Adolescent Psychology Exam 1

duration of puberty for girls

1.5-6 years

By what age is the brain adult sized?

10

duration of puberty for boys

2-5 years

psychologists began studying adolescence in the ________ century

20th

which theorist might say the following, "Adolescent behavior is nothing more or less than the product of various reinforcements and punishments to which the individual has been exposed."

B.F. Skinner

which theorist below might say the following, "Adolescence is the period in which individuals become capable of thinking in hypothetical terms, which permits a broad expansion of logical capabilities."

Jean Piaget

who focused on nurture during adolescence?

Margaret Mead

whose research found that the period of adolescence can be relatively free of storm and stress?

Margaret Mead

who identified reasoning as occurring post-childhood?

Plato

who suggested that after childhood, individuals need to be allowed to develop reasoning skills fundamental to adulthood?

Rousseau

who suggested the possibility of distinct phases of growth post childhood?

Rousseau

who did Margaret Mead study?

Samoa

which theorist might say the following, "Adolescence is a period in which the adolescent is temporarily thrown into a period of intrapsychic crisis where old psychosexual conflicts are revived."

Sigmund Freud

who emphasized the importance of self-determination?

aristotle

according to the chronological approach, when does adolescence begin? end?

attainment of designated age of adolescence (e.g, 10 years), attainment of designated age of adulthood (e.g, 21 years)

according to the legal approach, when does adolescence begin? end?

attainment of juvenile status, attainment of majority status

according to the emotional approach, when does adolescence begin? end?

beginning of detachment from parents, attainment of separate sense of identity

according to the interpersonal approach, when does adolescence begin? end?

beginning of shift in interest from parental to peer relations, development of capacity for intimacy with peers

according to the social approach, when does adolescence begin? end?

beginning of training for adult work, family, and citizen roles, full attainment of adult status and privileges

what are two learning theories?

behaviorism social learning theory

6 groups of people that have contributed to the study of adolescence

biologists psychologists economists sociologists historians anthropologists

stress the hormonal and physical changes as the driving forces of adolescence

biosocial theories

what are 4 sociohistorical circumstances that are thought to have led to the creation of adolescence as described by inventionists?

changes in the law organizations specific to youth advocates of youth rights elongation of adolescence and concept of "emerging adulthood"

becoming more interested in and adept at thinking about concepts like friendship, democracy, and morality is the result of ________ developmental changes in adolescence

cognitive

what changes are characteristic of middle adolescence?

cognitive changes gender role peer influence

stress the contribution of present mental structures and functions during adolescence

cognitive theories

cumulative change

continuous transition

what is one example of the way attitudes about adolescents has changed?

creation of the term teenager

4 different research methods

descriptive correlational experimental time span research

what is the study of adolescence all about?

developmental changes and contexts of development that have the potential to impact the minds and behaviors of adolescents

early maturing adolescents are more likely to become involved in ________ activities

deviant

distinct change

discontinuous transition

what changes are characteristic of early adolescence?

drop in self-esteem growth spurts risk taking

what are the four stages of adolescence?

early middle late emerging

when was the term adolescence identified?

early 20th century

when is emerging adulthood?

early and mid 20s

Aristotle is associated with ________

egocentrism

according to the cognitive approach, when does adolescence begin? end?

emergence of more advanced reasoning abilities, consolidation of advanced reasoning abilities

according to the educational approach, when does adolescence begin? end?

entrance into jr. high, completion of formal schooling

according to the cultural approach, when does adolescence begin? end?

entrance into period of training for ceremonial rite of passage, completion of ceremonial rite of passage

what suggests that rising levels of the protein leptin is the most important signal that the body is ready for puberty?

excessive thinness can delay onset of puberty

settings indirectly impacting the adolescent such as parent's workplace, media, friends of the family, neighbors

exosystem

what are the five hallmarks of emerging adulthood?

exploration of identity instability independence not a girl not yet a woman endless possibilities

t/f a biologist and an attorney would agree that adolescence ends at the same time

false

t/f emerging adulthood is universally accepted and supported as a stage of life

false

t/f emerging adulthood no longer exists

false

t/f it is easy to tell when adolescence has started

false

t/f peer pressure has been found to influence he onset of maturation

false

who are the biosocial theorists?

g. stanley hall

who was influenced by Charles Darwin?

g. stanley hall

the most important factor for explaining individual differences in the timing and rate of puberty among individuals growing up in the same general environment is ________ ________

genetic factors

who experiences adolescent growth spurts sooner? how much sooner?

girls, two years

adolescence as a developmental period has varied considerable from one historical era to another. impossible to generalize.

historical and anthropological theories

Charles Darwin proposed that the development of the individual parallels the development of the ________ ________

human species

what are the five principles of development?

influenced by maturation learning contributes experience enhances continuous and relatively orderly varied developmental rates

sociohistorical factors associated with the beginning of the twentieth century are especially important for the ________ view of adolescence

inventionist

what are the two historical and anthropological theories?

inventionist anthropological perspective of Margaret Mead

what is the group called that suggest that adolescence is a created phenomena as a result of sociohistorical circumstances?

inventionists

who are the cognitive theorists?

jean piaget lev vygotsky information processing

who has a stronger sense of identity at age 30: early or late maturing males?

late-maturing males

stress the context in which behavior takes place

learning theories

broader context of culture and historical time

macrosystem

system of relations among micro's

mesosystem (school & parents)

what are the four systems Bronfenbrenner describes?

micro meso exo macro

immediate settings: peers, family, school, church, neighborhood, etc.

microsystem

adolescence as we know it did not really exist until the Industrial Revolution around ________ ____ ________

mid 19th century

3 debates informing the study of adolescence

nature versus nurture early experiences versus later experiences cumulative versus distinct change

if adolescence is a social invention, does that mean that it is not a valid developmental period?

no, it is valid!

according to the biological approach, when does adolescence begin? end?

onset of puberty, being capable of sexual reproduction

stress the importance of the biological changes of adolescence but also account for how contextual forces interact with and modify biological forces

organismic theories

what are the four contexts of development for adolescents?

peers, families, schools, and work, leisure, and media

adolescents

people

what group of scientists did not contribute to studies about adolescence?

physicists

the physical transformation from child to adult is called:

puberty

Plato said that those who are in post-childhood should be involved in activities that facilitate ________ ________

reasoning skills

two definitions of adolescence

second decade of life developmental period of transition from childhood to early adulthood

adolescents is a relatively new field of study... why?

shift from agrarian to industrial to technological nation

early maturing girls who are short and stocky as a child will be (shorter/taller) and (thinner/heavier) than her late-maturing peers

shorter and heavier

who are the organismic theorists?

sigmund freud erik erikson jean piaget

focus on the factors that all adolescents or groups of adolescents have in common by virtue of various demographic factors

sociological theories

what is Urie Bronfenbrenner famous for?

the ecological perspective on human development

one reason early-maturing males have the difficulties they have may be that:

they do not have as much time as late-maturing male peers to adapt to the changes that puberty brings

adolescence

time period

t/f compared to previous generations, young people go through puberty earlier and into adult roles later

true

t/f emerging adulthood has been popularized by mass media

true

which theorist below might say the following, "Adolescents learn how to behave not simply by being reinforced and punished by forces in the environment but also by watching and imitating those around them."

Albert Bandura

the following statement characterizes what perspective? We cannot understand development without examining the settings, or context, in which it occurs

Bronfenbrenner's ecological perspective on human development

compared to previous generations, young people go through puberty earlier and into adult roles later. why?

Earlier sexual maturity prevents leaving the nest, cost of independence, the need (and cost) for formal education.

which theorist might say the following, "Adolescence is a period that revolves around the identity crisis."

Erik Erikson

who focused on nature and adolescence?

G. Stanley Hall

who is considered the "father" of the scientific study of adolescence?

G. Stanley Hall

who said adolescence was characterized by a period of storm and stress?

G. Stanley Hall

according to Bronfenbrenner, family and school would belong to what system?

Microsystem

when is middle adolescence?

ages 14-17 (high school)

when is late adolescence?

ages 18-21 (college years)

the shift from adolescence into adulthood for those in the 21st century would be characterized as ________

a discontinuous transition

emphasizes the difficulty young people have in making the transition from adolescence to adulthood

adolescent marginality

what is intergenerational conflict?

adolescents and adults grow up under different social circumstances causing a generation gap and conflict. different attitudes and values are created

what changes are characteristic of late adolescence?

adult thinking social transitions physical peak identity

when is early adolescence?

ages 10-13 (jr. high/middle school)