humerus and shoulder girdle, Upper limbs, abdomen, POSITIONING CH 3: ABDOMEN, RADT 1210 Chest, radt 1210 chapter 1
most frequent fractured carpal bone
Scaphoid
wrist fat stripes
Scaphoid fat stripe Pronator fat stripe
lateral, dorsal
Decubitus positions are ----- and -----.
AP Abdomen (KUB)
Demonstrates borders of psoas major muscles
Horizontal Beam Transthoracic Lateral Humerus (Trauma)
Demonstrates entire humerus without rotation Unaffected limb raised over head CR to mid aspect to involved humerus
Criteria for left lateral decubitus
Diaphragm demonstrated Both sides of body included No rotation No motion Exposure factors air raises
Criteria: Dorsal DecubitusRight Lateral Position
Diaphragm included No rotation No motion Exposure factors
Erect AP Abdomen Criteria
Diaphragm included (unless PA chest taken) No rotation No motion Exposure factors air rose fluid fell down have to have diaphragm
Two-Way Acute Abdomen(AP Supine and Erect)
Diaphragm is not included, requires lateral decubitus or erect PA chest supine
Digestive tract Accessory organs ØLiver ØGallbladder ØPancreas ØSpleen
Digestive tract
lateral finger
Digit parallel to IR CR to PIP Routine •PA •Oblique •Lateral
PA Oblique 45 degrees
Digit parallel to IR CR to PIP Routine PA •Oblique •Lateral
DIP
Distal Interphalangeal joint; joint at the most distal end of the finger and toes
PA wrist projection evaluation criteria
Distal radius, ulna, and carpals demonstrated Center of field at midcarpals No rotation Exposure factors
Respiratory System :Pleura
Double walled Chest pathology ØPneumothorax ØHemothorax ØPleurisy
Bone metastases
Transfer of disease or cancerous lesions from one organ or part that may not be directly connected
inspiration
atelectasis, foreign body
Levels of Human Structural Organization
atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, system, organism
chemical level of organization
atoms and molecules
lesser omentum
attaches stomach to liver
AEC
automatic exposure control no
surgical neck of humerus
axillary nerve and posterior circumflex artery
LUQ
b
6
b 1. peritoneal cavity 2. visceral peritoneum 3. lesser omentum 4. small bowel 5. mesentry 6. greater omentum 7. parietal peritoneum 8. stomach
4
b 1. stomach 2. lrg intestine 3. small intestine 4. pharynx 5. esophagus 6. spleen 7. pancreas 8. liver 9. oral cavity
11
b 1.Anus 2. Appendix (vermiform) 3. Ascending colon 4. Cecum 5. Descending colon 6. Ileocecal valve 7. Left colic (splenic) flexure 8. Rectum 9. Right colic (hepatic) flexure 10. Sigmoid colon 11. Transverse colon
appendicular skeleton(126bones)
clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges, hip bone, femur, tibia, fibula, patella, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
Gonadal shielding
Male Shield at upper edge of symphysis pubis Female Ovarian shield only if it does not obscure essential anatomy
Oblique Projections of Elbow
Medial oblique 45° internal (medial) rotation lateral oblique 45 degress external(lateral) rotation Lateral oblique ØRadial head, neck, and tuberosity in profile ØLateral epicondyle and capitulum in profile Medial oblique ØCoronoid process in profile ØTrochlea and medial epicondyle in profile
Mediastinum
Medial portion of thoracic cavity between lungs Four structures ØTrachea ØEsophagus ØThymus gland ØHeart and great vessels
pleura
Membrane surrounding the lungs
MCP
Metacarpophalangeal Joint: large joints in the hand at the base of each finger
inferior costal margin
Mid and upper abdomen landmarks for palpation include: Xiphoid process (T9-T10) --- ---- ----- (L2-L3) Iliac crest (L4-L5)
Degree of inspiration
Minimum of 10 ribs Count posterior ribs
Positioning rules and principles
Minimum of two projections ➢Anatomic structures superimposed ➢Localization of lesions or foreign bodies ➢Determination of alignment of fractures
hyaline cartilage
Most common type of cartilage; it is found on the ends of long bones, ribs, and nose
alimentary canal
Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestines, Large Intestines, , and Anus.
Abduction
Movement away from the midline of the body lateral
radial deviation
Movement of the wrist towards the radius or lateral side
Ulnar deviation
Movement of the wrist towards the ulna or medial side
ulnar deviation
Movement of the wrist towards the ulna or medial side
Adduction
Movement toward the midline of the body
Protraction
Moving a part forward
infraspinous fossa
Name this specific area of the scapula.
DJD (degenerative joint disease)
disease of joints in which the cartilage undergoes degeneration AP and lateral shoulder
COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)
disease with enlarged lung spaces, usually from smoking can cause shortness of breath
bronchopneumonia
diseased state of the bronchi and lungs
Dislocation
displace of joint
RUQ organs
liver, gallbladder, duodenum, head of pancreas, right kidney and adrenal, hepatic flexure of colon, right suprarenal gland
accessory organs of the digestion
liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen
retroperitoneal
located behind the peritoneum
thymus gland
located in the mediastinal cavity anterior to and above the heart; secretes thymosin
scaphoid fat stripe
located lateral to the scaphoid and visualized on the PA and oblique views of the wrist
olecranon fossa
located on the posterior side of the distal end of the humerus superior to the trochlea and articulates with the olecranon process of the ulna
c
located under or beneath the peritoneaum a) Intraperitoneal b) Retroperitoneal c) Infraperitoneal
medial border of scapula
long edge or border near the vertebrae
shaft
long midportion of both radius and ulna is called ( body)
xiphoid process
lower portion of the sternum
xiphoid process
lower, narrow portion of the sternum
Depression
lowering, letting down, moving of a body part
decubitus
lying down
recumbent position
lying down in any position (also called decubitus position)
prone
lying face down
ventral recumbent position
lying face down, prone
Dorsal decubitus position
lying on dorsal ( back) / surface
supine
lying on the back
dorsal recumbent
lying on the back; supine
Ventral decubitus position
lying on ventral (belly) surface with the x-ray beam directed horizontally exiting from the side closest to the IR
oblique hand
make ok sign then straighten 2nd digit or use sponge
Chondrosarcoma
malignant tumor of cartilage
Osteosarcoma
malignant tumor of the bone
osteogenic sarcoma
malignant tumor originating in bone-producing cells
Inferosuperior axial projection
may be used to evaluate the glenohumeral joint when the patient is able to abduct the arm
The ulnar notch is located at the:
medial aspect of the distal radius
average adult humerus and shoulder
medium kvP, 70 to 85 with grid for shoulder thickness>10 cm Higher mA small focal spot
elliposidal joint
metacarpophalangeal joints wrist radiocarpal joint
criteria erect vs supine
minimize breast shadows
integumentary system
protects the body within limits against microbial invasion and mechanical, chemical, UV damage eliminates waste through perspiration synthesis certain vitamins
pivot joint
proximal radioulnar joint elbow joint
Coastal Surface of Scapula
proximity to the ribs
What two large abdominal muscles extend next to the lumbar spine and are indicators of a well-exposed KUB?
psoas major
empyema
pus in the pleural cavity
deltoid tuberosity of humerus
raised area on lateral surface of humerus to which deltoid muscle attaches
Ewing sarcoma
rare malignant tumor arising in bone; most often occurring in children
ischial tuberosity
receives the weight of the body when sitting
Epigasric Region
region above the stomach
umbilical region
region of the navel
nasopharynx
region of the pharynx at the back of the nose and above the soft palate
urinary system
regulate fluid and electrocyte balance and volume regulates blood eliminates waste products kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
nervous system
regulates body activities voluntary or involuntary transmit electrical impulses to various parts of the body and the brain
which one of the following conditions is classified as a form of pneumoconiosis
silicosis
sitting erect
sit up/hold the xray receptor heart closer to the image receptor - greater detail
PA chest
sitting erect
heart
size of the fist
Hypostenic
slender normal shape 35% population
Amphiarthrodial
slightly movable
SBFT
small bowel follow-through (x-ray study of the small intestine with contrast)
nutrient foramen
small opening in the middle of the external surface of the diaphysis, through which an artery enters the bone to provide nourishment
peritoneal cavity
space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum
Axial (Superoinferior) Projection
special nasal bone projection
What is the joint classification for the scapulohumeral joint?
spheroidal
Which of the following is NOT one of the accessory organs for digestion?
spleen
Joints of the shoulder girdle
sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, scapulohumeral
bony thorax
sternum, ribs, and thoracic vertebrae
Three digestive organs within the abdominal cavity
stomach, small intestine, large intestine
LUQ organs
stomach, spleen, left colic flexure, tail of pancreas, left kidney, left suprarenal gland
Gallbladder
stores bile
Gallbladder function
stores bile
b
structures closely attached to the posterior abdominal wall. structures are less mobile and move around less within the abdomen a) Intraperitoneal b) Retroperitoneal c) Infraperitoneal
Arthrology
study of joints
what is another term for the mid area of the coastal surface of the scapula
subscapular fossa
fat pads
superficial to the joint capsule, protect articular cartilages
left lobes of lung
superior and inferior
right lobes of lung
superior, middle, inferior
respiratory system
supplies oxygen to the blood and eventually to the cells eliminates carbon dioxide from the blood assist in regulating the acid-base balance of blood
skeletal system functions
support and protect many soft tissues of the body store calcium produce blood cell allows movement through interaction with the muscles to form a system of levers
connective tissue
supportive tissue that bind together and support various structures
pericardial sac
surrounds the heart and helps prevent overfilling.
functional joints
synarthrodials, amphiarthrodials, diarthrodials
elbow joint
synovial(diarthrodial)
Intermetacarpal
synovial, plane/gliding
intussusception
telescoping of the intestines
endocrine system (internal )
the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream
axial skeleton(80 bones)
the central axis of the body skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum, auditory ossicles, hyoid
semilunar notch (trochlear notch)
the concave depression on the ulna that articulates with the humerus
Left Posterior Oblique (LPO) and right posterior oblique
the cr exits from left to right posterior aspects of the body
Image Receptor (IR)
the device that responds to the ionizing radiation to create the radiographic image
abdominal, thoracic
the diaphragm separates the ---- cavity from the ---- cavity
Humeral condyle (humerus)
the entire distal extremity (including the two articular areas and the lat and med epicondyles
visceral peritoneum
the inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity
ginglymus (hinge) joint
the interphalangeals are what type of joint humeroulnar and humeroradial
trochlear notch
the large concave depression or notch, that articulates with the distal humerus
acromion of scapula
the lateral end of the spine of the scapula that articulates with the clavicle to form the AC joint
AP lordotic position
the long axis of the body rather than the CR is angled
pariental peritoneum
the outer layer of serous membrane, lines the internal walls of the abdominopelvic cavity
Right or left lateral decubitus position
the patient lies on the side and the xray beam is directed horizontally from anterior or posterior
cricoid cartilage
the ring-shaped structure that forms the lower portion of the larynx
radial tuberosity
the rough oval process on the medial and anterior side of the radius, just distal to the neck
Pisform bone
the smallest looks like a pea
laryngopharynx
the third division of the pharynx, is shared by both the respiratory and digestive systems
interphalangeal joints
the thumb has only phalanges
capitate bone
the wrist bone with a rounded head shape that articulates with the 3rd metatarsal
Right lungs contains how many lobes?
three superior middle inferior
Pharynx
throat
four radiographic structures located in the mediastinum
thymus gland, heart and great vessels, trachea, and esophagus
apex of the lung
tip or uppermost portion of the lung. An apex is the tip of a structure.
epithelial tissue
tissue that lines the interior and exterior body surfaces lining of vessels, and organs such as stomach and intestines
muscle tissue
tissues that make up the substance of a muscle
nervous tissue
tissues that make up the substance of nerves and nerve centetr
dorsal (foot)
top of foot
Tangential projection
touching a curve or surface at only one point
Medial vs. Lateral
toward midline vs away from midline
proximal vs distal
toward or nearest the trunk of the body or nearest the point of origin on one of its parts; away from or farthest from the trunk or the point of origin of a body part
cephalad/caudal
toward the head/toward the tail
Superior vs. Inferior
towards head vs towards feet
red blood cells (erythrocytes)
transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
descending colon
travels down the left side of the abdominal cavity to the sigmoid colon
ascending colon
travels upward from the cecum to the undersurface of the liver above the cecum
Triquetrum
triangle
Which of the following structures is located on the distal humerus?
trochlea
concentric angle elbow
trochlear sulcus trochlear notch of ulna outer ridge of capitulum and trochlea
The distal radius will cross over the ulna when the hand is pronated.
true
The left bronchus is smaller in diameter than the right but is approximately twice as long.
true
The pharynx is a common passageway for both food and respiration
true
shoulder dislocation
true separation of humerus from glenoid fossa PA oblique
Urethra
tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body
Eversion
turning outward
volvulus
twisting of the intestine on itself
Long bones require how many projections?
two projections
Infraperitoneal organs
underneath the peritoneum -lower rectum, urinary bladder, reproductive organs, male closed sac, female open sac
manubrium
upper portion of the sternum
radiocarpal joint
pertaining to the joint between the radius and wrist synovial(diarthrodial) ellipsoidal (condyloid)
mediolateral
pertaining to the middle and to the side
What type of immobilization technique should be used for a chest study in a young pediatric patient?
pigg o stat
trochoid joint
pivot joint, rotation proximal and distal radioulnar joints between the first and second cervical vertebrae
Lateral Chest Position
place side of interest closest to IR, left lateral position.
synovial joint movement types
plane ginglymus trochoid ellipsoid spheroidal sellar bicondylat
acriomioclavicular joint (AC)
plane or gliding
sternoclavicular joint(SC)
plane or gliding
styloid process
pole-like process extending downward from the temporal bone on each side of the skull
Recumbent (supine) position
position with knees and hip flexed and things abducted and rotated externally, supported by ankle supports
Projection
positioning term that describes the direction or path of CR of the xray beam as it passes through the patient
external rotation of humerus
posterior deltoid, infraspinatus, teres minor
soft palate
posterior portion, not supported by bone
internal oblique
posterior side of arm flat on IR and palm flat
external oblique
posterior side of arm flat, palm up, bring shoulder to table
digestive system
prepare foods for absorption by the cells through numerous physical and chemical breakdown processes elimination of solid wastes from the body
Bone Development
primary center:diaphysis(body) secondary center: metaphysis, epiphyseal plate, epiphyses
Ossification
process of bone formation
radiography
process of recording x-rays
thyroid gland
produces hormones that regulate metabolism, body heat, and bone growth
olecranon process
projection at the upper end of the ulna that forms the bony point of the elbow
PA oblique
projection of the upper limb with lateral rotation
anteroposterior
projection refers to a projection of the cr to anterior to posterior the opposite of PA describes the direction of the travel of CR which enters anterior surface and exits posterior surface
special projections
projections most commonly taken to demonstrate better specific anatomic parts or certain pathologic conditions or projections that may be necessary for patients who cannot cooperate fully
pneumonia
Bacterial infection of the lungs
lateral position
side lying position
An injury of the anteroinferior aspect of the glenoid labrum is termed:
Bankart lesion
Liver
Produces bile to break down fat
tranverse section
a horizontal plane separates the body into upper and lower portions
spleen location
a large dark-red oval organ on the left side of the body between the stomach and the diaphragm LUQ
localization of lesions or foreign bodies
a minimum of two projections take at a 90 degree or as near as possible to right angles of each other
intravenous pyelogram
a radiographic study of the kidneys and ureters
Trochlea
a smooth, grooved articular process shaped like a pulley
lithotomy
a surgical incision for the removal of a stone from the bladder position
ascites
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen
Scoliosis
abnormal lateral curvature of the spine (S-shaped curve)
osteoperosis
abnormal loss of bone density ap and lateral long bone
What is the most posterior scapular structure?
acromion
3
acute abdominal series is also called a ---way abdominal series
Rotator Cuff Pathology
acute or chronic traumatic injury to one or more of the rotator cuff muscles MRI or sonography
suprarenal glands
adjust water balance, tissue metabolism, cardiovascular and respiratory activity
lobar pneumonia
affects larger areas of the lungs, often including one or more sections, or lobes, of a lung
pneumothorax
air in the thoracic cavity
right colic flexure
aka the hepatic flexure, the right-angle turn that continues from the ascending colon
determination of alignment of fractures
all fractures require a minimum of two projections, taken at 90 degree or as near as possible to right angle of each other
Muscular System
allows for movement skeletal, visceral, and cardiac types produces body heat maintain posture
jugular notch
central indentation in superior border of manubrium
superimposition of anatomic structures
Certain pathologic conditions may not be visualized on one projection only
Positioning Accuracy
-All pertinent anatomy demonstrated -Multiple images aligned on IR -Collimation -Rotation -Central ray (CR)
trapezium bone
Irregular-shaped carpal bone. Makes up the thumb. In between thumb bones and scaphoid bone.
metacarpophalangeal joint
Is the knuckle between the hand and the finger
C
Ischial tuberosity
lateral recumbent
Lying on side (right or left lateral)
Left Anterior Oblique (LAO)
Lying on the left anterior surface, the right anterior surface is elevated
AP Lordotic
Horizontal CR to midsternum Special AP supine or semierect Lat decubitus AP lordotic 20 in Support their back
Two projections
Humerus Tibia/fibula Chest Hip femur Forearm
lymphatic system
Lymph nodes, Lymph vessels, lymph glands, Spleen
oblique thumb
MCP joint palm flat on table(naturally oblique)
carina
Point at which the trachea bifurcates (divides) into the left and right mainstem bronchi.
carina of trachea
Point at which the trachea divides into bronchi
oropharynx
central portion of the pharynx between the roof of the mouth and the upper edge of the epiglottis
Criteria: Chin Extended erect vs supine
chin up or chin down
Triquetrum
"Pyramid-shaped" carpal bone in the proximal row
Seven landmarks of the abdomen
(1) xiphoid process, (2) inferior costal (rib) margin (3) iliac crest (4) anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) (5) greater trochanter (6) symphysis pubis (7) ischial tuberosity
ulcerative colitis
chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers AP abdomen
Greater trochanter
(what's missing?) Lower abdomen and pelvic landmarks include: ASIS ---- ----- Symphysis pubis Ischial tuberosity
Symphysis pubis
(what's missing?) Lower abdomen and pelvic landmarks include: ASIS Greater trochanter ---- ------ Ischial tuberosity
Ischial tuberosity
(what's missing?) Lower abdomen and pelvic landmarks include: ASIS Greater trochanter Symphysis pubis ---- -----
Lateral wrist
* hand and wrist in true lateral *CR to midcarpal area * distal radius, ulna, and carpals demonstrated center of field at midcarpals no rotation exposure factors
Inversion stress
*1.* Patient with lateral ankle up with the foot off the end of the table *2.* Doctor stabilizes the tibia and presses down on the lateral talus and calcaneus inverting the ankle *Positive Test*: Increased inversion compared with other side indicates anterior talofibular and /or calcaneofibular ligament tear.
Positioning Considerations for Upper Limb
*40 inches(100cm) minimum SID *Gonadal Shielding *Four-sided collimation when posssible *Long axis of part to long axis of IR *Patient ID and side marker visible
PA Oblique Wrist
*CR to midcarpal area *distal radius, ulna, and carpals demonstrated *trapezium seen in its entirety *SID= 40"
lateral angle of scapula
(head of the scapula) is the thickest part of the bone.
Circumduction
circular movement of a limb at the far end
Placing Radiographs for Viewing
- Patient facing the viewer - Patient's right to the viewer's left - Lateral projections - Decubitus projections
silicosis
disease due to silica or glass dust in the lungs; occurs in mining occupations
Technical Factors
-High kV (110 to 125) -Grid -High mA, short exposure time
Lesser sac (omental bursa)
-diverticulum of the peritoneal cavity of the left side, posterior to the stomach
Viewing radiographs
-limbs: anatomic position -hands and feet: digits up
What is the minimum SID for erect chest radiography?
.72 inches (183 cm)
Abdomen X-ray
1. 2 patient identifiers 2. Lower table 3. Raise table to working level 4. Put in IR 5. Tell if IR is in Bucky Tray 6. Detent 7. Lateral until green light 8. Longitudinal 9. SID - 40 inches 10. Line up IR 11. Push in Bucky tray 12. Adjust table 13. Collimate 14. Put on marker
Where is the CR centered for an AP erect abdomen projection as part of an acute abdomen series?
1 to 2 inches above illiac crest
Phalanges (hand)
fingers
chest
1. Pull tube partially away from the table 2. Tell it wall unit 3. Detent 4. Lateral until green light 5. Turn tube 90* 6. Longitudinal green light 72 inches 7. Place IR 8. Adjust laser to center 9. Collimate to portrait or landscape
Fat Stripes of Wrist
1. Scaphoid fat stripe 2. Pronator fat stripe
Nine Regions
1.Right hypochondriac 2.Epigastric 3.Left hypochondriac 4.Right lateral (lumbar) 5.Umbilical 6.Left lateral (lumbar) 7.Right inguinal (iliac) 8.Pubic (hypogastric) 9.Left inguinal (iliac)
general principles for determining positioning routines for minimum of 2 projections (90 degree from each other)
1.superimposition of anatomic structures 2. localization of lesions or foreign bodies 3. determination of alignment of fractures
Pronator fat stripe of the wrist
1/4 inch from the anterior surface of the radius
How many posterior ribs should be seen above the diaphragm for a well-inspired PA chest projection?
10
humerus
10 by 12
What is the preferred length of time a patient should lie on his or her side prior to a lateral decubitus projection?
10 to 20 minutes
Three projections
fingers, toes, hands, wrists, elbows, ankles, feet, knees
thumb
first finger
Radiation Protection
limited repeat exposures, collimation, gonadal shielding, & backscatter protection.
What is the recommended kV range for adult chest radiography?
110 to 125 kV
cystic fibrosis
A genetic disorder that occurs in people with two copies of a certain recessive allele; characterized by an excessive secretion of mucus and consequent vulnerability to infection; fatal if untreated.
Molecule
A group of atoms bonded together
Normal curves of spine
A healthy back has three natural curves: An inward or forward curve at the neck (cervical curve) An outward or backward curve at the upper back (thoracic curve) An inward curve at the lower back (lumbar curve)
pariental pleura
lines the walls of the thoracic cavity
axial plane
A horizontal flat surface dividing the body into upper and lower parts; also known as the transverse plane
Transthoracic lateral projection
A lateral projection through the thorax.
Organism
A living thing
skeletal muscle
A muscle that is attached to the bones of the skeleton and provides the force that moves the bones.
anus
A muscular opening at the end of the rectum through which waste material is eliminated from the body
Perioneum
lining of the abdominal cavity
AP Supine Abdomen Two- and Three-Way Acute Abdominal Series
14 by 17 center at illac crest
potrait
14 by 17 14 length 17 width
Esophagus
A muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach.
right hypochondriac region
liver, gallbladder
what type of CR angle is required for the AP semiaxial projection for the apices of the lungs
15* to 20* cephalad
What type of injury is diagnosed most often with the PA stress (Folio method) projection?
A. Ulnar collateral ligament injury
Which of the following projections/routines would best demonstrate a Bennett's fracture?
A.AP axial projection (modified Robert's method)
What type of CR angle is required for the AP axial projection (modified Robert's method)?
15° proximal
shoulder
17 by 12
landscape
17 by 14 17 wide 14 length
PA Erect ChestAcute Abdominal Series
17 by 14 landscape
Evalution criteria
Anatomy demonstrated: elbow and wrist joints both included Position: no rotation at wrist and at elbow joints Exposure: optimal exposure factors Image markers: "R" marker visible
axial plantodorsal projection
Angled CR enters the plantar surface of the foot and exits the dorsal surface
abdomen
AP
pelvis
AP
How many exposures (minimum) are required for the AP elbow acute flexion study?
2
Left lungs contains how many lobes?
2 superior inferior
Left Lateral Decubitus AbdomenAcute Abdominal Series
2 inches above crest r marker
Positioning rules and principles 2
2.Minimum of three projections when joints are in prime interest area ØAP or PA ØLateral ØOblique
b
2/5 of small intestine: a) Duodenum b) Jejunum c) Ileum
skeletal system
206 separate bones osteology arthrology
What type of CR angle is required for the tangential (Gaynor-Hart method) projection?
25 to 30 degress
ACE campaign
Announce your name Communicate your credentials Explain what you're going to do
Nursemaid's elbow
Annular ligament displacement
PA waters
Another name for the parietoacanthial projection
c
3/5 of small intestine: a) Duodenum b) Jejunum c) Ileum
AP Axial CR
30 degrees asthenic
RUQ
Answer where which of the following is located (RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, or LLQ ?) : Liver
Hypostenic
35%
Grashey Method
35-45 degree
Posterior Oblique: Glenoid Cavity (Grashey Method)
35° to 45° oblique CR perpendicular to IR 2 inches (5 cm) inferior and medial from superolateral border of humerus Glenoid cavity profiled Scapulohumeral joint centered Optimal exposure factors
psoas
AP Abdomen (KUB) demonstrates borders of ---- major muscles
RLQ
Answer where which of the following is located (RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, or LLQ ?) : appendix
RLQ
Answer where which of the following is located (RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, or LLQ ?) : ascending colon
anterior oblique
45° RAO
Posterior Oblique
45 **side closest to IR *lung filed appear shortest on posterior than anterior oblique because of the magnification *the heart appear larger because they are far from the IR AP supine or semierect Lat decub (AP) AP lordotic Anterior and posterior oblique
LLQ
Answer where which of the following is located (RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, or LLQ ?) : descending colon
RUQ
Answer where which of the following is located (RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, or LLQ ?) : duodenum
RLQ
Answer where which of the following is located (RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, or LLQ ?) : ileocecal valve
LUQ
Answer where which of the following is located (RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, or LLQ ?) : left kidney
Hypersthenic
5%
RUQ
Answer where which of the following is located (RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, or LLQ ?) : right kidney
LUQ
Answer where which of the following is located (RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, or LLQ ?) : spleen
Sthenic
50%
Anatomy ReviewLarge Intestine (Periphery of Abdomen)
Anus Appendix (vermiform) Ascending colon Cecum Descending colon Ileocecal valve Left colic (splenic) flexure Rectum Right colic (hepatic) flexure Sigmoid colon Transverse colon
Lateral Wrist
60 kVp @ 1.65 mAs
PA Wrist
60 kVp @ 1.65 mAs
body of clavicle
Area between the two ends
Criteria: lateral chest
Arms raised high
AP Elbow
64 kVp @ 4 mAs
Lateral Elbow
64 kVp @ 4 mAs
AP projections of elbow
AP extended Humerus parallel Forearm parallel
How much is the elbow flexed for a trauma axial lateral projection (Coyle method) to demonstrate the coronoid process?
80 degree
True lateral elbow
90° flexion. Appearance should have 3 concentric arcs: 1. trochlear sulcus - first and smallest 2. capitulum and trochlea - 2nd - outer ridges/rounded edges 3. trochlear notch of the ulna. Arcs will appear symmetrically aligned when pure 90°
The boomerang filter can be used to improve:
AP projection of the shoulder, lateral projection of the facial bones
Chest special
AP supine or semierect Lateral decubitus AP lordotic Anterior oblique Posterior oblique
trapezoid bone (hand)
< sign
Reasons for erect chest position
Allows diaphragm to move farther down Demonstrates air-fluid levels Prevents engorgement of pulmonary vessels
Epigottis
A flap of tissue that seals off the windpipe and prevents food from entering.
greater trochanter
A bony prominence on the proximal lateral side of the thigh, just below the hip joint.
Osteoporosis
A condition in which the body's bones become weak and break easily. AP and lateral shoulder
Osteoporosis
A condition in which the body's bones become weak and break easily. ap and lateral affected area
Periosteum
A dense fibrous membrane covering the surface of bones (except at their extremities) and serving as an attachment for tendons and muscles.
ureter
A duct leading from the kidney to the urinary bladder.
Trapezoid
A quadrilateral with exactly one pair of parallel sides
Sims position
A recumbent oblique position with the patient lying on the left anterior side, with the right knee and thigh flexed and the left arm extended down behind the back.
Fowler's position
A recumbent position with the body tilted with the head higher than the feet
Trendelenburg position
A recumbent position with the body tilted with the head lower than the feet
Rectum
A short tube at the end of the large intestine where waste material is compressed into a solid form before being eliminated
appendix (vermiform appendix)
A small, fingerlike extension of the vertebrate cecum; contains a mass of white blood cells that contribute to immunity.
The MCP joints are classified as:
A. Ellipsoidal
B
ASIS
anterior superior iliac spine
ASIS stands for ?
14 x 17 (inches)
Abdomen x-ray IR size:
40
Abdomen x-ray SID:
70-80
Abdomen x-ray kVp:
lengthwise
Abdomen x-ray orientation of cassette to body (lengthwise or crosswise)
joint effusion
Accumulation of fluid in joint associated with underlying condition AP and lateral joint
PA
Acute abdomen series includes: AP supine abdomen AP erect abdomen ___ erect chest
AP
Acute abdomen series includes: AP supine abdomen ___ erect abdomen PA erect chest
AP
Acute abdomen series includes: ___ supine abdomen AP erect abdomen PA erect chest
Elbow special projections
Acute flexion Trauma axial lateral (Coyle method) Radial head projections
thyroid cartilage
Adam's apple
Patient Preparation for abdomen
All clothing removed Opaque objects removed Hospital gown worn Pillow for head, clean linen on table Cover patient for warmth and modesty
AP oblique projection
An AP projection of the upper or lower limb that is rotated and must include a qualifying term -Ex. AP Oblique Projection - Medial Rotation
oblique position
An angled position in which neither the Sagittal not the coronal body plane is perpendicular or at a right angle to the IR. Described by the part closest to the IR, or that body part from which the CR exits
Tuberculosis
An infectious disease that may affect almost all tissues of the body, especially the lungs
excretory urogram
An intravenous pyelogram (IVP) is also referred to as a(n)
Pancreas
An organs in the abdominal cavity with two roles. The first is an exocrine role: to produce digestive enzymes and bicarbonate, which are delivered to the small intestine via the pancreatic duct. The second is an endocrine role: to secrete insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream to help regulate blood glucose levels. posterior to the stomach
erect
An upright position, to stand or sit erect
AP external rotation shoulder
Analog KV =70 to 75, Digital KV = 80 +/- 5, 40 in. SID, externally rotate arm, epicondyles parallel to IR, CR centered 1 in. inferior to coracoid process, greater tubercle in profile laterally
Exposure Factors
Analog/Digital kV (70-80) Short exposure time Adequate mAs no bowel preparation
Cells
Basic unit of life
Atom
Basic unit of matter
hepatic flexure
Bend between the ascending colon and the transverse colon.
Enchondroma
Benign tumor consisting of cartilage
evaluation criteria AP Oblique Bilateral (Norgaard Method) Projection
Bilateral hands in 45° oblique position Midshafts of second to fifth metacarpals and base of phalanges not overlapped MCP joints should open Exposure factors
PA Stress (Folio Method) Projection
Bilateral stress projection for possible ulnar collateral ligament injury
Divisions of Chest Anatomy
Bony thorax ØProtective framework Respiratory system ØLungs and airways Mediastinum ØSpace between lungs
digestive system
Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells.
AP Scapula
Breathing technique (optional) CR to midscapula AP and lateral Entire scapula demonstrated Lateral border of scapula free of ribs and lungs Optimal exposure factors
AP Axial ProjectionModified Robert's Method
CR 15° proximal to first CMC joint Base of first metacarpal and trapezium must be clearly visualized
AP Semiaxial Lordotic
CR 15° to 20° cephalad
Tangential ProjectionIntertubercular Groove (Supine)
CR 15° to 20° posterior to humerus Anterior humeral head profiled Groove profiled between greater and lesser tubercles Optimal exposure factors
dorsal decubitus right lateral
CR 2 inches (5 cm) above iliac crest to midcoronal plane Special •PA prone •Lateral decubitus •Erect AP •Dorsal decubitus sometimes taken for aortic aneurysm
Left Lateral Decubitus Position
CR 2 inches (5cm) above the iliac crest special: PA lateral decubitus liver traps free air or see it at the rib border to see air along it
Inferosuperior Axial (Lawrence Method)
CR 25° to 30° medial to axilla Arm supinated, abducted 90° (or as near 90° as possible)
Trauma Axial Lateromedial Projections (Coyle Method)
CR 45° to shoulder 90° flexion For radial head CR 45° away shoulder 80° flexion For coronoid process
Lateral Upper Airway
CR at C6-7 •Slow, deep inspiration Routine : Lateral AP
AP Upper Airway
CR at T1-2 •AML perpendicular to IP Routine Lateral AP
Geriatric applications
CR centering may need to be higher pneumonia and emphysema may require different exposure factors More care time and patience when explaining breathing and positioning. Help and support may be needed.
Parietoacanthial projection
CR enters at cranial parietal bone and exits at the acanthion (junction of nose and upper lip) - PA Waters method
Verticosubmental projection
CR enters at the top of the skull and exits below the mandible
Inferosuperior axial projection
CR enters below or inferiorly and exits above or superiorly
Submentovertical (SMV) projection
CR enters below the chin, or mentum, and exits at the vertex or top of the skull
iliac crest
CR for abdoment x-ray is center of the R & L ...
Lateral Proximal Humerus
CR perpendicular
Acute Flexion of the elbow--jones method
CR perpendicular to humerus CR perpendicular to forearm distal humerus proximal forearm
AP and AP Axial Clavicle
CR perpendicular to mid clavicle - straight AP upshot CR to 15 to 30 degrees to mid clavicle Routine AP and AP axial Entire clavicle demonstrated Four-sided collimation Optimal exposure factors AP axial ØMore of clavicle seen above ribs
Transthoracic LateralProximal Humerus
CR perpendicular to surgical neck Breathing technique Routine •AP—neutral rotation •Scapular Y •Transthoracic lateral Proximal humerus clearly seen Humeral head and glenoid cavity seen Humeral head in neutral rotation Optimal exposure factors
Left Lateral Chest
CR to T7 No rotation Routine -PA -Lateral coronal plane perpendicular to IR MSP parallel to IR Arms up Lower CR- 2.5 cm from PA (for broad patients)
PA Chest
CR to T7 PA lateral minimum SID 72 inches IR size 14 by 17 kvp 110-125 patient position: patient erect, feet spread slightly, weight equally distributed on both feet
AP supine or semi erect
CR to T7 perpendicular sternum
*exception PA thumb
CR to first MCP joint
Lateral Thumb
CR to first MCP joint Routine •AP (PA) •Oblique •Lateral
PA 45° Oblique Thumb
CR to first MCP joint Routine •AP (PA) •Oblique •Lateral
radial deviation
CR to midcarpals CR perpendicular Special •Ulnar deviation •Radial deviation
Positioning of Humerus
CR to midhumerus
AP Neutral Rotation
CR to scapulohumeral joint Routine •AP neutral rotation Greater tubercle superimposed Scapulohumeral joint centered Optimal exposure factors
Fan Lateral Hand
CR to second MCP joint Routine •PA •Oblique •Lateral
PA oblique projection
CR to third MCP joint Digits parallel to IR Digits not parallel to IR Routine •PA •Oblique
PA hand
CR to third MCP joint Routine •PA •Oblique
AP Thumb
CR: 0° to MCP of thumb Collimate 1" on all sides of the digit including 1" proximal to CMC. Place hand in extreme internal rotation. Have the patient hold the extended digits back with other hand. Routine •AP (PA) •Oblique •Lateral
PA finger
CR: PIP joint of the affected finger -Open IP & MCP joints -Entire digit from fingertip to distal portion of metacarpal
Tumors
Cancer cells form masses of cells called
short and flat bones
Carpal and tarsal bones Calvarium, sternum, ribs, and scapulae
AP Abdomen (KUB)
Center to iliac crest AP supine 14 by 17 portrait midsaggitial 2 landscapes for people who are heavy
paget disease
Chronic inflammation of bones, resulting in thickening and softening of bones, that can occur in any bone but most commonly affects the long bones of the legs, the lower spine, the pelvis, and the skull ap and lateral affected area
Criteria AP semi axial lordotic
Clavicles above apices •No rotation •No motion •Exposure factors
Collimation Guidelines
Collimation borders above apex of lungs and below costophrenic angles should be about equal
dorsal radiocarpal ligament
Connects radius to posterior scaphoid and lunate
lunotriquetral ligament
Connects the lunate and the triquetral bones.
ulnar collateral ligament
Connects the medial epicondyle of the humerus to the ulna
digital imaging considerations
Correct centering Close collimation and lead masking Adherence to ALARA - higher kVp to reduce pt exposure and improve image quality Post-processing eval of exposure index: to ensure optimum image quality with the least radiation
45° RPO and 45* LPO
Correct side of thorax elongated •Both lungs demonstrated •No motion •Optimal exposure factors selected
posterior fat pad
Covers the largest area and lies within the olecranon fossa of the posterior humerus
lunate bone
Crescent-shaped carpal bone.
A
Crest of Ilium
Right Lateral Abdomen Position
Criteria ØDiaphragm included ØNo rotation ØNo motion ØExposure factors after films of barium enema
AP Clavicle
Critique this AP clavicle for positioning and centering errors
Epiphysis
End of a long bone
evaluation of PA finger
Entire finger and minimum ⅓ of MCP demonstrated Center field at PIP joint No rotation of phalanges Exposure factors
evaluation criteria for lateral hand projection
Entire hand and carpals demonstrated Center of field at second MCP joint Exposure factors
Fan Lateral Hand criteria
Entire hand and carpals demonstrated Center of field at second MCP joint Fingers equally separated Exposure factors
PA Oblique Projection evaluation
Entire hand and carpals demonstrated Center of field at third MCP joint Joints open Adequate separation of phalanges and metacarpals Exposure factors
PA hand evaluation criteria
Entire hand and carpals demonstrated Center of field at third MCP joint No rotation of phalanges or metacarpals Exposure factors
lateral finger evaluation criteria
Entire phalanx and MCP joint demonstrated Center field at PIP True lateral position Digit parallel to IR Exposure factors
PA Oblique 45 evaluation criteria
Entire phalanx and MCP joint demonstrated IP and MCP joints open Center field at PIP Exposure factors
Lateral thumb evaluation criteria
Entire thumb demonstrated Center of field at first MCP joint No rotation from lateral evident Exposure factors
PA 45° Oblique Thumb evaluation criteria
Entire thumb demonstrated Joints partially open as in 45° oblique Center of field at first MCP joint Exposure factors
evaluation for AP AND PA thumb
Entire thumb demonstrated (including first CMC joint) Center field at first MCP joint No rotation of phalanges Exposure factors
Oblique Proximal Humerus(Neutral Rotation)
Epicondyles 45° to IR A.Greater tubercle (not in profile) B.Lesser tubercle anteriorly (not in profile)
External Rotation(AP Proximal Humerus)
Epicondyles parallel CR 1 inch (2.5 cm) inferior to coracoid process Routine •External (AP) •Internal (Lat) Greater tubercle profiled laterally Scapulohumeral joint centered Proximal humerus, upper scapula, and clavicle visualized Optimal exposure factors
AP Proximal Humerus(External Rotation)
Epicondyles parallel to IR A.Greater tubercle lateral (in profile) B.Lesser tubercle anterior
AP ElbowFully Extended
Epicondyles parallel to IR CR to mid-elbow joint Routine •AP •Lat oblique •Med oblique •Lateral
AP Forearm
Epicondyles parallel to IR CR to midforearm routine: AP Lateral Carpals to distal humerus included Humeral epicondyles are in profile Slight superimposition of distal radioulnar joint Exposure factors
Internal Rotation(Lateral Proximal Humerus)
Epicondyles perpendicular CR 1 inch (2.5 cm) inferior to coracoid process Routine •External (AP) •Internal (Lat) Lesser tubercle profiled medially Scapulohumeral joint centered Proximal humerus, upper scapula, and clavicle visualized Optimal exposure factors
Lateral Proximal Humerus(Internal Rotation)
Epicondyles perpendicular to IR A.Greater tubercle anterior B.Lesser tubercle medial (in profile)
Lateromedial and Mediolateral Humerus Projections
Epicondyles perpendicular to IR CR to midhumerus Routine •AP •Lateral •Rotational lateral •Horizontal beam lateral
Lateral HumerusRecumbent Rotational Lateral
Epicondyles perpendicular to IR Mid and distal humerus Distal ⅔ humerus demonstrated 90° perspective from AP projection Epicondyles superimposed Exposure factors
2
Epigastric
CR Centered to Mid-Lungs
Equal collimation should be visible on upper and lower margins—CR is centered too low on right image and is not centered to lungs; abdominal area is not collimated.
Air-filled trachea and larynx •Shoulders not superimposed over trachea •Collimation evident •Exposure factors
Evaluate criteria Lateral Upper airway
expiration
Exposure on (inspiration/expiration) for abdomen x-ray ?
lleus
Failure of bowel peristalsis
Topographic Landmarks for PA Chest
Female: CR 7in (18cm) from veterbra prominens Male: CR 8in (20cm) from vetebra prominens CR: 3-4inches (8-11 cm) below jugular notch
Kidneys
Filter blood from the renal arteries and produce urine as waste
oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus
Food intake and physical digestion with some chemical digestion
Lateral Scapula
For body of scapula CR to mid-vertebral border AP and lateral For upper scapula (acromion or coracoid Borders of scapula superimposed Free of superimposition by ribs Arm elevated to demonstrate scapular body
Trauma Axial Lateral
For coronoid process—80° flexion For radial head—90° flexion
Tangential Projection (Fisk Method) Intertubercular Groove (Erect)
Humerus 15° to 20° to CR, which is perpendicular to IR Special •Inferosuperior axial (Lawrence method) •PA transaxillary projection (Hobbs modification) •Inferosuperior axial projection (Clements modification) •Posterior oblique (Grashey method) •Tangential (Fisk modification)
Bennett's fracture
Fracture at base of first metacarpal
Smith fracture (reverse Colles)
Fracture of the distal radial head. There is a fragment displaced anteriorly.
Pneumoperitoneum
Free air or gas in the peritoneal cavity
parenchyma
Fundamental tissue composed of thin-walled living cells that function in photosynthesis and storage.
right lumber region
Gallbladder, Liver, Right Colon
epiphyseal plate
Growth plate, made of cartilage, gradually ossifies
PA ScaphoidModified Stecher Method
Hand elevated, ulnar deviation, no CR angle Hand elevated 20°, no ulnar deviation or CR angle
Tangential (Carpal Bridge) Projection
Hand hyperflexed CR 45° to forearm Special •Ulnar deviation •Radial deviation •Carpal canal •Carpal bridge Tangential view of dorsal aspect Center of field at proximal third metacarpal Exposure factors
compact bone or cortical bone
Hard, dense bone tissue that is beneath the outer membrane of a bone
Clinical Indications for Acute Abdomen Series
Ileus Ascites Perforated hollow viscus Intra-abdominal mass Post-op (abdominal surgery)
synarthrodials
Immoveable
smooth muscle
Involuntary muscle found inside many internal organs of the body
cardiac muscle
Involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart.
AP Humerus Projection
Include both shoulder and elbow joints CR to midhumerus Routine •AP •Lateral •Rotational lateral •Horizontal beam lateral Entire humerus demonstrated Greater tubercle in profile Medial and lateral epicondyles in profile Exposure factors
malignant bone tumors
Increased nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio Irregular borders Excess chromatin A prominent nucleolus An increase in the mitotic rate
rhematoid arthritis
Inflammatory autoimmune disease where the synovial membrane becomes inflammated ap and lateral hand/wrist. brewerton method can detect early signs of RA in hands
Breathing instructions
Inspiration, clear & concise instructions, exposure upon second full breath, & 10 posterior ribs above diaphragm (ideal).
Barton fx
Intra-articular fx of distal radius with dislocation of radiocarpal joint commonly caused by falling on an extended and pronated wrist
Three projections
Joints
Radiographic Positioning of Abdomen
KUB Acute abdomen series ØAP supine abdomen ØAP erect abdomen ØPA erect chest Decubitus positions ØLateral decubitus ØDorsal decubitus
Positioning Considerations abdomen
KUB Exposure on expiration IR markers Collimation
AP supine abdomen
KUB is also referred to as --- ---- -----
kidneys, ureters, bladder
KUB stands for ..
is characterized by an abnormally rounded upper back (more than 50 degrees of curvature).
Kyphosis
Inferior costal margin
L2-L3
b
L2-L3 a) Xiphoid process b) Inferior costal margin c) Iliac crest
c
L4-L5 a) Xiphoid process b) Inferior costal margin c) Iliac crest
The sigmoid colon is located in the ____ quadrant.
LLQ
humerus
Largest bone in the upper arm, extending from the shoulder to the elbow
scapula lateral view
Lateral (scapular "Y") A.Acromion B.Coracoid process C.Inferior angle D.Scapular spine E.Body of scapula
upper airway routine
Lateral and AP
What side is the heart on?
Left
3
Left hypochondriac
9
Left inguinal (iliac)
6
Left lateral (lumbar)
Also called swayback, the spine of a person with lordosis curves significantly inward at the lower back
Lordotic
Topographic Landmarks
Lower abdomen and pelvic landmarks 4.ASIS 5.Greater trochanter 6.Symphysis pubis 7.Ischial tuberosity
evaluation criteria erect vs supine
Optimal radiograph Definable standard Established standards as stated for each projection/position
Exceptions to Positioning Rules
Postreduction upper and lower limbs Pelvis study projection unless a hip injury is suspected Abdomen (KUB)
Base plane of skull
Precise transverse plane formed by connecting the lines from the infraorbital margins to the superior margins of the external auditory meatus, the external opening of the ear. Sometimes called the Frankfort horizontal plane
locomotor system
Organ system that allows us to move.
a
Organs within the abdominal cavity that are partially or completely covered by some type of visceral peritoneum. a) Intraperitoneal b) Retroperitoneal c) Infraperitoneal
projections of hill sachs defect
PA transaxilliary (Hobbs modification
Chest routine
PA, p.xxx Lateral, p.xxx
Where is the CR centered for a PA projection of the second digit?
PIP joint
Lateral Finger
PIP joint use sponge second digit turn flat on table
Topographic Landmarks
Palpation Mid and upper abdomen landmarks 1.Xiphoid process (T9-T10) 2.Inferior costal margin (L2-L3) 3.Iliac crest (L4-L5)
The outermost layer of the pleura is referred to as the:
Parietal pleura
Plantodorsal projection
Path of CR from plantar surface to dorsal surface of foot.
Patient Identification
Patient ID Anatomic side marker
PIP
Proximal Interphalangeal joint; joint of the fingers and toes nearest to the hand/foot
8
Pubic (hypogastric)
Respiratory System
Purpose ØExchange of gaseous substances between air and blood Four divisions ØPharynx ØTrachea ØBronchi ØLungs
Evaluation Criteria oblique Special AP supine or semierect Lat decubitus (AP) AP lordotic Anterior oblique
RAO •Correct side of thorax elongated LAO •Entire lungs included •Optimum exposure factors
right anterior oblique
RAO; lying on right anterior surface
Abdominal Quadrants
RUQ LUQ RLQ LLQ
decubitus position
Recumbent position with a horizontal CR Named according to the body surface on which the patient is lying
mechanical bowel obstruction
Refers to a bowel obstruction that occurs as a result of blockage of the bowel lumen.
Axial Projection
Refers to the long axis of a structure or part (around which a rotating body turns or is arranged)
Acute flexion of wrist
Required for a special tangential projection for a carpal bridge view of the posterior aspect of the wrist.
Liver functions
Responsible for: The metabolism of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates. Excretion of bilirubin, cholesterol, hormones, and drugs. Enzyme activation. Storage of glycogen, vitamins, and minerals. Synthesis of plasma proteins, such as albumin, and clotting factors. Blood detoxification and purification. Bile production and secretion. RUQ
1
Right hypochondriac
7
Right inguinal (iliac)
4
Right lateral (lumbar)
TFCC
Ring of cartilage on the outer distal portion of the ulna
medial rotation
Rotation toward the midline
abdomen
Routine ØAP supine (KUB) Special ØPA prone ØLateral decubitus (AP) ØAP erect ØDorsal decubitus (lateral)
Shoulder Trauma Routine
Routine ØAP—neutral rotation ØScapular Y ØTransthoracic lateral Special ØNeer method ØAP apical oblique axial cant move or do anything with it surgical neck on affected size
Chest
Routine ØPA ØLateral Special ØAP supine or semierect ØLateral decubitus ØAP lordotic ØAnterior oblique ØPosterior oblique
Lateral Forearm
Routine •AP •Lateral Elbow flexed 90° Wrist true lateral CR to midforearm Carpals and distal humerus included Elbow flexed 90° Head of ulna superimposed over radius Exposure factors
Lateral Elbow
Routine •AP •Oblique •Lateral Elbow flexed 90° Humerus and forearm parallel to IR Three concentric arcs visible Olecranon process in profile Optimal exposure factors
AC Joints
Routine •AP bilateral w/weights •AP bilateral w/o weights CR to midpoint between AC joints With and without weights 72-inch (183-cm) SID Both AC joints demonstrated No motion Optimal exposure factors Correct markers visible Close collimation evident 4 images if they dont fit
Scapular Y Lateral
Routine •AP—neutral rotation •Scapular Y lateral For lateral shoulder and proximal humerus CR to proximal humerus—2 inches (5 cm) below top of shoulder ody of scapula superimposed on end Acromion and coracoid processes in profile Humeral head and glenoid cavity superimposed Optimal exposure factors
Lateral Hand Projection
Routine •PA •Oblique •Lateral extension and flexion
PA wrist projection
Routine •PA (AP) •PA oblique •Lateral CR to midcarpal area
Skier's Thumb (Gamekeeper's Thumb)
Rupture of the ulnar collateral ligament of the MCP joint of the thumb PA bilateral stress projection thumbs(folio method)
Wrist—Special Projections
Scaphoid projections* ØPA and PA axial with ulnar deviation ØModified Stecher method PA with radial deviation Tangential—carpal canal Tangential—carpal bridge
Radiation Protection Considerations
Shielding of radiosensitive organs Close collimation
AP semierect evaluation criteria
Similar to PA except ➢Heart may appear larger ➢Air-fluid levels not well defined ➢Frequently not a complete inspiration (8 to 9 ribs)
Cast Conversions
Small to medium dry plaster cast: +5-7 kV Large or wet plaster cast: +8-10 kV Fiberglass cast: +3-4 kV
Mnemonics for Carpal Bones
Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle
Chest Special Projections/Positions
Special -AP supine or semierect -Lateral decubitus -AP lordotic -Anterior oblique -Posterior oblique -Upper Airway (ST neck)
Erect AP Abdomen
Special •PA prone •Lateral decubitus •Erect AP CR 2 inches (5 cm) above iliac crest we must see diaphragm 14 by 17 portrait IR at the level of armpit
Carpal CanalTangential, Inferosuperior Projection: Gaynor Hart Method
Special •Ulnar deviation •Radial deviation •Carpal canal CR 25° to 30° to hand Rotate hand and wrist 10° toward radius Carpal sulcus demonstrated Pisiform and hamate separated Scaphoid in profile Exposure factors
Scapulohumeral joint
Spheroidal or ball and socket (greater freedom of movement)
Erect Lateral
Standing to the side
bony thorax (thoracic cage)
Sternum (breastbone) ØManubrium ØBody ØXiphoid process Clavicles (collarbones) Scapulae (shoulder blades) 12 pairs of ribs 12 thoracic vertebrae
Stomach and Small Intestine
Stomach Duodenum (shortest and widest) Jejunum (2/5 of small intestine) Ileum (3/5 of small intestine)
Osteology
Study of bones
Forearm rotational movements
Supinated(AP Hand) Pronated(PA Hand)
Left lateral decubitus (AP)
Support under lower chest Special AP supine or semi erect Lat dec Entire lungs includes No rotation Arms not superimposed over lungs Full inspiration No motion Exposure factors
Criteria (PA Abdomen)
Symphysis pubis visible Kidneys and lower liver margin included No rotation No motion Exposure factors optimal
Criteria for ap abdomen
Symphysis pubis visible Kidneys and lower liver margin included No rotation No motion Exposure factors optimal
The trachea extends from C6 to approximately:
T5
xiphiod process
T9-T10
a
T9-T10 a) Xiphoid process b) Inferior costal margin c) Iliac crest
Acanthioparietal projection
The CR enters at the acanthion (junction of nose and upper lip) and exits at the cranial parietal bone. Also known as AP reverse Waters
right
The Inferior Vena Cava is to the --- of the Aorta
anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)
The attachment for the inguinal ligament. Creates a noticable bump on the two coxa.
Central ray
The central portion of the primary beam of x-radiation
dorsoplantar projection
The central ray is projected from the dorsal surface to the plantar surface
Erect Chest Radiographs
The diaphragm is allowed to move down farther Air and fluid levels in the chest may be visualized Engorgement and hyperemia of pulmonary vessels may be prevented
transverse diameter
The largest diameter of the pelvic inlet; helps determine the shape of the inlet.
large intestine
The last section of the digestive system, where water is absorbed from food and the remaining material is eliminated from the body
coronoid tubercle
The medial margin of the coronoid process opposite the radial notch
Trauma PatientAP Forearm Projection
Three positioning principles 1.Part parallel to IR 2.CR 90° to part and IR 3.Correct CR centering Exposure factors ØLow to medium kV (50 to 70—analog; 55 to 80—digital) ØShort exposure time ØSmall focal spot Detail IR
B
The pancreas is classified as a(n) _______ structure. A. Intraperitoneal B. Retroperitoneal C. Infraperitoneal
small intestine
The part of the digestive system in which most chemical digestion takes place.
anatomic position
The position of reference in which the patient stands facing you, arms at the side, with the palms of the hands forward.
radial notch
The small, shallow depression located on the lateral aspect of the proximal ulna
Body Habitus
The state of the patient's body, often referring to obesity
stenic
The sthenic body habitus is considered to be "average." About 50% of the population has this body type.
crest of spine of scapula
The thickened posterior border or ridge of the spine
retroperitoneal
The transverse colon is classified as a(n) _______ structure. Intraperitoneal Retroperitoneal Infraperitoneal Extraperitoneal
coracoid process of scapula
Thick, curved process attached to the superior border projecting anterolaterally
asthenic
Thin and/or weak appearing
Asthenic
Thin and/or weak appearing 10% of population
Scapula
Three borders ØSuperior ØMedial (vertebral) ØLateral (axillary)
vertebra prominens (C7)
Transitions to thoracic vertebrae Has a long spinous process with a broad tubercle Has large transverse processes
The third carpal bone on the proximal row (from the lateral aspect of wrist) is the:
Triquetrum
hyoid bone
U-shaped bone at the base of the tongue that supports the tongue and its muscles.
PA Axial Scaphoid
Ulnar Deviation with CR 10° to 15° Angle Scaphoid clearly seen without superimposition Scaphoid not foreshortened
wrist movements
Ulnar deviation ØScaphoid Radial deviation ØLunate, triquetrum, pisiform, and hamate
5
Umbilical
superior border of scapula
Uppermost margin of the scapula
modified sims position
Used for insertion of the rectal tube for barium enema
female clavicle
Usually shorter and less curved
Viewing CT and/or MRI Images
Viewed as radiographs, patient's right to viewer's left
mesentery
a fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall
hamate bone
Wedge-shaped carpal bone of wrist.
Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas
What are the 3 accessory organs found within the abdomen (Below the Diaphragm)
splenic flexure (left colic flexure)
What bend in the colon occurs near the spleen?
lesser omentum
What is the name of the double-fold of peritoneum that extends from the lesser curvature of the stomach to portions of the liver? Greater omentum Lesser omentum Mesentery Mesocolon
AP Lordotic Projection
What projection will take place if a patient is standing about 1 foot away from the IR and leaning back with shoulders, neck and the back of the head against the IR. Both hands are on hips, palms out and shoulders are rolled forward used to evaluate suspicious areas within the lung apices that appeared obscured by overlying soft tissue, upper ribs or the clavicles on previous chest views (
d
What two large abdominal muscles extend next to the lumbar spine and are indicators of a well-exposed KUB? A. Rectus abdominis B. Quadratus lumborum C. Erector spinae D. Psoas major
Lateral Chest
Wheelchair or Cart
Baseball Fracture (mallet)
When a ball or other object strikes the tip of the finger or thumb and forcibly bends it, the force tears the tendon that straightens the finger
system of organs
a group of organs that work together to perform one or more functions
urinary bladder function
Where urine is stored before urination
scapholunate ligament
Which ligament directly attaches the lunate to the scaphoid?
a
Which of the following is NOT one of the accessory organs for digestion? A. Spleen B. Pancreas C. Liver D. Gallbladder
code of ethics
a guideline to help marketing managers and other employees make better decisions
RUQ
a
3
a 1. peritoneal cavity 2. visceral peritoneum 3. lesser omentum 4. small bowel 5. mesentry 6. greater omentum 7. parietal peritoneum 8. stomach
9
a 1. stomach 2. lrg intestine 3. small intestine 4. pharynx 5. esophagus 6. spleen 7. pancreas 8. liver 9. oral cavity
9
a 1.Anus 2. Appendix (vermiform) 3. Ascending colon 4. Cecum 5. Descending colon 6. Ileocecal valve 7. Left colic (splenic) flexure 8. Rectum 9. Right colic (hepatic) flexure 10. Sigmoid colon 11. Transverse colon
bowel obstruction
a blockage in the intestine
symphysis pubis
a cartilaginous joint that is the point of fusion for two pubic bones
rheumatoid arthritis
a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked AP and lateral shoulder
Crohn's disease
a chronic autoimmune disorder that is most often found in the ileum and in the colon
Hill-Sachs defect
a compression fracture of the articular surface of the posterolateral aspect of the humeral head that often is associated with an anterior dislocation of the humeral head AP internal rotation and transaxilliary with exaggerated external rotation
lunate bone
a crescent-shaped carpal bone situated in the center of the wrist and articulating with the radius.
Diaphragm
a dome-shaped, muscular partition separating the thorax from the abdomen in mammals. It plays a major role in breathing, as its contraction increases the volume of the thorax and so inflates the lungs.
Fibrous adhesions
a fibrous band of tissue interrelates with the intestine creating a blockage
sigmoid colon
an S-shaped structure that continues from the descending colon above and joins with the rectum below
stomach
an expandable reservoir for swallowing foods and fluids
radiograph
an image or picture produced on a receptor (radiation-sensitive film, phosphor plate, or digital sensor) by exposure to ionizing radiation; a two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional object
ACE
an initiative to educate patients about the role of radiologic technologist
acromioclavicular dislocation
an injury in which the distal clavicle usually is displaced superiorly
Essential IR Markers
anatomic side markers
mesocolon
anchors colon to posterior body wall
Coronoid fossa of humerus
anterior depression that receives the coronoid process of the ulna when forearm is flexed.
radial fossa of humerus
anterior depression that receives the radial head with flexed forearm
Where is the pronator fat stripe located?
anterior distal radius
caudad angle
any angle toward the feet or away from the head end
cephalad angle
any angle toward the head end of the body
Parts of the lungs
apex,carina, base, diaphragm, costophrenic angle, hilium
n rotation
approximate 45 angle to the IR Palm of hand is facing inward
axilla
armpit (axillary)
composition of long bone
articular cartilage, spongy or cancellous bone, compact bone, medullary cavity, periosteum, nutrient foramen, nutrient artery, body
Capitulum (lateral condyle)
articulates with radius
asbestosis
asbestos particles accumulate in the lungs
RLQ organs
ascending colon, appendix, cecum, 2/3 of ileum, ileocecal valve
posterior(dorsal)
back
dorsal (hand)
back of hand dorsal manus
spheroidal joint
ball and socket hip joint shoulder joints
lateral forearm
bend elbow 90 degrees (karate chop) humerus is on the same plane
Dorsiflexion
bending of the foot or the toes upward flex decrease of an angle
plantar flexion
bending of the sole of the foot by curling the toes toward the ground
inter
between
intertubercular sulcus
bicipital groove
hyperstenic
big boned body; stocky, 5%, wide short thorax
hemothorax
blood in the thoracic cavity
navicular bone
boat
simple fracture
bone is broken cleanly; the ends do not penetrate the skin
cartilaginous joints
bones held together by cartilage symphyses-amphiarthrodial (slightly moveable) synchondroses -synarthrodial(immovable)
2 clavicles, 2 scapulae 12 pairs of ribs 12 thoracic vertebrae
bony thorax
lateral border of scapula
border nearest the axilla
PUBIC REGION (hypogastric)
bottom center region; Bladder
branches of aortic arch
brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid, left subclavian
compound fracture (open)
breaks through skin
Sternum
breastbone
impacted fracture
broken bone ends are forced into each other
contusion
bruise without fracture
sternal extremity of clavicle
bulbous medial end of clavicle. Articulates with the sternum.
RLQ
c
1
c 1. peritoneal cavity 2. visceral peritoneum 3. lesser omentum 4. small bowel 5. mesentry 6. greater omentum 7. parietal peritoneum 8. stomach
5
c 1. stomach 2. lrg intestine 3. small intestine 4. pharynx 5. esophagus 6. spleen 7. pancreas 8. liver 9. oral cavity
3
c 1.Anus 2. Appendix (vermiform) 3. Ascending colon 4. Cecum 5. Descending colon 6. Ileocecal valve 7. Left colic (splenic) flexure 8. Rectum 9. Right colic (hepatic) flexure 10. Sigmoid colon 11. Transverse colon
aspiration pneumonia
can occur when a foreign substance, such as vomit, is inhaled into the lungs
CMC
carpometacarpal joint
saddle joint
carpometacarpal joint first digit(thumb)
viral pneumonia
caused by several different types of viruses and accounts for approximately half of all pneumonias
Pa projection of chest ambulatory patient
clinical indications: when performed erect, PA demonstrates pleural effusion, pneumothorax, atelectasis, signs of infection tech factors: SID: 72 inches IR size 14*17 portrait or landscape Kvp: 110-125 shield: shield radiosensitive tissues outside region of interest Patient position: patient erect, feet spread slightly, weight equally distributed on both feet chin raised, resting against IR hands on lower hip, palms out, elbow partially flexed shoulders rotated forward against IR to allow scapulae to move laterally clear of lung fields, shoulders depressed downward to move clavicles below apices exposure is made at the end of the second full inspiration part position - align midsagittal plane with CR and with midline of IR with equal margins between lateral thorax and sides of IR ensure no rotation of thorax by placing the midcoronal plane parallel to the IR raise or lower IR and CR as needed to level of t7 for an average patient collimation on four sides of lung fields
PA Chest (on stretcher if patient cannot stand)
clinical indications: when performed erect, PA demonstrates pleural effusion, pneumothorax, atelectasis, signs of infection tech factors: SID: 72 inches IR size 14*17 portrait or landscape Kvp: 110-125 shield: shield radiosensitive tissues outside region of interest patient position- patient erect, seated on the cart, legs over edge arms around cassette, unless a chest IR device is used, then position as for an ambulatory patient shoulders rotated forward and downward
Patient prepration
clothes with buttons, snaps, hooks, or any objects that would be visible
anthracosis
coal dust accumulates in the lungs
professional ethics and patient care
code of ethics ace
atelectasis
collapsed lung
clavicle
collar bone
Body Habitus
common variations in the shape of the human body
carpal tunnel syndrome
compression of the median nerve as it passes between the ligament and the bones and tendons of the wrist PA and lateral wrist; Gaynor hart method sonography
Ellipsoid
condyloid flexion and extension abduction and adduction circumduction
palmar radiocarpal ligament
connects radius to anterior scaphoid and lunate
radial collateral ligament
connects the lateral epicondyle of the humerus to the radius
neck of scapula
constricted region around the glenoid cavity
AP Oblique Bilateral (Norgaard Method) Projection
cr level of fifth MCP joints
Transthoracic Lateral Humerus
cr perpendicular to IR, directed through thorax, to mid diaphysis
Positioning of Fingers, Thumb, Hand, and Wrist
cr to PIP PA oblique lateral
CTL
cross table lateral
landscape
crosswise
LLQ
d
7
d 1. peritoneal cavity 2. visceral peritoneum 3. lesser omentum 4. small bowel 5. mesentry 6. greater omentum 7. parietal peritoneum 8. stomachd
6
d 1. stomach 2. lrg intestine 3. small intestine 4. pharynx 5. esophagus 6. spleen 7. pancreas 8. liver 9. oral cavity
6
d 1.Anus 2. Appendix (vermiform) 3. Ascending colon 4. Cecum 5. Descending colon 6. Ileocecal valve 7. Left colic (splenic) flexure 8. Rectum 9. Right colic (hepatic) flexure 10. Sigmoid colon 11. Transverse colon
flexion vs extension
decrease angle vs. increase angle
specific ap axial chest projection
demonstrating the apices of the lungs
lordosis
denotes curvature of the cervical and lumbar spine
LLQ organs
descending colon, sigmoid colon, 2/3 of jejunum
anteroposterior diameter
diameter from the back to the front chest
left hypochondriac region
diaphragm, spleen
Dyspnea
difficulty breathing
bronchiectasis
dilation of the bronchi
Idiopathic chronic adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder)
disability of the shoulder joint that is caused by chronic inflammation in and around the joint AP internal rotation, PA oblique
circulatory system
distributes oxygen and nutrients to cells transports cell waste and carbon dioxide from cells transport water, electrolytes, hormones, and enzymes protect against disease prevent hemorrhage by forming blood clots assist in regulating body temperature
sagittal plane (midsagittal)
divides body into left and right
midsagittal plane
divides the body into equal right and left sides
endocrine system
ductless glands of the body regulates body via hormones
2
e 1. peritoneal cavity 2. visceral peritoneum 3. lesser omentum 4. small bowel 5. mesentry 6. greater omentum 7. parietal peritoneum 8. stomach
1
e 1. stomach 2. lrg intestine 3. small intestine 4. pharynx 5. esophagus 6. spleen 7. pancreas 8. liver 9. oral cavity
4
e 1.Anus 2. Appendix (vermiform) 3. Ascending colon 4. Cecum 5. Descending colon 6. Ileocecal valve 7. Left colic (splenic) flexure 8. Rectum 9. Right colic (hepatic) flexure 10. Sigmoid colon 11. Transverse colon
Erect vs Supine
e-visualization of air-fluid levels and free intra-abdominal air s- standard view of plain abdominal radiograph
Hemidiaphragm
each half of the diaphragm
when bone replaces cartilage
endochondral ossification
posterioranterior (PA)
enters posterior surface and exits anterior surface
I (rotation)
epicondyles perpendicular to the IR palm back
Which of the following is NOT a mediastinal structure?
epiglottis
secondary center of ossification
epiphysis
epiphyseal fracture
epiphysis separates from the diaphysis along the epiphyseal plate
Tissues
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
Two way abdomen series
erect right side
Entire lungs included No rotation Scapulae removed from lungs Full inspiration Equal collimation top and bottom No motion Exposure factors
evaluation criteria PA chest
Fixation of diaphragm, small pneumothorax
expiration
Hyperextension vs extension
extending a joint beyond the straight or neutral position vs straightening
costophrenic angle
extreme outermost lower corner of each lung where diaphragm meets the ribs
4
f 1. peritoneal cavity 2. visceral peritoneum 3. lesser omentum 4. small bowel 5. mesentry 6. greater omentum 7. parietal peritoneum 8. stomach
7
f 1. stomach 2. lrg intestine 3. small intestine 4. pharynx 5. esophagus 6. spleen 7. pancreas 8. liver 9. oral cavity
2
f 1.Anus 2. Appendix (vermiform) 3. Ascending colon 4. Cecum 5. Descending colon 6. Ileocecal valve 7. Left colic (splenic) flexure 8. Rectum 9. Right colic (hepatic) flexure 10. Sigmoid colon 11. Transverse colon
structural joints
fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
duodenum
first portion of the small intestine is the shortest but widest in diameter of the three segements it is about 10 inches long. ducts from liver, gallbladder, pancreas drain into ________ to aid In digestive functions
PA wrist hand
flat and cup hand so carpals are on the IR
acromial extremity of clavicle
flattened lateral end of clavicle. Articulates with the acromion of the scapula.
lateral elbow
flex elbow 90 degree, forearm and humerus flat
pulmonary edema
fluid in the air sacs and bronchioles
Varus Stress
forced inward toward the midline
AP elbow
forearm and humerus flat
occlusal plane
formed by the biting surfaces of the upper and lower teeth with jaws closed
anterior fat pad
formed by the coronoid and radial fat pads and lies on the anterior surface of the humerus
comminuted fracture
fracture in which the bone is splintered or crushed
boxer fracture
fracture of metacarpal neck
Colles fracture
fracture of the distal radius at the wrist
Trauma Horizontal Beam Lateral - Lateromedial Projection: Humerus
fractures and dislocations of the midhumerus and distal humerus osteoporosis kvP -70 to 85 IR size-14 by 17 cr perpendicular to midpoint of distal two-thirds of humerus collimate to soft tissues
Diarthrodial
freely movable
synovial joints
freely movable joints
synovial joints
freely movable joints or diarthrodial 7 types synovial fluid in joint capsule
Lateromedial
from lateral to medial
Anterior (ventral)
front of the body
jejunum and ileum
function mainly in absorption of nutrients and water
5
g 1. peritoneal cavity 2. visceral peritoneum 3. lesser omentum 4. small bowel 5. mesentry 6. greater omentum 7. parietal peritoneum 8. stomach
3
g 1. stomach 2. lrg intestine 3. small intestine 4. pharynx 5. esophagus 6. spleen 7. pancreas 8. liver 9. oral cavity
1
g 1.Anus 2. Appendix (vermiform) 3. Ascending colon 4. Cecum 5. Descending colon 6. Ileocecal valve 7. Left colic (splenic) flexure 8. Rectum 9. Right colic (hepatic) flexure 10. Sigmoid colon 11. Transverse colon
cholelithiasis
gallstones in the gallbladder
technologist initials
generally placed are placed on r or l marker
The interphalangeal (IP) joints are classified as
ginglymus
hyaline
glassy, transparent
Intermetatarsal
gliding
synovial joint movement (plane)
gliding
8
h 1. peritoneal cavity 2. visceral peritoneum 3. lesser omentum 4. small bowel 5. mesentry 6. greater omentum 7. parietal peritoneum 8. stomach
2
h 1. stomach 2. lrg intestine 3. small intestine 4. pharynx 5. esophagus 6. spleen 7. pancreas 8. liver 9. oral cavity
8
h 1.Anus 2. Appendix (vermiform) 3. Ascending colon 4. Cecum 5. Descending colon 6. Ileocecal valve 7. Left colic (splenic) flexure 8. Rectum 9. Right colic (hepatic) flexure 10. Sigmoid colon 11. Transverse colon
7
k 1.Anus 2. Appendix (vermiform) 3. Ascending colon 4. Cecum 5. Descending colon 6. Ileocecal valve 7. Left colic (splenic) flexure 8. Rectum 9. Right colic (hepatic) flexure 10. Sigmoid colon 11. Transverse colon
hamate bone
hammer
Metacarpals
hand bones
Cardiovascular organs
heart, blood, blood vessels
fibrous joints
held together by fibrous tissue syndesmosis- amphiarthodial(slightly moveable) suture- synartrodial (immovable) gomphosis- amphiarthrodial(only limited movement)
spongy or cancellous bone
high porosity
synovial joints ginglymus
hinge ,flexion and extension movements
medullary cavity (long bone)
hollow cavity filled with yellow marrow
27 bones
how many bones are in the hand (including the wrist)?
Two Partially Flexed AP Projections(When Elbow Cannot Be Fully Extended
humerus parallel forearm parallel cr perpendicular to mid elbow
HMD
hyaline membrane disease; form of respiratory distress syndrome
8
i 1. stomach 2. lrg intestine 3. small intestine 4. pharynx 5. esophagus 6. spleen 7. pancreas 8. liver 9. oral cavity
10
i 1.Anus 2. Appendix (vermiform) 3. Ascending colon 4. Cecum 5. Descending colon 6. Ileocecal valve 7. Left colic (splenic) flexure 8. Rectum 9. Right colic (hepatic) flexure 10. Sigmoid colon 11. Transverse colon
IR
image receptor
recumbent
in a reclining position, lying down, in the posture of one sleeping or resting
Parathyroid
in the neck; controls the calcium levels in your body, and normals the bone growth
hilum
indented opening in the kidney where vessels enter and leave
Bursitis
inflammation of a bursa AP and lateral joint proj
Bursitis
inflammation of a bursa AP and lateral shoulder
Tendonitis
inflammation of a tendon Neer method MRI sonography
Osteomyelitis
inflammation of bone and bone marrow ap and lateral affected bone and nuclear medicine bone scan
Osteoarthritis (OA)
inflammation of the bone and joint AP and lateral in affected area
bronchitis
inflammation of the bronchi
Epiglottitis
inflammation of the epiglottis
pleurisy
inflammation of the pleura
pulmonary or visceral pleura
inner layer that covers the surface of the lungs, also dipping into the fissures between lobes
lesser tubercle of humerus
insertion of subscapularis anteriorly
greater tubercle of humerus
insertion of supraspinatus laterally
Interior vs. Exterior
inside vs outside
Fisk Modification (Tangential Projection)
inter tubercular groove
Which of the following AP proximal shoulder projections will demonstrate the lesser tubercle in profile?
internal rotation
patient assessment and clinical history
introduce yourself, patient Identification(name, birthdate),verification of procedure, acquire clinical history, pregnacy status, explain procedure, provide opportunity for patient to ask questions
Trochlear Sulcus
is a large depression in the proximal ulna that articulates with the trochlea of the humerus [4]. In most persons, the groove is traversed by a cartilage-free, bony ridge at the junction of the olecranon and the coronoid process
ulnar notch
is a small depression on the medial aspect of the distal radius
capitellum of humerus
is a smooth, rounded eminence on the lateral portion of the distal articular surface of the humerus. It articulates with the cup shaped depression on the head of the radius, and is limited to the front and lower part of the bone.
articular disk of wrist
is a thin, oval plate of fibrocartilage present in several joints which separates synovial cavities. This separation of the cavity space allows for separate movements to occur in each space.
coronoid process
is a triangular eminence projecting forward from the upper and front part of the ulna. Its base is continuous with the body of the bone, and of considerable strength. Its apex is pointed, slightly curved upward, and in flexion of the forearm is received into the coronoid fossa of the humerus.
primary center of ossification
is in the diaphysis
medial epicondyle of humerus
is larger and more prominent than the lateral epicondyle and is located on the medial edge of the distal humerus
head of radius
is located at the proximal end of the radius near the elbow joint
head of ulna
is located near the wrist at the distal end of the ulna
left primary bronchus
is long, horizontal and narrow
lateral epicondyle of humerus
is the small projection on the lateral aspect of the distal humerus above capitulum
5
j 1.Anus 2. Appendix (vermiform) 3. Ascending colon 4. Cecum 5. Descending colon 6. Ileocecal valve 7. Left colic (splenic) flexure 8. Rectum 9. Right colic (hepatic) flexure 10. Sigmoid colon 11. Transverse colon
Shoulder Girdle Technical Factors
kV range: analog 70 to 75; digital 75 to 85 kV Grid (>10 cm) High mA (short exposure time) Small focal spot AEC (center chamber) 40 inches (102 cm) SID (except AC joints) in the bucky try
lateral hand extension
karate chop
lateral wrist
karate chop
Fan Lateral Hand
karate chop and spread finger
KUB
kidney, ureter, bladder
retroperitoneal organs
kidneys, ureters, adrenal gland, pancreas, c- loop of the duodenum, ascending and descending colon, upper rectum, major abdominal blood vessels posterior to the peritoneum
urinary system organs
kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
Bicondylar
knee and tempormandibular joints
lliac crest
l4-l5
nutrient artery
large artery that enters compact bone near the middle of the diaphysis
Adam's apple
laryngeal prominence
Which of the following projections would best demonstrate a possible elevated fat pad near the elbow joint?
lateral
Inferosuperior axial projection
lateral view of head and neck of the humerus
AP forearm
lay arm flat (forearm and humerus)
alternative supine position
laying on back with knees up
The Aorta is to the ---- of the Inferior Vena Cava
left
Sample Procedure Markers
left supine erect prone decub scout prelim comparision wt. bearing flexion extension standing ext. rotation int. rotation after before lateral p. reduction repeat exam
Which of the following projections will best demonstrate intraperitoneal free air?
left lateral decub
left inguinal region
left lower region of the lower row by the groin
left lumbar region
left middle region near the waist
vertical diameter
lengthens or shortens, which is accomplished by downward or upward movement of diaphragm
potrait
lengthwise
proximal humerus
lesser and greater tubercle
What is the name of the double-fold of peritoneum that extends from the lesser curvature of the stomach to portions of the liver?
lesser omentum
which of the following humeral structure is most distal
lesser tubercle
lliac crest
level of l4-l5 verterbral interspace crest of illum is the uppermost portion of curved border of illum
Elevation
lifting, raising, moving of a body part superiorly
long bones
limbs compact and spongy bone periosteum consist of a body and two ends or extremities only found in appendicular skeleton
irregular bones
limbs peculiar shapes (vertebrae, facial bones, and pelvic bones, bones of the base of cranium
time indicator
minutes of elapsed time in series
scaphoid bone
most frequent bone to fracture among the carpal bones
subscapular fossa
most of the medial aspect of the scapula
Retraction
moving a part backward
Superficial vs. Deep
nearer the surface; farther away from the body surface
Lung neoplasm
new growth or tumor - benign or malignant
impingement syndrome
occurs when inflamed and swollen tendons are caught in the narrow space between the bones within the shoulder joint Apical AP axial shoulder
greater sac
peritoneal compartment of the abdominal cavity that extends from the diaphragm to the pelvis and covers the width of the abdomen
adominal cavity
peritoneum ,mesentry , omentum, mesocolon
hold breath
on second inspiration
Elbow Fat Pads and Stripes
only seen in the lateral position, elbow must be 90 degrees
supraspinous fossa
origin of supraspinatus
Frankfort plane
orthodontics, cranial topography, to measure and locate specific cranial points or structure
exo
outside, outward
Valgus stress
outward from the midline of the body
Oblique wrist
palm flat and turn laterally
PA fingers
palm flat on table
PA hand
palm flat on table arthritis - put posterior hand on table and try to open fingers
oblique finger
palm flat turned laterally
navicular
palm flat with ulnar deviation cr @ base of thumb and wrist
palmar of hand
palm of hand anterior
lateral hand flexion
palm side down, relax like when you walk with hand by leg
AP thumb
palm, flat and turn medially so posterior thumb is flat on table
e Rotation
parrallel to the image receptor palm up
greater omentum
part of the peritoneum attached to the stomach and to the colon and covering the intestines
subluxation
partial dislocation
AC joint separation
partial or complete tear of the acromioclavicuar and/or corococlavicular ligaments uniIateral or bilateral, erect AC joints
incomplete fracture (greenstick)
partial or incomplete fracture in which one side of the bone is broken and one side is bent
thoracic viscera
parts of the chest consisting of the lungs and the remaining thoracic organs contained in the mediastinum
transverse colon
passes horizontally from right to left toward the spleen
oblique plane
passes through the body at an angle
Pisiform
pea-shaped
Patient Preparation
removal of opaque objects, clothing artifacts, long hair fasteners, O2 lines and pacemaker leads not in lung fields.
reproductive system
reproduce organism
RDS (respiratory distress syndrome)
respiratory disease that affects premature babies; caused by lack of surfactant.
ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome)
respiratory insufficiency marked by progressive hypoxia
The pancreas is classified as a(n) _______ structure.
retroperitoneal
The transverse colon is classified as a(n) _______ structure.
retropertioneal
Which chest projection should be performed to demonstrate a pneumothorax in the LEFT lung if the patient cannot stand?
right lateral decubitus
Which chest projection/position should be performed to demonstrate a pleural effusion in the right lung if the patient cannot stand?
right lateral decubitus
right inguinal region
right lower region of the lower row by the groin
Anatomic Side Markers
right or left markers must also appear on every radiographic imaging
hard palate
roof of the mouth
Rotation vs. Tilt
rotation - to turn or rotate a body part on its axis tilt - a slanting or tilting movement with respect to the long axis
lateral rotation
rotation away from the median plane
Criteria: no rotation erect vs supine
rotation evident by asymmetry of SC joints
Criteria: no rotation 1 lateral chest
rotation evident by lack of superimposition of posterior ribs
sesamoid bones
round bones found near joints (e.g., the patella)
KUB
routine abdomen is ...
elbow
routine: AP lateral oblique med oblique lateral
Hand spread method
ruler to determine hand spread, thumb-to-fifth digit.
sprain
rupture or tearing of connective tissues
cecum of large intestine
saclike first part of the large intestine
sellar joint
saddle joint flexion and extension abduction and adduction circumduction first carpometacarpal joint
accessory organs
salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
ipsilateral/contralateral
same side of body/opposite side of body
upper margin of the scapula is at the level of
second posterior rib
plane joint
second to fifth digit intercarpal joints
Pancreas
secretes digestive juices into small intestine
exocrine system (external)
secretion
atlantoaxial joint
series of three articulations between the atlas (C1) vertebra and the axis (C2) vertebra, consisting of the joints between the inferior articular processes of C1 and the superior articular processes of C2, and the articulation between the dens of C2 and the anterior arch of C1
suprascapular notch
serves as a nerve passageway
lower margin of the scapula is at the level of
seventh posterior rib (T7)
the body of long bone
shaft contains a thick layer of compact bone
Diaphysis
shaft of a long bone
a
shortest and widest: a) Duodenum b) Jejunum c) Ileum
scapula
shoulder blade
Backscatter protection
use freestanding shield or wraparound shield b/w pt and IR
ileocecal valve
valve between the ileum of the small intestine and the cecum of the large intestine
coronal plane (frontal plane)
vertical division of the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions
Larynx
voice box
A pathologic condition in which twisting of a loop of intestine creates an obstruction is termed:
volvulus
Intranmembranous
when bone is replaces membranes
arrow identify
which side is up
right primary bronchus
wider, shorter, more vertical
Trachea
windpipe
intraperitoneal organs
within the peritoneal cavity liver, gallbladder, spleen, stomach, jejunum, lleum, cecum, transverse colon, sigmoid colon
intra
within, inside
Carpals
wrist
Acute Abdominal Series 3
ØAP supine ØAP erect ØPA chest
Acute Abdomen Series 2 way
ØAP supine ØAP erect or left lateral decubitus •Must include diaphragm
Shoulder (Nontrauma)
ØInferosuperior axial (Lawrence method) ØPA transaxillary projection (Hobbs modification) ØInferosuperior axial projection (Clements modification) ØPosterior oblique (Grashey method) ØTangential (Fisk modification)