HY 103 - Midterm Study Guide (Selesky)

John Smith

- English colonist responsible for the survival of England's first colony in the New World. He was a bold leader, with military experience and determination which allowed his colonies to thrive. Was able to negotiate with the native people for food which was a large reason for his success. - named new england

"Half-Way Covenant" of 1662

A form of partial church membership in New England that tried to bring people of the colony back to their original religious purpose. As first generation colonizers began to die out, their children and grandchildren began to express less religious devotion and more devotion for material objects.

Continental Congress

A meeting of delegates from 12 of the 13 colonies that met in Philadelphia early in the American Revolution; the Congress was called in response to the passage of the Coercive Acts and was attended by 56 delegates to discuss options including an economic boycott of British trade; rights and grievances; and petitioned King George III for redress of those grievances

Thomas Paine and Common Sense

A pamphlet that inspired people in the thirteen colonies to declare and fight for independence from Britain in the summer of 1776; the pamphlet explained the advantages and need for immediate independence and became a sensation across the colonies red aloud in taverns and meetings.

Quakers

A religious society organized by George Fox that believed that no man needed to immediately establish a relationship with God. There were no trained ministers or formal churches. He believed that inner light guided us toward divine truth. Accepted nonconformists that were rejected by other colonies or beliefs. They rejected the use of formal sacraments and ministry, refused to take oaths and embraced pacifism. Fleeing persecution, they settled and established the colony of Pennsylvania

Triangular trade-

A system of trade between three ports. Generally, America would trade tobacco, rice, and cotton to Europe, Europe would trade rum, and textiles to Africa, and Africa would trade slaves to America. Used mainly in the 18th and 19th centuries

John Winthrop

American colonial leader and leader of the Puritan belief. Wanted the colonies to be a haven for the Puritan belief and a model for the Christian community "a city upon a hill." Strong leader that thought the role of government should be to enforce religious beliefs and promote social stability.

Minutemen

American militiamen who volunteered to be ready for service on a moments notice. They provided a highly mobile, rapidly deployed force that allowed the colonies to respond immediately to war threats. They were first to fight in the American Revolution.

Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts)-

American patriots term for a series of disciplinary laws passed by the British parliament in 1774 after the Boston Tea Party. They were designed to punish the Massachusetts colonists for their defiance of throwing a large shipment of tea into the Boston harbor.

Roger Williams

American political and religious leader best remembered for founding Rhode Island and advocating for the separation of the church and state in colonial America. First to allow religious freedom in America.

Iroquois League

An alliance of the Iroquois nations in New York formed because of the combination of forces that wiped out the Indian populations of New England and the Carolinas were beginning to press into the native people of New York. They worked based off three principles of peace, equality, and justice. They were important because it brought a long era of peace between 6 Native American Nations and was the first government/ confederacy to reign such Native American culture and power.

William Pitt

British politician who lead Britain in the wars against France and Napoleon. told Parliament they cannot conquer America after he heard the British lost the battle at Saratoga.

Indentured Servant

Colonists who exchanged several years of labor for the cost of the passage to the Americas. Eventually, some indentured servants were granted a plot of land for their work. Helped significantly with the growing importance of staple crops.

New Netherland

Dutch colony conquered by the English to become four new colonies New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware

Walter Raleigh and the Roanoke colony

English explorer and soldier sent on a colonization mission by Queen Elizabeth. Discovered the Outer Banks of North Carolina and he and his men settled in Roanoke.

William Penn

English philosopher who founded Pennsylvania. Wanted his Pennsylvania to be a land where people of differing languages and customs could live together. lived cordially with the Indians for some fifty years and created the three Frames of Government proving that government could operate in accordance with the Quakers. Inspired the constitution of the united states.

Puritans

English religious dissenters who believed they needed to purify the Church of England from its Catholic Practices. They sought to purify the church but not separate. A large amount of colonists who came to the Americas practiced the Puritan beliefs.

Lexington and Concord (19 April 1775)-

First military engagement of the American Revolution. Was a battle between the colonies and the British. The wars following ultimately led to the independence of the colonies.

Anne Hutchinson

Intelligent wife of a notable Boston merchant. Known for her liberal political inclinations and novel views of religion. She refused to stick closely to the rules of the Puritan beliefs which ultimately had her banished from Massachusetts.

Christopher Columbus

Italian explorer and navigator, credited with discovering the New World (America). Originally set out to find a direct route from Europe to Asia but accidentally ended up in the Americas. Would go on many more colonization excursions throughout his lifetime.

Jonathan Edwards

New England Congregationalist minister, who began a religious revival in his Massachusetts church and was an important figure in the Great Awakening

Glorious Revolution of 1688

New England added the former Dutch provinces of New York, East Jersey, and West Jersey to its control. It was called "Glorious" because it took place with little bloodshed. It forced James II to flee France and was replaced with the king's protestant daughter. It was important because it made sure that there would never again be an absolute monarchy in England. Afterward, Parliament greatly expanded its power and passed the Bill of Rights and the Act of Toleration, both of which would influence attitudes and events in the colonies

Samuel Adams-

One of America's founding fathers who; A strong opponent of British taxation, Adams helped organize resistance in Boston to Britain's Stamp Act of 1765. He also played a vital role in organizing the Boston Tea Party, an act of opposition to the Tea Act of 1773, among various other political efforts.

Sons of Liberty-

Organization of Americans like Samuel Adams that created the 13 colonies. Formed to protect the rights of colonists and fight taxation by the British government. Played a major role in most colonies battling the stamp act.

Boston Tea Party (16 December 1773)-

Political protest by the Sons of Liberty where they dressed up as Native American's and destroyed an entire shipment of tea in protest of the Tea Act of 1773. The Boston Tea Party was the first significant act of defiance by American colonists. The implication and impact of the Boston Tea Party was enormous ultimately leading to the sparking of the American Revolution which began in Massachusetts on April 19, 1775.

staple crop

Profitable crop such as cotton, tobacco, sugar, or rice that was grown in specific regions. Helped colonies with their food supply, and also with trade between England and Asia.

Sugar Act (1764)-

Revenue raising act passed by the British Parliament; a tax on sugar and molasses which impacted the manufacture of rum in New England and effectively closed off trade for the colonies with non-British suppliers

Navigation Acts

Series of acts passed in the English Parliament designed to regulate colonial trade. The acts were important because they enabled England to collect taxes in the colonies. It was important because it increased England's control over its colonial economies. This upset the colonists.

Hernán Cortés

Spanish conquer who took over the Aztec tribe in Mexico and claimed the land for Spain. This opened the gates for more colonization efforts in Latin America.

Hernando de Soto

Spanish explorer who led the first European excursion to the Americas. Went to claim Florida for the Spanish crown. He and his men were the first to discover the Mississippi River.

Stamp Act (1765)-

Stamp Act (1765) Act passed by Parliament which created revenue stamps to be purchased and affixed to every form of printed matter used in the colonies; first tax directly placed on American goods and services rather than a tax on imports or exports

Powhatan

Supreme Chief of several hundred villages separated into 30 chiefdoms in eastern Virginia. At the time, the Powhatan Confederacy was considered the strongest group of native people on the Atlantic coast.

Pontiac's "Rebellion"-

The Peace Treaty of 1763 gave the British all French land east of the Mississippi River. This area included the territory of France's Indian allies who were not consulted about the transfer of their lands to British control. In an effort to recover their autonomy, Indians captured British forts around the Great Lakes and in the Ohio Valley as well as attacked settlements in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia.

Charles Town

The first English colonists arrived in South Carolina in 1669 at Charles Town. From the start, it was a slave based colony, Planters brought enormous amounts of enslaved Africans to clear the land, plant crops, and heard cattle. With the large amount of slave workers in the Carolinas, it became a huge place for trade.

frederick lord north

The first minister of King George III's cabinet whose efforts to subdue the colonies only brought them closer to revolution. He helped bring about the Tea Act of 1773, which led to the Boston Tea Party. In an effort to discipline Boston, he wrote, and Parliament passed, four acts that galvanized colonial resistance

James Oglethorpe

Was a British general, member of Parliament, philanthropist, and founder of the colony of Georgia. As a social reformer, he hoped to resettle Britain's poor, especially those in debtors' prisons, in the New World.

Great Awakening

Was a spiritual renewal that swept the American Colonies, particularly New England, during the first half of the 18th Century. Certain Christians began to disassociate themselves with the established approach to worship at the time which had led to a general sense of complacency among believers, and instead they adopted an approach which was characterized by great fervor and emotion in prayer. Its main purpose was to promote religious revivals.

proclamation line of 1763

one of many attempts to define a boundary that would separate colonists from Native Americans. The intent of a separation boundary was to reduce conflict and the costs to maintain peace in the border zone between two cultures.

George Whitefield

the most celebrated promoter of the Great Awakening. he sought to reignite religious fervor in the American congregations. During his tour of the American Colonies in 1739, he gave spellbinding sermons and preached the notion of "new birth" - a sudden, emotional moment of conversion and salvation. Had a reputation of a spellbinder who set out to restore the fires of religious intensities in America.

Boston Massacre (5 March 1770)-

was a street fight that occurred on March 5, 1770, between a "patriot" mob, throwing snowballs, stones, and sticks, and a squad of British soldiers. It was important because it helped reignite calls for ending the relationship between the American colonists and the British. It was also crucial in galvanizing colonial society against the British, which ultimately led to the Revolutionary War.