HUN2202 Nutrition Ch 12 Water and the Major Minerals
Approximately what percentage of the body's calcium is found in the blood?
1
What is the Tolerable Upper Intake Level for salt?
1 Teaspoon
The average daily loss of water via the kidneys, lungs, feces, and skin is approximately
1.5-2.5 liters
Even in people with normal blood pressure, what percent are salt sensitive?
25
The muscle stiffness that results from abnormally high calcium levels in the blood is termed
Calcium rigor
Which of the following types of drinking water contains the lowest amount of minerals: Soft water, Hard water, Natural water, Distilled water?
Distilled water
Abnormally low blood sodium concentration is known specifically as
Hyponatremia
What adverse response is known to occur in people who drink copious amounts of water while participating in intense physical activity?
Hyponatremia
Which body structure helps to regulate thirst?
Hypothalamus
Which of the following is a feature of potassium: It is unrelated to blood pressure, Liberal intakes may correct hypertension, Major dietary sources are processed foods, Deficiencies are usually the result of deficient intakes
Liberal intakes may correct hypertension
Which of the following events is specific to a salt sensitive individual: Blood pressure increases as salt intake rises, Immune system is activated when salt intake increases, Muscle cramps occur when body sodium becomes depleted, Thirst response is activated upon consumption of a sodium-rich food
Blood pressure increases as salt intake rises
Which of the following is a general characteristic of sodium in processed foods: Instant chocolate pudding is a low-sodium food, Processed foods contribute less than half of the sodium in our diets, Salted peanuts contain less sodium than cereals on a per-gram basis, Dairy products and meats represent major sources of sodium in our diets
Salted peanuts contain less sodium than cereals per gram
Which of the following green vegetables shows the lowest bioavailability of calcium? a. Kale b. Spinach c. Broccoli d. Mustard greens
Spinach
Which of the following is a general property of the minerals: When a food is burned, all the minerals are found in the ash; Absorption efficiency from foods is similar among the minerals, minerals in food can be degraded to by certain processing methods, some minerals in food are destroyed by exposure to UV light?
When a food is burned, all the minerals are found in the ash
What minimum percentage of body weight loss as water results in fatigue, weakness, and loss of appetite?
1-2%
What percentage of a person's total sodium intake derives from naturally occurring food sodium?
10
How much sodium is contained in a fast-food deluxe hamburger that lists a salt content of 2.5 g?
1000 mg
Approximately how many mL of water/day are produced by metabolism?
250
What is the minimum water intake for a 65-kg adult with an energy expenditure of 2,500 kcalories?
2500 mL
What is the minimum level of body weight loss as water to affect a person's physical performance?
3-4%
What fraction of lean tissue represents the water content?
3/4
At what age do adults normally begin to lose bone mass?
30-40
How much calcium (mg) would typically be absorbed by a normal adult with a calcium intake of 1,000 mg?
300
Approximately how much water is in a loaf of bread?
35%
The approximate percentage of water in pizza is
45
Sam has recently been diagnosed with high blood pressure. His doctor recommended adopting the DASH diet plan. Along with including more fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, he was also advised to reduce daily sodium intake to no more than 2000 mg. How much salt (g) would be allowed under Sam's restriction?
5
Approximately how many people in the United States are afflicted with osteoporosis?
50 million
17. What is the minimum amount of water (mL) that must be excreted each day as urine in order to carry away the body's waste products?
500 (mL)
What percent of the body is water?
60
The normal blood pH range is approximately
7.35-7.45
What is calmodulin?
A calcium binding protein
What is a sodium-potassium pump?
A cell membrane protein that uses energy to pump sodium out of a cell
Factors that are effective in regulating the body's water balance include all of the following except: adrenaline, aldosterone, angiotensin, antidiuretic hormone.
Adrenaline
Where is interstitial water found?
Between cells
Which of the following shows the highest bioavailability for calcium? a. Milk b. Spinach c. Broccoli d. Pinto beans
Broccoli
Which of the following does not serve as a major regulator of fluid balance in the body: sodium, calcium, potassium, chloride?
Calcium
Which of the following is a feature of potassium supplements: Can cause toxicity, Should always be taken with diuretics, Necessary in treatment of low blood pressure, Absorption of the mineral decreases markedly as intake increases
Can cause toxicity
Ions that carry a positive charge are called
Cations
Salt-sensitive population groups include all of the following except: caucasians, African Americans, obese people, diabetic people?
Caucasians
Which of the following are good sources of dietary calcium? a. Fruits b. Breads c. Enriched grains d. Certain green vegetables
Certain green vegetables
Which of the following describes a way to make an electrolyte solution: Dissolve salt in water, shake a mix of corn oil and water, dissolve corn starch in water, shake sugar in warm water?
Dissolve salt in water
In a normal individual with a daily requirement of 500 mg sodium, what would be the sodium balance after an intake of 10 g of common salt?
Equilibrium
Which of the following is a feature of water: not a vital nutrient, not found in foods, oxidized to yield energy, generated from oxidation of energy nutrients?
Generated from oxidation of energy nutrients
Which of the following is a characteristic of caffeine intake and water balance: Caffeine inhibits water absorption from the GI tract, Caffeine is known to act as a diuretic only when consumed as coffee or tea, Regular intake of caffeine promotes an increase in water retention of the interstitial fluid volume, Habitual consumers of caffeine lose almost no more fluid from the body than when ingesting noncaffeinated beverages
Habitual consumers of caffeine lose almost no more fluid from the body than when ingesting non-caffeinated beverages
What is a chief function of carbonic acid in the body?
Helps maintain acid-base balance
Which of the following is a major function of chloride: Participates in wound healing, Helps maintain gastric acidity, Acts as principal intracellular electrolyte, Protects bone structures against degeneration
Helps maintain gastric acidity
Barbara has been healthy up to the past couple of weeks, but since then has been complaining of considerable muscle weakness. Her doctor just received the results of blood tests, which showed that she is deficient in potassium. If Barbara continues her current habits of consuming a diet low in potassium, for which of the following disorders is she most likely to be at risk: Rickets, Arthritis, Low blood pressure, High blood pressure
High blood pressure
What is another term for hypertension?
High blood pressure
Which of the following is a feature of sodium and health: Salt sensitivity is generally rare in African-Americans, High sodium intake is known to promote calcium excretion, High sodium intake over many years leads to hypertension in most people, Sodium alone and sodium in salt have nearly equivalent effects on blood pressure
High sodium intake is known to promote calcium excretion
Which of the following is not a function of water in the body: Lubricant, Source of energy, Maintains protein structure, Participant in chemical reactions
Source of energy
Which of the following foods are significant sources of oxalates? a. Seeds and nuts b. Processed cheeses c. Fermented dairy products d. Spinach and sweet potatoes
Spinach and sweet potatoes
Habitual intake of soft water is most likely to aggravate
Hypertension
The DASH diet plan was devised to prevent
Hypertension
Which of the following represents the least likely cause for an abnormal blood calcium level? a. Diseases of the liver b. Diseases of the kidney c. Insufficient dietary intake d. Altered secretion of parathyroid hormone
Insufficient dietary intake
Which of the following is not a feature of potassium deficiency: It leads to hyperglycemia, It leads to higher blood pressure, It can be prevented by consumption of potatoes, It is common due to availability of only a few good food sources
It is common, due to availability of only a few good food sources
How does antidiuretic hormone function?
It stimulates water reabsorption by the kidneys
Which of the following is a risk of consuming calcium supplements above the UL? a. Calcium tetany b. Atrophic gastritis c. Vitamin D deficiency d. Kidney stone formation
Kidney stones
What organ is the chief regulator of the body's acid-base balance?
Kidneys
What organ provides the major control for homeostasis of body fluids?
Kidneys
Calcium absorption is facilitated by the presence of
Lactose
All of the following dietary substances are known to adversely affect calcium balance except
Lactose in the diet
Which of the following is a symptom of potassium deficiency: Extreme thirst, Muscle weakness, Profound sweating, Lowered blood pressure
Muscle weakness
The minimum amount of water that must be excreted by the body to dispose of its wastes is termed
Obligatory water excretion
What is the term for the pressure that develops when two solutions of varying concentrations are separated by a membrane?
Osmotic pressure
Tiffany is a strict vegan and does not consume calcium-rich plant foods nor supplements of calcium. What is most responsible for maintaining her blood calcium levels in the normal range?
Parathyroid hormone
Which of the following regulates the level of calcium in the blood? a. Dietary intake of calcium b. Glucagon and epinephrine c. Dietary intake of phosphorus d. Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin
Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin
What is the major intracellular intracellular anion?
Phosphate
What is the major intracellular cation?
Potassium
What is the greatest single source of sodium in the diet?
Processed foods
All of the following are features of potassium in nutrition except: processed foods are a major source, high intakes may protect against stroke, per serving size, legumes are a rich source, per serving size, bananas are a rich source. `
Processed foods are a major source
What is hydroxyapatite?
The calcium-rich crystalline structures of bones and teeth
All of the following play important roles in acid-base balance except: the liver, lungs, kidneys, or blood buffers?
The liver
Why are salt tablets generally not recommended for people engaged in physical activity?
They can induce dehydration
All are properties of electrolytes except: they attract water, they are charged particles, they carry an electric current, they include fat-soluble as well as water-soluble particles
They include fat-soluble as well as water-soluble particles
Which of the following people are at known risk for potassium depletion: Athletes who are body-builders, Construction workers in cold climates, Those who ingest low amounts of fresh fruits/vegetables, Those who consume insufficient amounts of salted foods
Those who ingest low amounts of fruits and vegetables
What is the most indispensable nutrient in the body?
Water
Which of the following is a feature of water and nutrition: Water intoxication is rare but can result in death, Water losses from the body are highest through the feces, Chronic high intakes increase the risk for bladder cancer, Soft water has significant concentrations of magnesium and calcium
Water intoxication is rare but can result in death
As far as is known, which of the following is not a process that directly involves calcium: pH regulation, blood clotting, nerve transmission, maintenance of heart beat?
pH regulation
Almost all (99%) of the calcium in the body is used to
provide rigidity for the bones and teeth
Aldosterone and renin each function to promote
retention of sodium
Hyponatremia refers to low blood concentration of
sodium
All of the following are symptoms of dehydration except: thirst, fatigue, weakness, spastic muscles?
spastic muscles
What is the major extracellular anion?
Chloride
Which of the following minerals would a bulimia nervosa patient be likely to lose in the greatest amount?
Chloride
What pituitary hormone regulates kidney retention of water?
Antidiuretic hormone
Which element is present in highest concentration in soft water?
Sodium
When a person loses fluid by sweat and blood, what minerals are lost in greatest quantity?
Sodium and chloride
What is the function of renin?
Activates angiotensin
Which of the following is the primary function of potassium: Participates in wound healing, Helps maintain gastric acidity, Acts as principal intracellular electrolyte, Protects bone structures against degeneration
Acts as principal intracellular electrolyte
What promotes constriction of blood vessels resulting in elevation of blood pressure?
Angiotensin
Which age group has the highest percentage of body water: Elderly, children, obese, female adolescents?
Children
Which of the following is a feature of calcium in the body: High blood calcium levels correlate with tetany, Abnormal dietary calcium intakes promote calcium rigor, Higher calcium intakes correlate with lower body fatness, Efficiency of intestinal calcium absorption is similar for children and adults
Higher calcium intakes correlate with lower body fatness
Normally, what is the relationship of the amount of sodium excreted to the amount ingested that day?
Intake and excretion are equal
In the body, water that resides between cells is known as
Interstitial fluid
Calcium-binding protein acts within the a. kidneys. b. intestines. c. cortical bone. d. trabecular bone.
Intestines
What is the force that moves water into a space where a solute is more concentrated?
Osmotic pressure
All of the following are known to enhance calcium absorption from the GI tract except a. lactose. b. oxalates. c. pregnancy. d. stomach acid.
Oxalates
All of the following are common participants in the regulation of body fluid pH except: proteins, oxalic acid, bicarbonate, carbonic acid?
Oxalic acid
What is the major extracellular cation?
Sodium
Which of the following is a feature of sodium nutrition: It has no AI because diets rarely lack sodium, It has no AI because the kidneys are highly efficient at regulating sodium balance, The AI is 3 g, an amount that has been shown to have little or no effect on blood pressure, The AI for young adults is only 1500 mg because the body possesses an unusually efficient retention mechanism
The AI for young adults is only 1500 mg because the body possesses an unusually efficient retention mechanism