IAC Exam 2

Stages of periodontal disease

-stage 1: gingivitis -stage 2: Early Periodontitis -stage 3: moderate periodontitis -stage 4: advanced periodontitis

Human prescription medications that are toxic

. Antidepressants . AHDHD medications- amphetamines . Cardiac medications/chemotherapy . Birth control pills/ hormone replacement

Balanced diet key nutrients for health

. Proteins . Carbs . Fats .Vitamins . Minerals . Water

Sago palms in dogs

. Toxic component- cycasin Vomiting-other GI signs- acute hepatic failure

Oral care at home

. brushing . oral rinses . dental diets . dental treats

What is different about neonates?

. cannot regulate temperature . normal temp at birth ~96 Temp gradually increases until its normal at about 4 weeks

anatomy of the teeth have

. crown . neck . furcation . root

How do we test for hydration?

. eyes . skin tent . MM . Mentation

Carnassial

. flesh cutting . 4th premolar in maxilla - 108/208 . 1st molar in mandible -309/409

The rumen

. giant fermentation . VFA produced and are the main energy source . rumen microbes are the main protein source for the ruminant

retained deciduous teeth cause what problems?

. increases tartar build up and dental disease . can affect eruption of permeant teeth

Periodontal disease

. most common clinical condition in adult dogs and cats . plaque bacteria

When to suspect a toxin?

. seasonal . history - medications . environment

Pulse/Pulse Quality

. typically assess femoral pulses in the femoral triangle Assess for character -strong, weak, bounding

musculoskeletal exam

.lameness . angular limb deformities . range of motion

The first step to take when suspecting a toxin

1. *prevent absorption* - induce emesis (if safe to do so) - Bath animal -activated charcoal - promote elimination

small intestine parts

1. Duodenum 2. Jejunum 3. Ileum

5 points of Occlusion

1. Midline match 2. Incisor overlap (scissor bite) 3. Canine interlock 4. Premolar interdigitation 5. Carnassial overlap

Dog dental formula - Permanent

2(I 3/3 C 1/1 P 4/4 M 2/3) = 42

Cat dental formula - Deciduous

2(I 3/3, C 1/1, P 3/2) = 26

Cat dental formula- Permanent

2(I 3/3, C 1/1, P 3/2, M 1/1) = 30

Dog dental formula - Deciduous

2(I 3/3, C 1/1, P 3/3) = 28

The second step to take when suspecting a toxin

2. give antidote - 4MP vs Everclear

How long does it take fore bacteria to turn into plaque?

72 hours

Cap refill times

<2 sec normal <1 sec or <3 sec (shock)

normal sulcus depth

<3mm dog 0.5-1mm cat

Fat solbule vitamins

A, D, E, K

Grapes and raisins do what to dogs?

Acute kidney injury

What does it mean if a cat is panting?

BAD!!!!! they should never do this

Mention

BAR QAR depresses, obtunded

dog and cat tooth types

Brachyodont diphyodont heterodont

water soluble vitamins

C and B

Normal respiratory rate

Dog: 18-35 Cat: 18-35

Xylitol-dogs

Dose dependent . hypoglycemia vs hepatic necrosis . gum/ toothpaste, peanut butter

dentin

Hard portion similar to bone forming the bulk of the tooth around the pulp cavity - bulk of the mature teeth

cementum

Hard tissue that covers the roots of teeth.

routes of exposure for toxins

Ingestion- most common Skin contact Inhalation

vet prescription medications that are toxic

NSAIDs Preventive ivermectin Pyrethrin based Flavorings

Where can you take a temp on a dog/cat?

Rectal Axillary

The third step to take when suspecting a toxin

Supportive Care

fats

The most concentrated source of energy and an important source of fat soluble vitamins - 2.25 X calories

OTC/Recreational

Tylenol/ Aspirin . anemia and hepatotoxicity

General Exam

Weight temperature HR/ rhythm RSPR/ character Hydration Mucous membrane color/character capillary refill time mentation BCS PS

Jejunum

absorption of nutrients absorption of minerals and vitamins

oral/teeth exam

alignment missing/broken teeth gum health tongue masses

Dermatologic (SKIN) exam

alopecia discoloration/pigmentation lesions parasites swellings

Proteins

amino acids building blocks of tissue repair, growth and maintenance

Oleander

cardiac glycosides

periodontal ligament

connective tissue that connects the tooth to the alveolar bone 1. shock abs 2. barrier of foregin material

Normal Rectal temp dogs/cats

dog: 100-102.5 cat: 98.1-102.1

Heart Rate/Rhythm in cats/dogs

dog: 60-160 cat: 140-240

What parts make up the crown?

enamel dentin pulp

What feed is critical for horses?

forage

where do we probe for depth

free gingival groove

Physical examination components

general eyes, ears, nose, throat oral/teeth skin lymph nodes musculoskeletal cardiovascular respiratory gastrointestinal neurologic Urogenital ( OR urinary and repro)

Visual examination parts

general attitude/mentation engagement with environment interaction with environment gait and posture respiratory character BEGIN BCS

enamel

hard, outermost layer of a tooth that covers the crown - cannot grow

BCS score in dogs/ cats

ideal 5 range 1-9

furcation

in space between the roots of the same tooth 2/3 rooted

Types of teeth in dogs

incisors canines premolars molars

Oral cavity

lips, teeth, tongue

Urogential examination male

mammary chain prepuce scrotum/testicles

Urogential examination female

mammary chain vulva post partum -uterus -mammary chain

Chocolate toxic agent

methylxanthines include theobromine and caffeine

When do signs occur for toxins?

minutes to hours ( bleach) hours to days (lilies) days to weeks (sagoplam)

is furcation on single rooted teeth?

no

Mucous membranes colors

normal: pink moist hyperemic: red gums cyanotic: blue Icterus: yellow shock or anemia: pale

What makes finding a pulse diffcult?

obesity, thick hair coats, shivering

Lymph nodes

palpable LN: submandibular prescapular axillary inguinal popliteal

duodenum

pancreatic enzymes and bile

Optic exam

pinnae odor discharge discoloration lateral ear canal tympanic membrane

ruminant stomach compartments

reticulum, rumen, omasum, abomasum

feeding for health is

species dependent life stage dependent job dependent

carbs

sugars, starches and fibers energy

Garlic and Onions toxic compound

sulfur containing oxidants . oxidative damage

Ophthalmic exam

symmetry globe eyelids conjunctiva cornea iris anterior chamber lens retina/fundic exam

nose/throat exam

symmetry discharge loss of pigmentation air passage?

ileum

the last and longest portion of the small intestine abs. bile salts and B12

Occlusal/ incisal

towards molars or incisors

coronal

towards the crown

apical

towards the root

Body systems affected in toxins depends on

toxin dose dependent species dependent

Pulp

vascular and nerve tissue forming the inner tooth - really big in young dogs

cementoenamel junction

where the enamel of the crown meets the cementum of the root