IB Biology Botany

What is the cortex of a dicot?

Cortex, in plants, tissue of unspecialized cells lying between the epidermis (surface cells) and the vascular, or conducting, tissues of stems and roots. Cortical cells may contain stored carbohydrates or other substances such as resins, latex, essential oils, and tannins. In roots and in some herbaceous stems but not usually in woody stems, the innermost layer of cortical cells is differentiated into a cell layer called the endodermis. The cell walls of the endodermis possess a woody and corky band, called the casparian strip, around all the cell walls except those facing toward the axis and the surface of the root or stem. The endodermis with its casparian strips may function in regulating the flow of water between outer tissues and the vascular cylinder at the centre of the root. Within an inch or two of shoot tips, some flowering plants have a starch sheath (a layer of cells with much stored starch) in the same position as an endodermis.........sorry

What are dermal tissues in plants?

Epidermal tissue ( epidermis) includes several types of specialized cells. Pavement cells, large, irregularly shaped parenchymal cells which lack chloroplasts, make up the majority of the epidermis. Within the epidermis, thousands of pairs of bean-shaped schlerenchymal guard cells (Figure below) swell and shrink by osmosis to open and close stomata, tiny pores which control the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide gases and the release of water vapor. The lower surfaces of some leaves contain as many as 100,000 stomata per square centimeter https://www.ck12.org/book/ck-12-biology-advanced-concepts/section/13.23/

What is fungal hyphae?

It is the fungus that attaches to roots of plants it is a symbiotic relationship because the plant gives nutrients to the fungal and the fung

What is plant epidermis

It is the plant "skin"; it secretes a waxy cuticle for retaining moisture and keeping germs/insects out

Xylem

Nonliving vascular tissue that carries water and dissolved minerals from the roots of a plant to its leaves

Plantae Phylum: Coniferophyta

(conifers) reproduce by seeds that develop cones, have needles that are green all year, most are woody and are used for paper and lumber. Females ovaries are under the scales of the cone

Monocot

- 1 cotyledon ( seed leaf) - Parallel- veined leaf - Scattered Vascular bundles in stem - Flower parts in multiples of 3 - fibrous (diffuse) roots - no woody stems - a pollen grain with one opening https://www.google.com/search?q=monocots&source=lmns&bih=837&biw=375&client=safari&prmd=isnv&hl=en-US&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiAqM_35qzsAhVrp1kKHSGNDRMQ_AUoAHoECAAQAw

Dicots

- 2 cotyledons - Net-Veined leaves - Vascular bundles in the rings of stem - Flower parts in multiple of 4 or 5 - Tap root - can have woody stems - pollen grain has three openings

What are ground tissues?

A ground tissue is a plant tissue other than those of the dermal tissues and the vascular tissues. It arises from the ground meristem. It fills in the soft parts of the plants, such as cortex, pith, pericycle, etc. There are three fundamental types of cells that make up a ground tissue, i.e. parenchyma, sclerenchyma, and collenchyma cells. These cells are classified according to the nature, morphology, and composition of the cell walls. https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/ground-tissue

What is pith?

Botany. the soft, spongy central cylinder of parenchymatous tissue in the stems of dicotyledonous plants

What are aquaporins?

Channel proteins which facilitate water diffusion through the membrane

What is the vascular cylinder?

Core of tissues inside endodermis???

What are guard cells?

They surround the stomata and control the size of the stomata, allowing them to open and close to allow air in.

What is the palisade mesophyll?

Top layer of mesophyll- contains chloroplasts; long and narrow, close together

What are vascular tissues in plants?

Vascular tissue is an arrangement of multiple cell types in vascular plants which allows for the transport of water, minerals, and products of photosynthesis to be transported throughout the plant. Non-vascular plants, such as some algae and moss, do not have vascular tissue and therefore cannot easily transport water and nutrients. Vascular plants use their vascular tissue to transport water and nutrients to great heights, able to feed the tops of trees hundreds of feet high. https://www.khanacademy.org/video/intro-to-vascular-tissues-xylem-phloem-life-processes-biology-khan-academy

Plantae phylum ( Angiospermphyta)

Vascular, reproduce with seeds from flowers (eg: broad-leafed plants) This is the dominate type of plant on earth today

parallel leaf veins

Veins on the leaves go in one direction, are typically found in monocots

What is the symplastic route?

Water flows from cell to cell within the cell cytoplasm, plasmodesmata are channels that connect the cytoplasm between cells

What is the apoplastic route?

Water flows through the gaps between adjacent cells

What is the cambium?

a layer of tissue that produces new vascular tissue and grows between xylem and phloem

What is a meristem?

a region of plant tissue, found chiefly at the growing tips of roots and shoots and in the cambium, consisting of actively dividing cells forming new tissue.

tap root

a straight tapering root growing vertically downward and forming the center from which subsidiary rootlets spring.

What do root hairs do?

allow water to enter root through osmosis. Needs ally of surface area.

What is plasmodesmata?

channels through cell walls that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells

What is osmosis?

diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Net veined leaves

having branched veins that form a network, as the leaves of most dicotyledonous plants.

What is the apical meristem?

meristems in the rapidly growing regions of the tip of the stem and roots

fibrous root

part of a root system in which roots branch to such an extent that no single root grows larger than the rest

What is the root cap?

root tip, protects apical meristem behind it. secrets polysaccharides that moistens soil, permitting root growth

What is active transport?

the movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy.

Phloem

the vascular tissue in plants that conducts sugars and other metabolic products downward from the leaves.

What is turgor pressure?

the water pressure inside the vacuole of the plant cell in response to the force of water within the cell, seen with stomata and guard cellsu

What is sclerenchyma?

thick walls reinforced with lignin, programmed cell death, cell walls remain to provide support

What is the stomata?

tiny pores in leaves where carbon dioxide enters and oxygen exits

Xylem and phloem are

two types of vascular tissue

What are the 3 types of tissues in plants

vascular, ground, dermal