Adolescent Psychology Exam 1
duration of puberty for girls
1.5-6 years
By what age is the brain adult sized?
10
duration of puberty for boys
2-5 years
psychologists began studying adolescence in the ________ century
20th
which theorist might say the following, "Adolescent behavior is nothing more or less than the product of various reinforcements and punishments to which the individual has been exposed."
B.F. Skinner
which theorist below might say the following, "Adolescence is the period in which individuals become capable of thinking in hypothetical terms, which permits a broad expansion of logical capabilities."
Jean Piaget
who focused on nurture during adolescence?
Margaret Mead
whose research found that the period of adolescence can be relatively free of storm and stress?
Margaret Mead
who identified reasoning as occurring post-childhood?
Plato
who suggested that after childhood, individuals need to be allowed to develop reasoning skills fundamental to adulthood?
Rousseau
who suggested the possibility of distinct phases of growth post childhood?
Rousseau
who did Margaret Mead study?
Samoa
which theorist might say the following, "Adolescence is a period in which the adolescent is temporarily thrown into a period of intrapsychic crisis where old psychosexual conflicts are revived."
Sigmund Freud
who emphasized the importance of self-determination?
aristotle
according to the chronological approach, when does adolescence begin? end?
attainment of designated age of adolescence (e.g, 10 years), attainment of designated age of adulthood (e.g, 21 years)
according to the legal approach, when does adolescence begin? end?
attainment of juvenile status, attainment of majority status
according to the emotional approach, when does adolescence begin? end?
beginning of detachment from parents, attainment of separate sense of identity
according to the interpersonal approach, when does adolescence begin? end?
beginning of shift in interest from parental to peer relations, development of capacity for intimacy with peers
according to the social approach, when does adolescence begin? end?
beginning of training for adult work, family, and citizen roles, full attainment of adult status and privileges
what are two learning theories?
behaviorism social learning theory
6 groups of people that have contributed to the study of adolescence
biologists psychologists economists sociologists historians anthropologists
stress the hormonal and physical changes as the driving forces of adolescence
biosocial theories
what are 4 sociohistorical circumstances that are thought to have led to the creation of adolescence as described by inventionists?
changes in the law organizations specific to youth advocates of youth rights elongation of adolescence and concept of "emerging adulthood"
becoming more interested in and adept at thinking about concepts like friendship, democracy, and morality is the result of ________ developmental changes in adolescence
cognitive
what changes are characteristic of middle adolescence?
cognitive changes gender role peer influence
stress the contribution of present mental structures and functions during adolescence
cognitive theories
cumulative change
continuous transition
what is one example of the way attitudes about adolescents has changed?
creation of the term teenager
4 different research methods
descriptive correlational experimental time span research
what is the study of adolescence all about?
developmental changes and contexts of development that have the potential to impact the minds and behaviors of adolescents
early maturing adolescents are more likely to become involved in ________ activities
deviant
distinct change
discontinuous transition
what changes are characteristic of early adolescence?
drop in self-esteem growth spurts risk taking
what are the four stages of adolescence?
early middle late emerging
when was the term adolescence identified?
early 20th century
when is emerging adulthood?
early and mid 20s
Aristotle is associated with ________
egocentrism
according to the cognitive approach, when does adolescence begin? end?
emergence of more advanced reasoning abilities, consolidation of advanced reasoning abilities
according to the educational approach, when does adolescence begin? end?
entrance into jr. high, completion of formal schooling
according to the cultural approach, when does adolescence begin? end?
entrance into period of training for ceremonial rite of passage, completion of ceremonial rite of passage
what suggests that rising levels of the protein leptin is the most important signal that the body is ready for puberty?
excessive thinness can delay onset of puberty
settings indirectly impacting the adolescent such as parent's workplace, media, friends of the family, neighbors
exosystem
what are the five hallmarks of emerging adulthood?
exploration of identity instability independence not a girl not yet a woman endless possibilities
t/f a biologist and an attorney would agree that adolescence ends at the same time
false
t/f emerging adulthood is universally accepted and supported as a stage of life
false
t/f emerging adulthood no longer exists
false
t/f it is easy to tell when adolescence has started
false
t/f peer pressure has been found to influence he onset of maturation
false
who are the biosocial theorists?
g. stanley hall
who was influenced by Charles Darwin?
g. stanley hall
the most important factor for explaining individual differences in the timing and rate of puberty among individuals growing up in the same general environment is ________ ________
genetic factors
who experiences adolescent growth spurts sooner? how much sooner?
girls, two years
adolescence as a developmental period has varied considerable from one historical era to another. impossible to generalize.
historical and anthropological theories
Charles Darwin proposed that the development of the individual parallels the development of the ________ ________
human species
what are the five principles of development?
influenced by maturation learning contributes experience enhances continuous and relatively orderly varied developmental rates
sociohistorical factors associated with the beginning of the twentieth century are especially important for the ________ view of adolescence
inventionist
what are the two historical and anthropological theories?
inventionist anthropological perspective of Margaret Mead
what is the group called that suggest that adolescence is a created phenomena as a result of sociohistorical circumstances?
inventionists
who are the cognitive theorists?
jean piaget lev vygotsky information processing
who has a stronger sense of identity at age 30: early or late maturing males?
late-maturing males
stress the context in which behavior takes place
learning theories
broader context of culture and historical time
macrosystem
system of relations among micro's
mesosystem (school & parents)
what are the four systems Bronfenbrenner describes?
micro meso exo macro
immediate settings: peers, family, school, church, neighborhood, etc.
microsystem
adolescence as we know it did not really exist until the Industrial Revolution around ________ ____ ________
mid 19th century
3 debates informing the study of adolescence
nature versus nurture early experiences versus later experiences cumulative versus distinct change
if adolescence is a social invention, does that mean that it is not a valid developmental period?
no, it is valid!
according to the biological approach, when does adolescence begin? end?
onset of puberty, being capable of sexual reproduction
stress the importance of the biological changes of adolescence but also account for how contextual forces interact with and modify biological forces
organismic theories
what are the four contexts of development for adolescents?
peers, families, schools, and work, leisure, and media
adolescents
people
what group of scientists did not contribute to studies about adolescence?
physicists
the physical transformation from child to adult is called:
puberty
Plato said that those who are in post-childhood should be involved in activities that facilitate ________ ________
reasoning skills
two definitions of adolescence
second decade of life developmental period of transition from childhood to early adulthood
adolescents is a relatively new field of study... why?
shift from agrarian to industrial to technological nation
early maturing girls who are short and stocky as a child will be (shorter/taller) and (thinner/heavier) than her late-maturing peers
shorter and heavier
who are the organismic theorists?
sigmund freud erik erikson jean piaget
focus on the factors that all adolescents or groups of adolescents have in common by virtue of various demographic factors
sociological theories
what is Urie Bronfenbrenner famous for?
the ecological perspective on human development
one reason early-maturing males have the difficulties they have may be that:
they do not have as much time as late-maturing male peers to adapt to the changes that puberty brings
adolescence
time period
t/f compared to previous generations, young people go through puberty earlier and into adult roles later
true
t/f emerging adulthood has been popularized by mass media
true
which theorist below might say the following, "Adolescents learn how to behave not simply by being reinforced and punished by forces in the environment but also by watching and imitating those around them."
Albert Bandura
the following statement characterizes what perspective? We cannot understand development without examining the settings, or context, in which it occurs
Bronfenbrenner's ecological perspective on human development
compared to previous generations, young people go through puberty earlier and into adult roles later. why?
Earlier sexual maturity prevents leaving the nest, cost of independence, the need (and cost) for formal education.
which theorist might say the following, "Adolescence is a period that revolves around the identity crisis."
Erik Erikson
who focused on nature and adolescence?
G. Stanley Hall
who is considered the "father" of the scientific study of adolescence?
G. Stanley Hall
who said adolescence was characterized by a period of storm and stress?
G. Stanley Hall
according to Bronfenbrenner, family and school would belong to what system?
Microsystem
when is middle adolescence?
ages 14-17 (high school)
when is late adolescence?
ages 18-21 (college years)
the shift from adolescence into adulthood for those in the 21st century would be characterized as ________
a discontinuous transition
emphasizes the difficulty young people have in making the transition from adolescence to adulthood
adolescent marginality
what is intergenerational conflict?
adolescents and adults grow up under different social circumstances causing a generation gap and conflict. different attitudes and values are created
what changes are characteristic of late adolescence?
adult thinking social transitions physical peak identity
when is early adolescence?
ages 10-13 (jr. high/middle school)