HY 105 Final

What was the Yamato race theory?

~A fictional idea developed in the 1930s; ~Held that all Japanese people shared a common ancestry to an ancient race that was superior to other nearby peoples, including Koreans and Chinese;

What are the general effects of minority nationalism on various societies?

~Minority nationalisms prevented multiethnic empires from political reform, as they feared representation would lead to demands for independence;

What was the League of Nations and why was it important? Was it an effective peacekeeping organization? Why or why not?

League of Nations: international body designed by the Allies to prevent war through arbitration; ~Effective to start, settling international disputes during the 1920s; in the 1930s it became helpless in the face of renewed militarism;

In what year did religious leaders seize power in Iran?

1988 by Osama Bin Laden

Who was Antonio Marciel (Conselheiro)?

A traveling preacher in Brazil who eventually settled in Canudos; Attracted many followers with his sermons on salvation, denunciations of the state, and promise of the imminent return of Jesus Christ;

How was independence achieved in Algeria and Dutch Indonesia?

Algeria: tired of french rule, National Liberation Front declared war for independence. Algerians took note from vietnam and saw the vulnerability of france. The algerian war for independence started. France and Algeria fought equally as powerful and intense. Algerians outlasted the french. Dutch Indonesia: The Congress of Indonesian Women and Partai Nasional Indonesia (founder:Sukaro) were anti-colonial groups. Malaria and starvation hit japanese troops hard but algerian women were forced into sex slavery to comfort japanese troops. Dutch returned to indonesia and negotiated with many different groups. and they succeeded in their independence.

What effect has the global web had on culture?

Music: Musicians would travel, then came recording technology, recordings exclusively to youth. Sports: the olympics, the world cup,

What is the Anthropocene and why is it important?

Anthropocene: The proposed new geological age defined by the influence of humans on big natural systems, such as climate; ~Suggests that humans cause significant changes and are the most influential species on the planet;

When and how did impressed labor/slavery end in Britain, the United States, Brazil, & Russia?

Britain: ~Quakers ~Thomas Clarkson (abolition activist who allied with Quakers to publicize the atrocities of the slave trade) ~ended 1890s United States: ~Quakers ~Civil War ~Thirteenth Amendment ~ended 1865 Brazil: ~José Aponte (led slave revolt) ~cheap European migrant labor ~slave revolts ~ended 1888 Russia: ~Alexander II ~ended 1914

What caused the Chinese Revolution led by Sun Yatsen & Yuan Shikai?

Cause of the rebellion: ~The Qing's indifference toward a growing impoverished population ~Opium addiction, famine, and a shortage of potential brides caused many young men to consider rebellion

What is containerization and why is it important?

Containerization: The transition to the use of shipping containers for the transport of goods that led to decreased shipping and labor costs as well as shorter shipping times; Containers facilitated the connection between East Asian export economies and large North American markets; Why it's important: Cut production costs, benefiting East Asia the most;

Who was largely blamed for the war in the Treaty of Versailles?

Germany and its allies;

What kinds of divisions/international networks were there prior to & during WWI and who were in them (for example the Triple Entente, Triple Alliance, the Axis Powers, etc.)

Great Powers: Germany, France, Britain, and the Ottoman, Habsburg, and Russian Empires Triple Entente: France, Russia, Great Britain; Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy;

Who wrote the "Long Telegram" to President Truman?

George F Kennan, aka "Mr. X"

What role did the Korea and Vietnam play in the Cold War?

Korea: US controlled south, ussr controlled north. Both wanted control. USSR and China partnered to launch invasion across 38th parallel and that started korean war. UN helped US and drove koreans back north. Korea suffered major bombing damage and US grew more weary of China because of this. Vietnam: was french ruled and then china came in and helped them run out the french. Vietnam was communist-nationalist. US was trying to prevent the spread of communism. US and Vietnamese naval ships crashed and johnson elevated tension by sending american troops to be even more involved. CONTAINMENT THEORY.

How was independence achieved in Ghana and what was the role of the UGCC?

Kwame Nkrumah made the Convention Peoples party that included non-violent agitation (demonstrations, boycotts, and strikes. British either had to work with Nkrumah or face massive unrest in their model African country. UGCC: first in Africa to adopt independence as their stated goal. Their ambitions were gradual.

What are the legacies of decolonization?

Japanese and European colonial empires were swept away. Decolonialization proved violent in places like Algeria. In places like Ghana, it became peaceful. Decolonization remains incomplete.

How can the Cold War be linked to U.S. economic support & investment in Japan & South Korea?

Once communist took over china and the korean war broke out, US policy towards Japan shifted. US wanted to rebuild japan to fight communism. On Japanese economical miracle was the US supplying military during Korean and Vietnam wars. they has easy access to us market. US and Japan were foreign investors of south korea. US paid about 80% of South Korea's government budget. US opened market to south korea.

What is the definition of nationalism?

~A set of beliefs, ideas, and attitudes that provides a sense of solidarity for a group; ~The group usually occupies a defined territory and claims to share language, culture, ethnicity, ancestry, political values, civic values, or some combination of these;

How did decolonization occur in India?

great Britain had control over India, but some saw the benefit of military training. India started by creating a "congress" approved by great Britain. Britain revoked freedom of speech, etc and this outraged the indians. Indians started to revoke which only made britian tighten their grip. Mohandas Ghandi joined the indians, who encouraged british cooperation in hopes of independence but after a massacre he was opposed to cooperation with them. European rule ended in 1947 because of Ghandi's salt march.

How can the Taiping Rebellion be linked to millenarian movements like those in Mexico & Brazil?

Taiping Rebellion: A large rebellion led by Hong Xiuquan and his army, the Taiping; Motivated by political, nationalist, and Christian goals, the Taiping managed to control much of the Yangzi Valley for 10 years until their defeat and Hong's death; ~Can be linked to millenarian movements (religious movements whose adherents believe that spiritual or divine intervention will transform the world for the better) because the rebellion was led by someone who believed he was Jesus's younger brother and preached Christianity to poor populations, wishing to exterminate Buddhism, Confucianism, and the Qing Empire;

What was the final outcome of World War II? How did world power structures change in the postwar period?

The allied powers won, but there was major tension between russia and the us (cold war). A lot of decolonization occurred. power struggles like in vietnam and angola now attracted superpower support. the global web and technical and ecological powers it created now made international politics more unstable, unpredictable, and unsafe than before.

The idea of self-rule, or self-determination, was not considered for which two areas after World War I?

The idea of self-rule was not considered capable for Africans and Asians, according to President Wilson;

What was the Ghost Dance and where did it originate?

~A spiritual movement that arose in response to disruptions in Amerindian life during the nineteenth century; ~Inspired by Wovoka's prophecy, participants performed a community circle dance in hopes that this ceremony would bring the return of peace, joy, and plenty; ~Originated in US West;

What are tiger economies?

Tiger economies: Economies of certain East Asian countries (Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong, and China) that experienced massive economic growth after World War II;

What contributed to an Allied victory in World War I?

~Allied powers had the advantage in industrial and food production and manpower;

What led to the Cold War and what was "containment"?

ideological and strategical struggles between the united states and ussr. The united states favored capitalism and the ussr favored communism. The containment strategy rested on the faith that the soviet communism would ultimately collapse if the us could prevent it from spreading elsewhere.

Which of the four pulses of decolonization resulted in the largest number of new, independent nations?

the third: colonized people took advantage of the material pressures of world war 2 and the cold war placed on several more empires, notably, the Japanese, British, French, Dutch, and Portuguese. About 100 countries emerged , mainly in Asia, Africa, and the Carribean.

What general factors led to the abolishment of slavery throughout the world?

~Antislavery began in slave-owning regions (these were based in Christian moral objection and fears of a Haitian-style uprising) ~Quakers (Protestants largely excluded by mainstream society, saw humans as equal) ~Haitian Revolution (showed what would happen if slaveowners waited too long to abolish the institution of slavery) ~Vital Revolution (made slave trade less necessary)

How did nationalism & imperialism overlap?

~Both involve the expansion of power based on one or few centralized ideas; ~Both result (or can result) in stronger empires or nation-states;

How did Hitler's desire for power and land affect the following nations: Britain, Poland, Russia, France, and Austria?

~Britain: Hitler led the British to declare war; ~Poland: Hitler invaded Poland in 1939; ~Russia: formed Allied powers with US and Britain to oppose Axis powers; ~France: Hitler led the French to declare war; ~Austria: led Austrians to fight against Japan;

What was the result of the Indian Rebellion of 1857-1858? What were its effects on minority nationalism in India?

~Brought hundreds of thousands of casualties and caused bitterness on both sides; ~Boosted Indian nationalism, as Indians saw their common condition more clearly;

What were the causes of World War I? What brought the US into the war in 1918?

~Causes of WWI: Alliance networks (Triple Entente and Triple Alliance), a climate of nationalism, the political influence of armies, and the rigidity of war plans; ~Two key decisions that triggered war: the choice of German diplomats to support Austria-Hungary in dealing with Serbia and Russia's choice to mobilize against them in support of Serbia; ~Unrestricted submarine warfare (which was supposed to weaken Britain) brought the United States into the war;

Were existing tensions in Russia, India, and China influenced by the war? Why or why not?

~China: Yes, Chinese were shocked to learn that the Versailles treaty ignored their contribution to the war, causing protests; ~India: Yes, Indians not able to self-govern and were instead restricted by British, causing mass movement of self-rule among peasants; ~Russia: Yes;

How can the rise of communism, fascism, and anti-colonialism be connected to World War I?

~Communism: Opposed capitalism and private property and believed that inevitable revolution would bring about a prosperous, equitable world; **Connection to WWI: Hitler and Nazis rose to power because of angry Germans about the outcome of the Versailles and anxiety during inflated economy; ~Fascism: Emphasized militant nationalism, purification of the nation, a cult of the leader, and showy displays of national strength; **Connection to WWI: Italy in disarray after the war, and fascism promised unity, discipline, and authority; Mussolini appealed to the Church and those upset by women's autonomy, ruling as a dictator with the help of propaganda; ~Anti-colonialism: Supporters advocate for self-rule and the end of colonial empires; **Connection to WWI: developed out of contempt for colonial powers in the wake of WWI;

How did Japan, South Korea, and China obtain economic growth after World War II? What did that process look like for each country?

~Economic growth obtained by the Asian values (hard work, discipline, frugality) and the condition of peace; ~In China, the economic surge benefited from a literate, educated populace and a demographic dividend;

What contributed to the rise of French nationalism?

~Experience in the imperial army and in the French Revolution brought lower classes and rural people into the idea of nation; ~Education after the revolution standardized language and a national foundation myth and history;

Why did Japan attack China in 1937?

~For more power and resources; This marked the beginning of WWII;

What were the four theaters of war during WWII and who generally fought in each?

~Four theaters of war: Japan's war against China; Germany and Italy's war against the rest of Europe; Germany's war in the land between Berlin and Moscow; Japan's war against the United States, the United Kingdom, and Austria;

What were the characteristics of French imperialism in Algeria, British imperialism in India, & Dutch imperialism in Indonesia/SE Asia?

~French in Algeria: imperialism introduced because of the holding of Christian captives, which lead to a violent French battle on Algeria; French pushed out the indigenous Algerian people, encountering multiple rebellions from them as a result; French gained control and expanded Algeria and its economy; Most Algerians did not benefit from French rule, especially the people who lost their land and received violence from the French; ~British in India: Imperial efforts were made because of the influence the British had and their ability to Gian more control of territory, and later most of India; This was the reason imperialism developed in India, and societies in this region practiced divide and rule; Imperial development in India improved the economy, extending the market and its relations into the region's society; ~Dutch in Indonesia/SE Asia: used Catholic minority to rule; strategic value: coaling stations for refueling;

Why do politicians reject or deny reports of climate change?

~In countries with powerful fossil fuel industries (ex: United States) some politicians deny the science of climate change;

What is indentured servitude and who most often migrated to other countries in the 19th century?

~Indentured servitude: form of labor in which a person agrees to work without salary for a specific number of years through a contract for eventual compensation or debt repayment; ~Indians (about 1.4 million) ~Chinese (about 500,000) ~Pacific Islanders and Africans (about 100,000 each)

What factors contributed to death during the old biological regime?

~Infectious diseases (measles, smallpox) endemic in densely populated cities; epidemics in isolated places; ~Gastrointestinal issues (typhoid) spread through communities; ~Infanticide/high infant mortality ~Malnutrition & Starvation

How are international migrants different than they were before? How are trends in immigration changing?

~International migrants are now people who live in a country other than that in which they were born; ~Since the 1970s, the majority of migrants have moved to Western Europe, North America, and the Arabian Gulf;

What was the primary reason the number of mothers who died during childbirth decreased during the Vital Revolution?

~Medical discoveries (such as blood transfusions) ~The recognition that people assisting with births (midwives, nurses, and doctors) should wash their hands;

What was Operation Barbarossa and why was it important?

~Operation Barbarossa (named for medieval German emperor): Germany attacked the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941; ~Why it's important: Operation Barbarossa led to the Battle of Stalingrad (1942) which was a major turning point of the war, with the Soviets victorious and both sides suffering massive losses;

How did imperialists use science, racism, religion, & gender to support their ideologies?

~Science and Racism: social Darwinism/pseudo-scientific racism (some "races" were more fit (white people=superior race, fitted for imperial rule); unfit breeds of humankind=all Africans, Asians, and Amerindians; ~Religion: muscular Christianity (embraced by Protestants and Catholics) exhibited in distant, physically challenging lands such as Africa, where, amid hardships,, certain disciplined, forceful, and energetic men might spread the gospel; Christian missionary societies enjoyed unprecedented support in the late nineteenth century; ~Gender: Some began to think men were growing soft, but were less worried about if women lacked or acquired these qualities because they were not considered suitably feminine virtues;

Describe the condition of serfs in 19th century Russia—how did their condition differ from indentured servants or enslaved men & women?

~Serfs: 70 percent of the population, unfree labor, paid taxes, could serve in the military, bad conditions as the increased demand for raw materials increased the demand for agricultural and resource extraction labor; ~Indentured servants: committed to a fixed period of bonded labor, usually between two and eight years; Although signing indenture contracts was technically voluntary, labor recruiters often used predatory practices to secure laborers; ~Enslaved men and women: large portion was female; duties might include domestic work, spinning and weaving, and often forced sex work;

What were the characteristics of the Vital Revolution?

~The steady improvement of human health and life expectancy after 1750; ~Better nutrition, microbial unification, control of smallpox, and sanitation reform contributed to this shift;

What was the effect of trench warfare on soldiers fighting in World War I?

~Trench warfare: resulted in the loss of many soldiers on both sides; war became one of stalemate and attrition;

Which nations were part of the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance?

~Triple Entente: France, Russia, Great Britain ~Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy;

How did women serve their countries in World War I and World War II? How did their work contribute to gender ideals and political rights?

~WWI: between 1914-1917, 1.4 million women joined the paid work force. They shifted from textile mills to ammunition factories. hundreds of thousands of women were nurses. On a small scale they served in battle (Bulgaria, Romania). after the war, not much changed and women returned to that at home jobs. ~WWII: women also were nurses and worked in factories especially with industrialization. The UN made sure to create rights for women as well as refugees.

How were members of the First Nations (Native Canadians) treated by English & French settlers (Anglophones & Francophones)?

~treated poorly ~biggest challenge in creating Canadian nation was reconciling differences between Anglophones and Francophones; ~First Nations slowly lost land in East, faced epidemics; ~First Nations were "obstacles" rather than potential allies and trading partners;