriatric applications

CR centering may need to be higher pneumonia and emphysema may require different exposure factors More care time and patience when explaining breathing and positioning. Help and support may be needed.

Parietoacanthial projection

CR enters at cranial parietal bone and exits at the acanthion (junction of nose and upper lip) - PA Waters method

Verticosubmental projection

CR enters at the top of the skull and exits below the mandible

Inferosuperior axial projection

CR enters below or inferiorly and exits above or superiorly

Submentovertical (SMV) projection

CR enters below the chin, or mentum, and exits at the vertex or top of the skull

iliac crest

CR for abdoment x-ray is center of the R & L ...

Lateral Proximal Humerus

CR perpendicular

Acute Flexion of the elbow--jones method

CR perpendicular to humerus CR perpendicular to forearm distal humerus proximal forearm

AP and AP Axial Clavicle

CR perpendicular to mid clavicle - straight AP upshot CR to 15 to 30 degrees to mid clavicle Routine AP and AP axial Entire clavicle demonstrated Four-sided collimation Optimal exposure factors AP axial ØMore of clavicle seen above ribs

Transthoracic LateralProximal Humerus

CR perpendicular to surgical neck Breathing technique Routine •AP—neutral rotation •Scapular Y •Transthoracic lateral Proximal humerus clearly seen Humeral head and glenoid cavity seen Humeral head in neutral rotation Optimal exposure factors

Left Lateral Chest

CR to T7 No rotation Routine -PA -Lateral coronal plane perpendicular to IR MSP parallel to IR Arms up Lower CR- 2.5 cm from PA (for broad patients)

PA Chest

CR to T7 PA lateral minimum SID 72 inches IR size 14 by 17 kvp 110-125 patient position: patient erect, feet spread slightly, weight equally distributed on both feet

AP supine or semi erect

CR to T7 perpendicular sternum

*exception PA thumb

CR to first MCP joint

Lateral Thumb

CR to first MCP joint Routine •AP (PA) •Oblique •Lateral

PA 45° Oblique Thumb

CR to first MCP joint Routine •AP (PA) •Oblique •Lateral

radial deviation

CR to midcarpals CR perpendicular Special •Ulnar deviation •Radial deviation

Positioning of Humerus

CR to midhumerus

AP Neutral Rotation

CR to scapulohumeral joint Routine •AP neutral rotation Greater tubercle superimposed Scapulohumeral joint centered Optimal exposure factors

Fan Lateral Hand

CR to second MCP joint Routine •PA •Oblique •Lateral

PA oblique projection

CR to third MCP joint Digits parallel to IR Digits not parallel to IR Routine •PA •Oblique

PA hand

CR to third MCP joint Routine •PA •Oblique

AP Thumb

CR: 0° to MCP of thumb Collimate 1" on all sides of the digit including 1" proximal to CMC. Place hand in extreme internal rotation. Have the patient hold the extended digits back with other hand. Routine •AP (PA) •Oblique •Lateral

PA finger

CR: PIP joint of the affected finger -Open IP & MCP joints -Entire digit from fingertip to distal portion of metacarpal

Tumors

Cancer cells form masses of cells called

short and flat bones

Carpal and tarsal bones Calvarium, sternum, ribs, and scapulae

AP Abdomen (KUB)

Center to iliac crest AP supine 14 by 17 portrait midsaggitial 2 landscapes for people who are heavy

paget disease

Chronic inflammation of bones, resulting in thickening and softening of bones, that can occur in any bone but most commonly affects the long bones of the legs, the lower spine, the pelvis, and the skull ap and lateral affected area

Criteria AP semi axial lordotic

Clavicles above apices •No rotation •No motion •Exposure factors

Collimation Guidelines

Collimation borders above apex of lungs and below costophrenic angles should be about equal

dorsal radiocarpal ligament

Connects radius to posterior scaphoid and lunate

lunotriquetral ligament

Connects the lunate and the triquetral bones.

ulnar collateral ligament

Connects the medial epicondyle of the humerus to the ulna

digital imaging considerations

Correct centering Close collimation and lead masking Adherence to ALARA - higher kVp to reduce pt exposure and improve image quality Post-processing eval of exposure index: to ensure optimum image quality with the least radiation

45° RPO and 45* LPO

Correct side of thorax elongated •Both lungs demonstrated •No motion •Optimal exposure factors selected

posterior fat pad

Covers the largest area and lies within the olecranon fossa of the posterior humerus

lunate bone

Crescent-shaped carpal bone.

A

Crest of Ilium

Right Lateral Abdomen Position

Criteria ØDiaphragm included ØNo rotation ØNo motion ØExposure factors after films of barium enema

AP Clavicle

Critique this AP clavicle for positioning and centering errors

Epiphysis

End of a long bone

evaluation of PA finger

Entire finger and minimum ⅓ of MCP demonstrated Center field at PIP joint No rotation of phalanges Exposure factors

evaluation criteria for lateral hand projection

Entire hand and carpals demonstrated Center of field at second MCP joint Exposure factors

Fan Lateral Hand criteria

Entire hand and carpals demonstrated Center of field at second MCP joint Fingers equally separated Exposure factors

PA Oblique Projection evaluation

Entire hand and carpals demonstrated Center of field at third MCP joint Joints open Adequate separation of phalanges and metacarpals Exposure factors

PA hand evaluation criteria

Entire hand and carpals demonstrated Center of field at third MCP joint No rotation of phalanges or metacarpals Exposure factors

lateral finger evaluation criteria

Entire phalanx and MCP joint demonstrated Center field at PIP True lateral position Digit parallel to IR Exposure factors

PA Oblique 45 evaluation criteria

Entire phalanx and MCP joint demonstrated IP and MCP joints open Center field at PIP Exposure factors

Lateral thumb evaluation criteria

Entire thumb demonstrated Center of field at first MCP joint No rotation from lateral evident Exposure factors

PA 45° Oblique Thumb evaluation criteria

Entire thumb demonstrated Joints partially open as in 45° oblique Center of field at first MCP joint Exposure factors

evaluation for AP AND PA thumb

Entire thumb demonstrated (including first CMC joint) Center field at first MCP joint No rotation of phalanges Exposure factors

Oblique Proximal Humerus(Neutral Rotation)

Epicondyles 45° to IR A.Greater tubercle (not in profile) B.Lesser tubercle anteriorly (not in profile)

External Rotation(AP Proximal Humerus)

Epicondyles parallel CR 1 inch (2.5 cm) inferior to coracoid process Routine •External (AP) •Internal (Lat) Greater tubercle profiled laterally Scapulohumeral joint centered Proximal humerus, upper scapula, and clavicle visualized Optimal exposure factors

AP Proximal Humerus(External Rotation)

Epicondyles parallel to IR A.Greater tubercle lateral (in profile) B.Lesser tubercle anterior

AP ElbowFully Extended

Epicondyles parallel to IR CR to mid-elbow joint Routine •AP •Lat oblique •Med oblique •Lateral

AP Forearm

Epicondyles parallel to IR CR to midforearm routine: AP Lateral Carpals to distal humerus included Humeral epicondyles are in profile Slight superimposition of distal radioulnar joint Exposure factors

Internal Rotation(Lateral Proximal Humerus)

Epicondyles perpendicular CR 1 inch (2.5 cm) inferior to coracoid process Routine •External (AP) •Internal (Lat) Lesser tubercle profiled medially Scapulohumeral joint centered Proximal humerus, upper scapula, and clavicle visualized Optimal exposure factors

Lateral Proximal Humerus(Internal Rotation)

Epicondyles perpendicular to IR A.Greater tubercle anterior B.Lesser tubercle medial (in profile)

Lateromedial and Mediolateral Humerus Projections

Epicondyles perpendicular to IR CR to midhumerus Routine •AP •Lateral •Rotational lateral •Horizontal beam lateral

Lateral HumerusRecumbent Rotational Lateral

Epicondyles perpendicular to IR Mid and distal humerus Distal ⅔ humerus demonstrated 90° perspective from AP projection Epicondyles superimposed Exposure factors

2

Epigastric

CR Centered to Mid-Lungs

Equal collimation should be visible on upper and lower margins—CR is centered too low on right image and is not centered to lungs; abdominal area is not collimated.

Air-filled trachea and larynx •Shoulders not superimposed over trachea •Collimation evident •Exposure factors

Evaluate criteria Lateral Upper airway

expiration

Exposure on (inspiration/expiration) for abdomen x-ray ?

lleus

Failure of bowel peristalsis

Topographic Landmarks for PA Chest

Female: CR 7in (18cm) from veterbra prominens Male: CR 8in (20cm) from vetebra prominens CR: 3-4inches (8-11 cm) below jugular notch

Kidneys

Filter blood from the renal arteries and produce urine as waste

oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus

Food intake and physical digestion with some chemical digestion

Lateral Scapula

For body of scapula CR to mid-vertebral border AP and lateral For upper scapula (acromion or coracoid Borders of scapula superimposed Free of superimposition by ribs Arm elevated to demonstrate scapular body

Trauma Axial Lateral

For coronoid process—80° flexion For radial head—90° flexion

Tangential Projection (Fisk Method) Intertubercular Groove (Erect)

Humerus 15° to 20° to CR, which is perpendicular to IR Special •Inferosuperior axial (Lawrence method) •PA transaxillary projection (Hobbs modification) •Inferosuperior axial projection (Clements modification) •Posterior oblique (Grashey method) •Tangential (Fisk modification)

Bennett's fracture

Fracture at base of first metacarpal

Smith fracture (reverse Colles)

Fracture of the distal radial head. There is a fragment displaced anteriorly.

Pneumoperitoneum

Free air or gas in the peritoneal cavity

parenchyma

Fundamental tissue composed of thin-walled living cells that function in photosynthesis and storage.

right lumber region

Gallbladder, Liver, Right Colon

epiphyseal plate

Growth plate, made of cartilage, gradually ossifies

PA ScaphoidModified Stecher Method

Hand elevated, ulnar deviation, no CR angle Hand elevated 20°, no ulnar deviation or CR angle

Tangential (Carpal Bridge) Projection

Hand hyperflexed CR 45° to forearm Special •Ulnar deviation •Radial deviation •Carpal canal •Carpal bridge Tangential view of dorsal aspect Center of field at proximal third metacarpal Exposure factors

compact bone or cortical bone

Hard, dense bone tissue that is beneath the outer membrane of a bone

Clinical Indications for Acute Abdomen Series

Ileus Ascites Perforated hollow viscus Intra-abdominal mass Post-op (abdominal surgery)

synarthrodials

Immoveable

smooth muscle

Involuntary muscle found inside many internal organs of the body

cardiac muscle

Involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart.

AP Humerus Projection

Include both shoulder and elbow joints CR to midhumerus Routine •AP •Lateral •Rotational lateral •Horizontal beam lateral Entire humerus demonstrated Greater tubercle in profile Medial and lateral epicondyles in profile Exposure factors

malignant bone tumors

Increased nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio Irregular borders Excess chromatin A prominent nucleolus An increase in the mitotic rate

rhematoid arthritis

Inflammatory autoimmune disease where the synovial membrane becomes inflammated ap and lateral hand/wrist. brewerton method can detect early signs of RA in hands

Breathing instructions

Inspiration, clear & concise instructions, exposure upon second full breath, & 10 posterior ribs above diaphragm (ideal).

Barton fx

Intra-articular fx of distal radius with dislocation of radiocarpal joint commonly caused by falling on an extended and pronated wrist

Three projections

Joints

Radiographic Positioning of Abdomen

KUB Acute abdomen series ØAP supine abdomen ØAP erect abdomen ØPA erect chest Decubitus positions ØLateral decubitus ØDorsal decubitus

Positioning Considerations abdomen

KUB Exposure on expiration IR markers Collimation

AP supine abdomen

KUB is also referred to as --- ---- -----

kidneys, ureters, bladder

KUB stands for ..

is characterized by an abnormally rounded upper back (more than 50 degrees of curvature).

Kyphosis

Inferior costal margin

L2-L3

b

L2-L3 a) Xiphoid process b) Inferior costal margin c) Iliac crest

c

L4-L5 a) Xiphoid process b) Inferior costal margin c) Iliac crest

The sigmoid colon is located in the ____ quadrant.

LLQ

humerus

Largest bone in the upper arm, extending from the shoulder to the elbow

scapula lateral view

Lateral (scapular "Y") A.Acromion B.Coracoid process C.Inferior angle D.Scapular spine E.Body of scapula

upper airway routine

Lateral and AP

What side is the heart on?

Left

3

Left hypochondriac

9

Left inguinal (iliac)

6

Left lateral (lumbar)

Also called swayback, the spine of a person with lordosis curves significantly inward at the lower back

Lordotic

Topographic Landmarks

Lower abdomen and pelvic landmarks 4.ASIS 5.Greater trochanter 6.Symphysis pubis 7.Ischial tuberosity

evaluation criteria erect vs supine

Optimal radiograph Definable standard Established standards as stated for each projection/position

Exceptions to Positioning Rules

Postreduction upper and lower limbs Pelvis study projection unless a hip injury is suspected Abdomen (KUB)

Base plane of skull

Precise transverse plane formed by connecting the lines from the infraorbital margins to the superior margins of the external auditory meatus, the external opening of the ear. Sometimes called the Frankfort horizontal plane

locomotor system

Organ system that allows us to move.

a

Organs within the abdominal cavity that are partially or completely covered by some type of visceral peritoneum. a) Intraperitoneal b) Retroperitoneal c) Infraperitoneal

projections of hill sachs defect

PA transaxilliary (Hobbs modification

Chest routine

PA, p.xxx Lateral, p.xxx

Where is the CR centered for a PA projection of the second digit?

PIP joint

Lateral Finger

PIP joint use sponge second digit turn flat on table

Topographic Landmarks

Palpation Mid and upper abdomen landmarks 1.Xiphoid process (T9-T10) 2.Inferior costal margin (L2-L3) 3.Iliac crest (L4-L5)

The outermost layer of the pleura is referred to as the:

Parietal pleura

Plantodorsal projection

Path of CR from plantar surface to dorsal surface of foot.

Patient Identification

Patient ID Anatomic side marker

PIP

Proximal Interphalangeal joint; joint of the fingers and toes nearest to the hand/foot

8

Pubic (hypogastric)

Respiratory System

Purpose ØExchange of gaseous substances between air and blood Four divisions ØPharynx ØTrachea ØBronchi ØLungs

Evaluation Criteria oblique Special AP supine or semierect Lat decubitus (AP) AP lordotic Anterior oblique

RAO •Correct side of thorax elongated LAO •Entire lungs included •Optimum exposure factors

right anterior oblique

RAO; lying on right anterior surface

Abdominal Quadrants

RUQ LUQ RLQ LLQ

decubitus position

Recumbent position with a horizontal CR Named according to the body surface on which the patient is lying

mechanical bowel obstruction

Refers to a bowel obstruction that occurs as a result of blockage of the bowel lumen.

Axial Projection

Refers to the long axis of a structure or part (around which a rotating body turns or is arranged)

Acute flexion of wrist

Required for a special tangential projection for a carpal bridge view of the posterior aspect of the wrist.

Liver functions

Responsible for: The metabolism of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates. Excretion of bilirubin, cholesterol, hormones, and drugs. Enzyme activation. Storage of glycogen, vitamins, and minerals. Synthesis of plasma proteins, such as albumin, and clotting factors. Blood detoxification and purification. Bile production and secretion. RUQ

1

Right hypochondriac

7

Right inguinal (iliac)

4

Right lateral (lumbar)

TFCC

Ring of cartilage on the outer distal portion of the ulna

medial rotation

Rotation toward the midline

abdomen

Routine ØAP supine (KUB) Special ØPA prone ØLateral decubitus (AP) ØAP erect ØDorsal decubitus (lateral)

Shoulder Trauma Routine

Routine ØAP—neutral rotation ØScapular Y ØTransthoracic lateral Special ØNeer method ØAP apical oblique axial cant move or do anything with it surgical neck on affected size

Chest

Routine ØPA ØLateral Special ØAP supine or semierect ØLateral decubitus ØAP lordotic ØAnterior oblique ØPosterior oblique

Lateral Forearm

Routine •AP •Lateral Elbow flexed 90° Wrist true lateral CR to midforearm Carpals and distal humerus included Elbow flexed 90° Head of ulna superimposed over radius Exposure factors

Lateral Elbow

Routine •AP •Oblique •Lateral Elbow flexed 90° Humerus and forearm parallel to IR Three concentric arcs visible Olecranon process in profile Optimal exposure factors

AC Joints

Routine •AP bilateral w/weights •AP bilateral w/o weights CR to midpoint between AC joints With and without weights 72-inch (183-cm) SID Both AC joints demonstrated No motion Optimal exposure factors Correct markers visible Close collimation evident 4 images if they dont fit

Scapular Y Lateral

Routine •AP—neutral rotation •Scapular Y lateral For lateral shoulder and proximal humerus CR to proximal humerus—2 inches (5 cm) below top of shoulder ody of scapula superimposed on end Acromion and coracoid processes in profile Humeral head and glenoid cavity superimposed Optimal exposure factors

Lateral Hand Projection

Routine •PA •Oblique •Lateral extension and flexion

PA wrist projection

Routine •PA (AP) •PA oblique •Lateral CR to midcarpal area

Skier's Thumb (Gamekeeper's Thumb)

Rupture of the ulnar collateral ligament of the MCP joint of the thumb PA bilateral stress projection thumbs(folio method)

Wrist—Special Projections

Scaphoid projections* ØPA and PA axial with ulnar deviation ØModified Stecher method PA with radial deviation Tangential—carpal canal Tangential—carpal bridge

Radiation Protection Considerations

Shielding of radiosensitive organs Close collimation

AP semierect evaluation criteria

Similar to PA except ➢Heart may appear larger ➢Air-fluid levels not well defined ➢Frequently not a complete inspiration (8 to 9 ribs)

Cast Conversions

Small to medium dry plaster cast: +5-7 kV Large or wet plaster cast: +8-10 kV Fiberglass cast: +3-4 kV

Mnemonics for Carpal Bones

Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle

Chest Special Projections/Positions

Special -AP supine or semierect -Lateral decubitus -AP lordotic -Anterior oblique -Posterior oblique -Upper Airway (ST neck)

Erect AP Abdomen

Special •PA prone •Lateral decubitus •Erect AP CR 2 inches (5 cm) above iliac crest we must see diaphragm 14 by 17 portrait IR at the level of armpit

Carpal CanalTangential, Inferosuperior Projection: Gaynor Hart Method

Special •Ulnar deviation •Radial deviation •Carpal canal CR 25° to 30° to hand Rotate hand and wrist 10° toward radius Carpal sulcus demonstrated Pisiform and hamate separated Scaphoid in profile Exposure factors

Scapulohumeral joint

Spheroidal or ball and socket (greater freedom of movement)

Erect Lateral

Standing to the side

bony thorax (thoracic cage)

Sternum (breastbone) ØManubrium ØBody ØXiphoid process Clavicles (collarbones) Scapulae (shoulder blades) 12 pairs of ribs 12 thoracic vertebrae

Stomach and Small Intestine

Stomach Duodenum (shortest and widest) Jejunum (2/5 of small intestine) Ileum (3/5 of small intestine)

Osteology

Study of bones

Forearm rotational movements

Supinated(AP Hand) Pronated(PA Hand)

Left lateral decubitus (AP)

Support under lower chest Special AP supine or semi erect Lat dec Entire lungs includes No rotation Arms not superimposed over lungs Full inspiration No motion Exposure factors

Criteria (PA Abdomen)

Symphysis pubis visible Kidneys and lower liver margin included No rotation No motion Exposure factors optimal

Criteria for ap abdomen

Symphysis pubis visible Kidneys and lower liver margin included No rotation No motion Exposure factors optimal

The trachea extends from C6 to approximately:

T5

xiphiod process

T9-T10

a

T9-T10 a) Xiphoid process b) Inferior costal margin c) Iliac crest

Acanthioparietal projection

The CR enters at the acanthion (junction of nose and upper lip) and exits at the cranial parietal bone. Also known as AP reverse Waters

right

The Inferior Vena Cava is to the --- of the Aorta

anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)

The attachment for the inguinal ligament. Creates a noticable bump on the two coxa.

Central ray

The central portion of the primary beam of x-radiation

dorsoplantar projection

The central ray is projected from the dorsal surface to the plantar surface

Erect Chest Radiographs

The diaphragm is allowed to move down farther Air and fluid levels in the chest may be visualized Engorgement and hyperemia of pulmonary vessels may be prevented

transverse diameter

The largest diameter of the pelvic inlet; helps determine the shape of the inlet.

large intestine

The last section of the digestive system, where water is absorbed from food and the remaining material is eliminated from the body

coronoid tubercle

The medial margin of the coronoid process opposite the radial notch

Trauma PatientAP Forearm Projection

Three positioning principles 1.Part parallel to IR 2.CR 90° to part and IR 3.Correct CR centering Exposure factors ØLow to medium kV (50 to 70—analog; 55 to 80—digital) ØShort exposure time ØSmall focal spot Detail IR

B

The pancreas is classified as a(n) _______ structure. A. Intraperitoneal B. Retroperitoneal C. Infraperitoneal

small intestine

The part of the digestive system in which most chemical digestion takes place.

anatomic position

The position of reference in which the patient stands facing you, arms at the side, with the palms of the hands forward.

radial notch

The small, shallow depression located on the lateral aspect of the proximal ulna

Body Habitus

The state of the patient's body, often referring to obesity

stenic

The sthenic body habitus is considered to be "average." About 50% of the population has this body type.

crest of spine of scapula

The thickened posterior border or ridge of the spine

retroperitoneal

The transverse colon is classified as a(n) _______ structure. Intraperitoneal Retroperitoneal Infraperitoneal Extraperitoneal

coracoid process of scapula

Thick, curved process attached to the superior border projecting anterolaterally

asthenic

Thin and/or weak appearing

Asthenic

Thin and/or weak appearing 10% of population

Scapula

Three borders ØSuperior ØMedial (vertebral) ØLateral (axillary)

vertebra prominens (C7)

Transitions to thoracic vertebrae Has a long spinous process with a broad tubercle Has large transverse processes

The third carpal bone on the proximal row (from the lateral aspect of wrist) is the:

Triquetrum

hyoid bone

U-shaped bone at the base of the tongue that supports the tongue and its muscles.

PA Axial Scaphoid

Ulnar Deviation with CR 10° to 15° Angle Scaphoid clearly seen without superimposition Scaphoid not foreshortened

wrist movements

Ulnar deviation ØScaphoid Radial deviation ØLunate, triquetrum, pisiform, and hamate

5

Umbilical

superior border of scapula

Uppermost margin of the scapula

modified sims position

Used for insertion of the rectal tube for barium enema

female clavicle

Usually shorter and less curved

Viewing CT and/or MRI Images

Viewed as radiographs, patient's right to viewer's left

mesentery

a fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall

hamate bone

Wedge-shaped carpal bone of wrist.

Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas

What are the 3 accessory organs found within the abdomen (Below the Diaphragm)

splenic flexure (left colic flexure)

What bend in the colon occurs near the spleen?

lesser omentum

What is the name of the double-fold of peritoneum that extends from the lesser curvature of the stomach to portions of the liver? Greater omentum Lesser omentum Mesentery Mesocolon

AP Lordotic Projection

What projection will take place if a patient is standing about 1 foot away from the IR and leaning back with shoulders, neck and the back of the head against the IR. Both hands are on hips, palms out and shoulders are rolled forward used to evaluate suspicious areas within the lung apices that appeared obscured by overlying soft tissue, upper ribs or the clavicles on previous chest views (

d

What two large abdominal muscles extend next to the lumbar spine and are indicators of a well-exposed KUB? A. Rectus abdominis B. Quadratus lumborum C. Erector spinae D. Psoas major

Lateral Chest

Wheelchair or Cart

Baseball Fracture (mallet)

When a ball or other object strikes the tip of the finger or thumb and forcibly bends it, the force tears the tendon that straightens the finger

system of organs

a group of organs that work together to perform one or more functions

urinary bladder function

Where urine is stored before urination

scapholunate ligament

Which ligament directly attaches the lunate to the scaphoid?

a

Which of the following is NOT one of the accessory organs for digestion? A. Spleen B. Pancreas C. Liver D. Gallbladder

code of ethics

a guideline to help marketing managers and other employees make better decisions

RUQ

a

3

a 1. peritoneal cavity 2. visceral peritoneum 3. lesser omentum 4. small bowel 5. mesentry 6. greater omentum 7. parietal peritoneum 8. stomach

9

a 1. stomach 2. lrg intestine 3. small intestine 4. pharynx 5. esophagus 6. spleen 7. pancreas 8. liver 9. oral cavity

9

a 1.Anus 2. Appendix (vermiform) 3. Ascending colon 4. Cecum 5. Descending colon 6. Ileocecal valve 7. Left colic (splenic) flexure 8. Rectum 9. Right colic (hepatic) flexure 10. Sigmoid colon 11. Transverse colon

bowel obstruction

a blockage in the intestine

symphysis pubis

a cartilaginous joint that is the point of fusion for two pubic bones

rheumatoid arthritis

a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked AP and lateral shoulder

Crohn's disease

a chronic autoimmune disorder that is most often found in the ileum and in the colon

Hill-Sachs defect

a compression fracture of the articular surface of the posterolateral aspect of the humeral head that often is associated with an anterior dislocation of the humeral head AP internal rotation and transaxilliary with exaggerated external rotation

lunate bone

a crescent-shaped carpal bone situated in the center of the wrist and articulating with the radius.

Diaphragm

a dome-shaped, muscular partition separating the thorax from the abdomen in mammals. It plays a major role in breathing, as its contraction increases the volume of the thorax and so inflates the lungs.

Fibrous adhesions

a fibrous band of tissue interrelates with the intestine creating a blockage

sigmoid colon

an S-shaped structure that continues from the descending colon above and joins with the rectum below

stomach

an expandable reservoir for swallowing foods and fluids

radiograph

an image or picture produced on a receptor (radiation-sensitive film, phosphor plate, or digital sensor) by exposure to ionizing radiation; a two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional object

ACE

an initiative to educate patients about the role of radiologic technologist

acromioclavicular dislocation

an injury in which the distal clavicle usually is displaced superiorly

Essential IR Markers

anatomic side markers

mesocolon

anchors colon to posterior body wall

Coronoid fossa of humerus

anterior depression that receives the coronoid process of the ulna when forearm is flexed.

radial fossa of humerus

anterior depression that receives the radial head with flexed forearm

Where is the pronator fat stripe located?

anterior distal radius

caudad angle

any angle toward the feet or away from the head end

cephalad angle

any angle toward the head end of the body

Parts of the lungs

apex,carina, base, diaphragm, costophrenic angle, hilium

n rotation

approximate 45 angle to the IR Palm of hand is facing inward

axilla

armpit (axillary)

composition of long bone

articular cartilage, spongy or cancellous bone, compact bone, medullary cavity, periosteum, nutrient foramen, nutrient artery, body

Capitulum (lateral condyle)

articulates with radius

asbestosis

asbestos particles accumulate in the lungs

RLQ organs

ascending colon, appendix, cecum, 2/3 of ileum, ileocecal valve

posterior(dorsal)

back

dorsal (hand)

back of hand dorsal manus

spheroidal joint

ball and socket hip joint shoulder joints

lateral forearm

bend elbow 90 degrees (karate chop) humerus is on the same plane

Dorsiflexion

bending of the foot or the toes upward flex decrease of an angle

plantar flexion

bending of the sole of the foot by curling the toes toward the ground

inter

between

intertubercular sulcus

bicipital groove

hyperstenic

big boned body; stocky, 5%, wide short thorax

hemothorax

blood in the thoracic cavity

navicular bone

boat

simple fracture

bone is broken cleanly; the ends do not penetrate the skin

cartilaginous joints

bones held together by cartilage symphyses-amphiarthrodial (slightly moveable) synchondroses -synarthrodial(immovable)

2 clavicles, 2 scapulae 12 pairs of ribs 12 thoracic vertebrae

bony thorax

lateral border of scapula

border nearest the axilla

PUBIC REGION (hypogastric)

bottom center region; Bladder

branches of aortic arch

brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid, left subclavian

compound fracture (open)

breaks through skin

Sternum

breastbone

impacted fracture

broken bone ends are forced into each other

contusion

bruise without fracture

sternal extremity of clavicle

bulbous medial end of clavicle. Articulates with the sternum.

RLQ

c

1

c 1. peritoneal cavity 2. visceral peritoneum 3. lesser omentum 4. small bowel 5. mesentry 6. greater omentum 7. parietal peritoneum 8. stomach

5

c 1. stomach 2. lrg intestine 3. small intestine 4. pharynx 5. esophagus 6. spleen 7. pancreas 8. liver 9. oral cavity

3

c 1.Anus 2. Appendix (vermiform) 3. Ascending colon 4. Cecum 5. Descending colon 6. Ileocecal valve 7. Left colic (splenic) flexure 8. Rectum 9. Right colic (hepatic) flexure 10. Sigmoid colon 11. Transverse colon

aspiration pneumonia

can occur when a foreign substance, such as vomit, is inhaled into the lungs

CMC

carpometacarpal joint

saddle joint

carpometacarpal joint first digit(thumb)

viral pneumonia

caused by several different types of viruses and accounts for approximately half of all pneumonias

Pa projection of chest ambulatory patient

clinical indications: when performed erect, PA demonstrates pleural effusion, pneumothorax, atelectasis, signs of infection tech factors: SID: 72 inches IR size 14*17 portrait or landscape Kvp: 110-125 shield: shield radiosensitive tissues outside region of interest Patient position: patient erect, feet spread slightly, weight equally distributed on both feet chin raised, resting against IR hands on lower hip, palms out, elbow partially flexed shoulders rotated forward against IR to allow scapulae to move laterally clear of lung fields, shoulders depressed downward to move clavicles below apices exposure is made at the end of the second full inspiration part position - align midsagittal plane with CR and with midline of IR with equal margins between lateral thorax and sides of IR ensure no rotation of thorax by placing the midcoronal plane parallel to the IR raise or lower IR and CR as needed to level of t7 for an average patient collimation on four sides of lung fields

PA Chest (on stretcher if patient cannot stand)

clinical indications: when performed erect, PA demonstrates pleural effusion, pneumothorax, atelectasis, signs of infection tech factors: SID: 72 inches IR size 14*17 portrait or landscape Kvp: 110-125 shield: shield radiosensitive tissues outside region of interest patient position- patient erect, seated on the cart, legs over edge arms around cassette, unless a chest IR device is used, then position as for an ambulatory patient shoulders rotated forward and downward

Patient prepration

clothes with buttons, snaps, hooks, or any objects that would be visible

anthracosis

coal dust accumulates in the lungs

professional ethics and patient care

code of ethics ace

atelectasis

collapsed lung

clavicle

collar bone

Body Habitus

common variations in the shape of the human body

carpal tunnel syndrome

compression of the median nerve as it passes between the ligament and the bones and tendons of the wrist PA and lateral wrist; Gaynor hart method sonography

Ellipsoid

condyloid flexion and extension abduction and adduction circumduction

palmar radiocarpal ligament

connects radius to anterior scaphoid and lunate

radial collateral ligament

connects the lateral epicondyle of the humerus to the radius

neck of scapula

constricted region around the glenoid cavity

AP Oblique Bilateral (Norgaard Method) Projection

cr level of fifth MCP joints

Transthoracic Lateral Humerus

cr perpendicular to IR, directed through thorax, to mid diaphysis

Positioning of Fingers, Thumb, Hand, and Wrist

cr to PIP PA oblique lateral

CTL

cross table lateral

landscape

crosswise

LLQ

d

7

d 1. peritoneal cavity 2. visceral peritoneum 3. lesser omentum 4. small bowel 5. mesentry 6. greater omentum 7. parietal peritoneum 8. stomachd

6

d 1. stomach 2. lrg intestine 3. small intestine 4. pharynx 5. esophagus 6. spleen 7. pancreas 8. liver 9. oral cavity

6

d 1.Anus 2. Appendix (vermiform) 3. Ascending colon 4. Cecum 5. Descending colon 6. Ileocecal valve 7. Left colic (splenic) flexure 8. Rectum 9. Right colic (hepatic) flexure 10. Sigmoid colon 11. Transverse colon

flexion vs extension

decrease angle vs. increase angle

specific ap axial chest projection

demonstrating the apices of the lungs

lordosis

denotes curvature of the cervical and lumbar spine

LLQ organs

descending colon, sigmoid colon, 2/3 of jejunum

anteroposterior diameter

diameter from the back to the front chest

left hypochondriac region

diaphragm, spleen

Dyspnea

difficulty breathing

bronchiectasis

dilation of the bronchi

Idiopathic chronic adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder)

disability of the shoulder joint that is caused by chronic inflammation in and around the joint AP internal rotation, PA oblique

circulatory system

distributes oxygen and nutrients to cells transports cell waste and carbon dioxide from cells transport water, electrolytes, hormones, and enzymes protect against disease prevent hemorrhage by forming blood clots assist in regulating body temperature

sagittal plane (midsagittal)

divides body into left and right

midsagittal plane

divides the body into equal right and left sides

endocrine system

ductless glands of the body regulates body via hormones

2

e 1. peritoneal cavity 2. visceral peritoneum 3. lesser omentum 4. small bowel 5. mesentry 6. greater omentum 7. parietal peritoneum 8. stomach

1

e 1. stomach 2. lrg intestine 3. small intestine 4. pharynx 5. esophagus 6. spleen 7. pancreas 8. liver 9. oral cavity

4

e 1.Anus 2. Appendix (vermiform) 3. Ascending colon 4. Cecum 5. Descending colon 6. Ileocecal valve 7. Left colic (splenic) flexure 8. Rectum 9. Right colic (hepatic) flexure 10. Sigmoid colon 11. Transverse colon

Erect vs Supine

e-visualization of air-fluid levels and free intra-abdominal air s- standard view of plain abdominal radiograph

Hemidiaphragm

each half of the diaphragm

when bone replaces cartilage

endochondral ossification

posterioranterior (PA)

enters posterior surface and exits anterior surface

I (rotation)

epicondyles perpendicular to the IR palm back

Which of the following is NOT a mediastinal structure?

epiglottis

secondary center of ossification

epiphysis

epiphyseal fracture

epiphysis separates from the diaphysis along the epiphyseal plate

Tissues

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

Two way abdomen series

erect right side

Entire lungs included No rotation Scapulae removed from lungs Full inspiration Equal collimation top and bottom No motion Exposure factors

evaluation criteria PA chest

Fixation of diaphragm, small pneumothorax

expiration

Hyperextension vs extension

extending a joint beyond the straight or neutral position vs straightening

costophrenic angle

extreme outermost lower corner of each lung where diaphragm meets the ribs

4

f 1. peritoneal cavity 2. visceral peritoneum 3. lesser omentum 4. small bowel 5. mesentry 6. greater omentum 7. parietal peritoneum 8. stomach

7

f 1. stomach 2. lrg intestine 3. small intestine 4. pharynx 5. esophagus 6. spleen 7. pancreas 8. liver 9. oral cavity

2

f 1.Anus 2. Appendix (vermiform) 3. Ascending colon 4. Cecum 5. Descending colon 6. Ileocecal valve 7. Left colic (splenic) flexure 8. Rectum 9. Right colic (hepatic) flexure 10. Sigmoid colon 11. Transverse colon

structural joints

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

duodenum

first portion of the small intestine is the shortest but widest in diameter of the three segements it is about 10 inches long. ducts from liver, gallbladder, pancreas drain into ________ to aid In digestive functions

PA wrist hand

flat and cup hand so carpals are on the IR

acromial extremity of clavicle

flattened lateral end of clavicle. Articulates with the acromion of the scapula.

lateral elbow

flex elbow 90 degree, forearm and humerus flat

pulmonary edema

fluid in the air sacs and bronchioles

Varus Stress

forced inward toward the midline

AP elbow

forearm and humerus flat

occlusal plane

formed by the biting surfaces of the upper and lower teeth with jaws closed

anterior fat pad

formed by the coronoid and radial fat pads and lies on the anterior surface of the humerus

comminuted fracture

fracture in which the bone is splintered or crushed

boxer fracture

fracture of metacarpal neck

Colles fracture

fracture of the distal radius at the wrist

Trauma Horizontal Beam Lateral - Lateromedial Projection: Humerus

fractures and dislocations of the midhumerus and distal humerus osteoporosis kvP -70 to 85 IR size-14 by 17 cr perpendicular to midpoint of distal two-thirds of humerus collimate to soft tissues

Diarthrodial

freely movable

synovial joints

freely movable joints

synovial joints

freely movable joints or diarthrodial 7 types synovial fluid in joint capsule

Lateromedial

from lateral to medial

Anterior (ventral)

front of the body

jejunum and ileum

function mainly in absorption of nutrients and water

5

g 1. peritoneal cavity 2. visceral peritoneum 3. lesser omentum 4. small bowel 5. mesentry 6. greater omentum 7. parietal peritoneum 8. stomach

3

g 1. stomach 2. lrg intestine 3. small intestine 4. pharynx 5. esophagus 6. spleen 7. pancreas 8. liver 9. oral cavity

1

g 1.Anus 2. Appendix (vermiform) 3. Ascending colon 4. Cecum 5. Descending colon 6. Ileocecal valve 7. Left colic (splenic) flexure 8. Rectum 9. Right colic (hepatic) flexure 10. Sigmoid colon 11. Transverse colon

cholelithiasis

gallstones in the gallbladder

technologist initials

generally placed are placed on r or l marker

The interphalangeal (IP) joints are classified as

ginglymus

hyaline

glassy, transparent

Intermetatarsal

gliding

synovial joint movement (plane)

gliding

8

h 1. peritoneal cavity 2. visceral peritoneum 3. lesser omentum 4. small bowel 5. mesentry 6. greater omentum 7. parietal peritoneum 8. stomach

2

h 1. stomach 2. lrg intestine 3. small intestine 4. pharynx 5. esophagus 6. spleen 7. pancreas 8. liver 9. oral cavity

8

h 1.Anus 2. Appendix (vermiform) 3. Ascending colon 4. Cecum 5. Descending colon 6. Ileocecal valve 7. Left colic (splenic) flexure 8. Rectum 9. Right colic (hepatic) flexure 10. Sigmoid colon 11. Transverse colon

7

k 1.Anus 2. Appendix (vermiform) 3. Ascending colon 4. Cecum 5. Descending colon 6. Ileocecal valve 7. Left colic (splenic) flexure 8. Rectum 9. Right colic (hepatic) flexure 10. Sigmoid colon 11. Transverse colon

hamate bone

hammer

Metacarpals

hand bones

Cardiovascular organs

heart, blood, blood vessels

fibrous joints

held together by fibrous tissue syndesmosis- amphiarthodial(slightly moveable) suture- synartrodial (immovable) gomphosis- amphiarthrodial(only limited movement)

spongy or cancellous bone

high porosity

synovial joints ginglymus

hinge ,flexion and extension movements

medullary cavity (long bone)

hollow cavity filled with yellow marrow

27 bones

how many bones are in the hand (including the wrist)?

Two Partially Flexed AP Projections(When Elbow Cannot Be Fully Extended

humerus parallel forearm parallel cr perpendicular to mid elbow

HMD

hyaline membrane disease; form of respiratory distress syndrome

8

i 1. stomach 2. lrg intestine 3. small intestine 4. pharynx 5. esophagus 6. spleen 7. pancreas 8. liver 9. oral cavity

10

i 1.Anus 2. Appendix (vermiform) 3. Ascending colon 4. Cecum 5. Descending colon 6. Ileocecal valve 7. Left colic (splenic) flexure 8. Rectum 9. Right colic (hepatic) flexure 10. Sigmoid colon 11. Transverse colon

IR

image receptor

recumbent

in a reclining position, lying down, in the posture of one sleeping or resting

Parathyroid

in the neck; controls the calcium levels in your body, and normals the bone growth

hilum

indented opening in the kidney where vessels enter and leave

Bursitis

inflammation of a bursa AP and lateral joint proj

Bursitis

inflammation of a bursa AP and lateral shoulder

Tendonitis

inflammation of a tendon Neer method MRI sonography

Osteomyelitis

inflammation of bone and bone marrow ap and lateral affected bone and nuclear medicine bone scan

Osteoarthritis (OA)

inflammation of the bone and joint AP and lateral in affected area

bronchitis

inflammation of the bronchi

Epiglottitis

inflammation of the epiglottis

pleurisy

inflammation of the pleura

pulmonary or visceral pleura

inner layer that covers the surface of the lungs, also dipping into the fissures between lobes

lesser tubercle of humerus

insertion of subscapularis anteriorly

greater tubercle of humerus

insertion of supraspinatus laterally

Interior vs. Exterior

inside vs outside

Fisk Modification (Tangential Projection)

inter tubercular groove

Which of the following AP proximal shoulder projections will demonstrate the lesser tubercle in profile?

internal rotation

patient assessment and clinical history

introduce yourself, patient Identification(name, birthdate),verification of procedure, acquire clinical history, pregnacy status, explain procedure, provide opportunity for patient to ask questions

Trochlear Sulcus

is a large depression in the proximal ulna that articulates with the trochlea of the humerus [4]. In most persons, the groove is traversed by a cartilage-free, bony ridge at the junction of the olecranon and the coronoid process

ulnar notch

is a small depression on the medial aspect of the distal radius

capitellum of humerus

is a smooth, rounded eminence on the lateral portion of the distal articular surface of the humerus. It articulates with the cup shaped depression on the head of the radius, and is limited to the front and lower part of the bone.

articular disk of wrist

is a thin, oval plate of fibrocartilage present in several joints which separates synovial cavities. This separation of the cavity space allows for separate movements to occur in each space.

coronoid process

is a triangular eminence projecting forward from the upper and front part of the ulna. Its base is continuous with the body of the bone, and of considerable strength. Its apex is pointed, slightly curved upward, and in flexion of the forearm is received into the coronoid fossa of the humerus.

primary center of ossification

is in the diaphysis

medial epicondyle of humerus

is larger and more prominent than the lateral epicondyle and is located on the medial edge of the distal humerus

head of radius

is located at the proximal end of the radius near the elbow joint

head of ulna

is located near the wrist at the distal end of the ulna

left primary bronchus

is long, horizontal and narrow

lateral epicondyle of humerus

is the small projection on the lateral aspect of the distal humerus above capitulum

5

j 1.Anus 2. Appendix (vermiform) 3. Ascending colon 4. Cecum 5. Descending colon 6. Ileocecal valve 7. Left colic (splenic) flexure 8. Rectum 9. Right colic (hepatic) flexure 10. Sigmoid colon 11. Transverse colon

Shoulder Girdle Technical Factors

kV range: analog 70 to 75; digital 75 to 85 kV Grid (>10 cm) High mA (short exposure time) Small focal spot AEC (center chamber) 40 inches (102 cm) SID (except AC joints) in the bucky try

lateral hand extension

karate chop

lateral wrist

karate chop

Fan Lateral Hand

karate chop and spread finger

KUB

kidney, ureter, bladder

retroperitoneal organs

kidneys, ureters, adrenal gland, pancreas, c- loop of the duodenum, ascending and descending colon, upper rectum, major abdominal blood vessels posterior to the peritoneum

urinary system organs

kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

Bicondylar

knee and tempormandibular joints

lliac crest

l4-l5

nutrient artery

large artery that enters compact bone near the middle of the diaphysis

Adam's apple

laryngeal prominence

Which of the following projections would best demonstrate a possible elevated fat pad near the elbow joint?

lateral

Inferosuperior axial projection

lateral view of head and neck of the humerus

AP forearm

lay arm flat (forearm and humerus)

alternative supine position

laying on back with knees up

The Aorta is to the ---- of the Inferior Vena Cava

left

Sample Procedure Markers

left supine erect prone decub scout prelim comparision wt. bearing flexion extension standing ext. rotation int. rotation after before lateral p. reduction repeat exam

Which of the following projections will best demonstrate intraperitoneal free air?

left lateral decub

left inguinal region

left lower region of the lower row by the groin

left lumbar region

left middle region near the waist

vertical diameter

lengthens or shortens, which is accomplished by downward or upward movement of diaphragm

potrait

lengthwise

proximal humerus

lesser and greater tubercle

What is the name of the double-fold of peritoneum that extends from the lesser curvature of the stomach to portions of the liver?

lesser omentum

which of the following humeral structure is most distal

lesser tubercle

lliac crest

level of l4-l5 verterbral interspace crest of illum is the uppermost portion of curved border of illum

Elevation

lifting, raising, moving of a body part superiorly

long bones

limbs compact and spongy bone periosteum consist of a body and two ends or extremities only found in appendicular skeleton

irregular bones

limbs peculiar shapes (vertebrae, facial bones, and pelvic bones, bones of the base of cranium

time indicator

minutes of elapsed time in series

scaphoid bone

most frequent bone to fracture among the carpal bones

subscapular fossa

most of the medial aspect of the scapula

Retraction

moving a part backward

Superficial vs. Deep

nearer the surface; farther away from the body surface

Lung neoplasm

new growth or tumor - benign or malignant

impingement syndrome

occurs when inflamed and swollen tendons are caught in the narrow space between the bones within the shoulder joint Apical AP axial shoulder

greater sac

peritoneal compartment of the abdominal cavity that extends from the diaphragm to the pelvis and covers the width of the abdomen

adominal cavity

peritoneum ,mesentry , omentum, mesocolon

hold breath

on second inspiration

Elbow Fat Pads and Stripes

only seen in the lateral position, elbow must be 90 degrees

supraspinous fossa

origin of supraspinatus

Frankfort plane

orthodontics, cranial topography, to measure and locate specific cranial points or structure

exo

outside, outward

Valgus stress

outward from the midline of the body

Oblique wrist

palm flat and turn laterally

PA fingers

palm flat on table

PA hand

palm flat on table arthritis - put posterior hand on table and try to open fingers

oblique finger

palm flat turned laterally

navicular

palm flat with ulnar deviation cr @ base of thumb and wrist

palmar of hand

palm of hand anterior

lateral hand flexion

palm side down, relax like when you walk with hand by leg

AP thumb

palm, flat and turn medially so posterior thumb is flat on table

e Rotation

parrallel to the image receptor palm up

greater omentum

part of the peritoneum attached to the stomach and to the colon and covering the intestines

subluxation

partial dislocation

AC joint separation

partial or complete tear of the acromioclavicuar and/or corococlavicular ligaments uniIateral or bilateral, erect AC joints

incomplete fracture (greenstick)

partial or incomplete fracture in which one side of the bone is broken and one side is bent

thoracic viscera

parts of the chest consisting of the lungs and the remaining thoracic organs contained in the mediastinum

transverse colon

passes horizontally from right to left toward the spleen

oblique plane

passes through the body at an angle

Pisiform

pea-shaped

Patient Preparation

removal of opaque objects, clothing artifacts, long hair fasteners, O2 lines and pacemaker leads not in lung fields.

reproductive system

reproduce organism

RDS (respiratory distress syndrome)

respiratory disease that affects premature babies; caused by lack of surfactant.

ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome)

respiratory insufficiency marked by progressive hypoxia

The pancreas is classified as a(n) _______ structure.

retroperitoneal

The transverse colon is classified as a(n) _______ structure.

retropertioneal

Which chest projection should be performed to demonstrate a pneumothorax in the LEFT lung if the patient cannot stand?

right lateral decubitus

Which chest projection/position should be performed to demonstrate a pleural effusion in the right lung if the patient cannot stand?

right lateral decubitus

right inguinal region

right lower region of the lower row by the groin

Anatomic Side Markers

right or left markers must also appear on every radiographic imaging

hard palate

roof of the mouth

Rotation vs. Tilt

rotation - to turn or rotate a body part on its axis tilt - a slanting or tilting movement with respect to the long axis

lateral rotation

rotation away from the median plane

Criteria: no rotation erect vs supine

rotation evident by asymmetry of SC joints

Criteria: no rotation 1 lateral chest

rotation evident by lack of superimposition of posterior ribs

sesamoid bones

round bones found near joints (e.g., the patella)

KUB

routine abdomen is ...

elbow

routine: AP lateral oblique med oblique lateral

Hand spread method

ruler to determine hand spread, thumb-to-fifth digit.

sprain

rupture or tearing of connective tissues

cecum of large intestine

saclike first part of the large intestine

sellar joint

saddle joint flexion and extension abduction and adduction circumduction first carpometacarpal joint

accessory organs

salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

ipsilateral/contralateral

same side of body/opposite side of body

upper margin of the scapula is at the level of

second posterior rib

plane joint

second to fifth digit intercarpal joints

Pancreas

secretes digestive juices into small intestine

exocrine system (external)

secretion

atlantoaxial joint

series of three articulations between the atlas (C1) vertebra and the axis (C2) vertebra, consisting of the joints between the inferior articular processes of C1 and the superior articular processes of C2, and the articulation between the dens of C2 and the anterior arch of C1

suprascapular notch

serves as a nerve passageway

lower margin of the scapula is at the level of

seventh posterior rib (T7)

the body of long bone

shaft contains a thick layer of compact bone

Diaphysis

shaft of a long bone

a

shortest and widest: a) Duodenum b) Jejunum c) Ileum

scapula

shoulder blade

Backscatter protection

use freestanding shield or wraparound shield b/w pt and IR

ileocecal valve

valve between the ileum of the small intestine and the cecum of the large intestine

coronal plane (frontal plane)

vertical division of the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions

Larynx

voice box

A pathologic condition in which twisting of a loop of intestine creates an obstruction is termed:

volvulus

Intranmembranous

when bone is replaces membranes

arrow identify

which side is up

right primary bronchus

wider, shorter, more vertical

Trachea

windpipe

intraperitoneal organs

within the peritoneal cavity liver, gallbladder, spleen, stomach, jejunum, lleum, cecum, transverse colon, sigmoid colon

intra

within, inside

Carpals

wrist

Acute Abdominal Series 3

ØAP supine ØAP erect ØPA chest

Acute Abdomen Series 2 way

ØAP supine ØAP erect or left lateral decubitus •Must include diaphragm

Shoulder (Nontrauma)

ØInferosuperior axial (Lawrence method) ØPA transaxillary projection (Hobbs modification) ØInferosuperior axial projection (Clements modification) ØPosterior oblique (Grashey method) ØTangential (Fisk modification)