HUN 2201 Chapter 9

When do men generally achieve peak bone density?

20-30 years of age

Healthy young adults absorb only about __________ of the calcium from most foods.

30%

Each serving from the dairy group provides approximately ________ milligrams of calcium.

300

Around what age does bone resorption generally begin to occur more rapidly than bone formation?

40

The average person will absorb no more than how many mg of calcium at one time?

500

Which of the following dairy foods would provide the most calcium? 8 ounces of Greek yogurt 8 ounces of skim milk 1 ounce of Swiss cheese 8 ounces of regular yogurt

8 ounces of regular yogurt

Which of the following are two fat-soluble vitamins that humans obtain from non-dietary sources?

D and K

Which of the following explains why iron-deficiency anemia causes fatigue?

Decreased hemoglobin levels reduce oxygen transport throughout the body.

Even people who get plenty of sun exposure year-round need to consume vitamin D in foods or supplements.

False

In healthy adults, the majority of calcium consumed in the diet is absorbed.

False

Women over age 71 require more iron than women age 19 to 50.

False

Any vitamin C consumed in excess of body needs is stored in the connective tissues.

False It is excreted in urine

DXA is used to evaluate bone density in only in postmenopausal women.

False It is recommended for them, but it can be used on anyone

Microcytic anemia and macrocytic anemia are both forms of iron-deficiency anemia.

False Macrocytic is from low folate or B12

Which mineral helps reduce erosion of tooth enamel with acids produced by bacteria in the mouth?

Fluoride

Vitamin C greatly increases the body's absorption of which mineral?

Iron

Which of the following is a trace mineral?

Iron

Which of the following is a major function of selenium?

It acts as an antioxidant.

The processing of fresh spinach into a frozen creamed spinach side dish would typically have which of the following effects?

It would typically increase the food's sodium content and decrease its level of potassium.

When blood calcium levels fall, which of the following does NOT occur?

PTH and vitamin D stimulate the kidneys to reabsorb calcium from the blood.

Adequate intake of which of the following minerals plays a key role in reducing the risk for hypertension (high blood pressure)?

Potassium

The trace mineral copper is essential for the health of which of the following type of body cells?

Red blood cells

About 2 g of zinc are stored in the body of an average adult. An adult male consumes 20 mg of zinc each day. He thereby replaces his total body store of zinc every 100 days. Is this statement true or false? Why?

This statement is false. Although 20mg/day×100days=2,000mg , or 2 g, zinc absorption rates range from just 10% to 35% of dietary intake.? (This may be wrong. I missed some questions on quiz/test)

Topping a serving of whole-wheat pasta with which of the following would enhance the absorption of nonheme iron?

Tomato sauce

As bone resorption begins to occur more frequently than bone formation, adults tend to lose height.

True

Blood is a connective tissue.

True

Compared to light-skinned individuals, individuals with darker skin have more difficulty synthesizing vitamin D.

True

Consuming excessive amounts of calcium supplements can lead to mineral imbalances.

True

Females reach their full adult height earlier than males do.

True

High zinc intakes can inhibit the absorption of copper.

True

In addition to being a nutrient, vitamin D acts as a hormone.

True

Trabecular bone has a faster turnover rate than cortical bone.

True

Vitamin B6 deficiency can lead to microcytic anemia.

True

When dietary intake of calcium is low, the body takes calcium from bone.

True

Which of the following individuals is at the greatest risk for iron-deficiency anemia?

a nineteen-year-old female who is menstruating and eats a vegan diet

Which of the following foods are good sources of magnesium?

beans

Why does folate or vitamin B12 deficiency lead to macrocytic anemia?

because poor DNA synthesis will impair blood cells' ability to divide

In addition to proper growth and development, bone remodeling is critical in maintaining

blood calcium levels.

Which of the following refers to the two-step process in which bone tissue is recycled?

bone modeling

In the body, vitamin D is essential for

calcification of bone.

The primary, active form of vitamin D in the human body is

calcitriol.

Which of the following is the MOST abundant mineral in our body?

calcium

Without vitamin C, collagen

chains cannot cross-link to form strong, stable strands.

The most abundant protein in the body is

collagen.

Along with vitamin C, what mineral is important in the synthesis of collagen?

copper

Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) provides a measure of bone __________.

density

Cara's physician has just diagnosed her with iron-deficiency anemia. To increase her iron intake, Cara should do all of the following EXCEPT ________. -eat several ounces of meat, poultry, or fish weekly -add a few scoops of salsa to her bean burritos -drink a glass of orange juice with her breakfast cereal -drink a glass of milk with her iron supplement

drink a glass of milk with her iron supplement

Found in meat, poultry, and fish, the meat factor

enhances absorption of non-heme iron.

Fluorosis is associated with

excessive intake of fluoride.

Which of the following is the primary dietary source of vitamin D in the United States?

fortified foods

The first period of rapid bone growth is

from birth to age 2

Which of the following is an excellent source of vitamin K?

green leafy vegetables

The oxygen-carrying protein found in red blood cells is called

hemoglobin

The bioavailability of calcium from spinach is limited because of the leafy green's

high levels of oxalates.

This results when blood calcium levels reach abnormally high levels.

hypercalcemia

This condition is a result of excess vitamin D consumption. hypercalcemia activation of vitamin D increased calcium reabsorption by the kidneys breakdown of bone

hypercalcemia? (This may be wrong. I missed some questions on quiz/test) It also causes the breakdown of bone too though. Both are in the book, but "breakdown of bone" is not a "condition;" whereas, hypercalcemia is

Consuming vitamin C enhances the body's absorption of which mineral?

iron

Insufficient intake of iron will FIRST affect which of the following?

iron stores

If copper levels are inadequate

iron stores can become depleted.

Vitamin K is synthesized by bacteria in the

large intestine.

An individual who consumes no animal-based foods of any kind, no fortified foods, and no supplements is at increased risk for

macrocytic anemia

Zinc is a trace mineral that plays a critical role in

metabolism, gene expression, and normal growth.

Newborns receive a single injection of vitamin K at birth because

newborns do not have enough mature GI flora to make vitamin K.

A T-score between +1 (plus 1) and -1 (minus 1) on a DXA signifies

normal bone density.

Insufficient vitamin D during adulthood is associated with

osteomalacia.

The disorder characterized by low bone density is known as __________.

osteoporosis

The point in life at which our bones are the densest is referred to as

peak bone density.

Which of the following contributes the most sodium in the diet of Americans?

processed foods

A vitamin D deficiency in childhood may result in which disease characterized by inadequate mineralization of the skeleton?

rickets

Which of the following plant sources of calcium has the lowest bioavailability?

spinach

Most of the sodium in the body is found in __________ .

the bloodstream

The majority of our body's fluoride is stored in

the bones and teeth.

Chromium increases the effectiveness of _____.

the hormone insulin

Most of the body's phosphorus is stored in

the skeleton

A person's peak bone mass typically has occurred by the time a person reaches his or her ________.

thirties

Iodine is essential for the synthesis of ________.

thyroid hormones

Which of the following is NOT a major function of zinc? -to help with wound healing -to act as a cofactor for several enzymes -to help maintain the sense of taste -to improve the insulin response

to improve the insulin response

The spongy bone that is found within the ends of long bones is called

trabecular bone.

Which of the following nutrients supports increased calcium absorption?

vitamin D

Celine visited her doctor to examine a cut that continues to bleed. Which of the following deficiencies is MOST likely to be causing this increased bleeding?

vitamin K

Good sources of fluoride include dental products and __________.

water