IB Geo

Causes for deindustrialization

1. Decline in raw materials or increased cost 2. Increased competition 3. Using machines instead of people 4. failing demand from population

Impacts of traffic congestion

1. Delay journeys 2. Use more fuel 3. Contribute to air pollution and emissions

Formal sector

1. Difficult entry (corporate) 2. Large scale 3. Protected markets, such as tariffs or licensing

Causes of Detroit's deindustrialization

1. Failing car sales 2. Shrinking population 3. Aging population

Reasons for counter urbanization

1. High land prices 2. congestion 3. pollution 4. crime 5. declining services

Benefits from deindustrialization

1. Less pollution 2. Use land for farming or wildlife 3. Remove ugly buildings

Boom of private housebuilding causes

1. Low cost of living 2. Improved public transport 3. expansion of building societies

Informal sector

1. Not regulated by government 2. no taxes or tarrifs 3. labour intensive 4. Small scale of activity

Pros of slums

1. area of assimilation for immigrants 2. area for informal employees 3. strong kinship and low crime

factors causing CBD decline

1. congestion reduces accessibility 2. planned policies creating out of town developements 3. companies find cheaper locations in suburbs 4. investors and businesses are attracted to peripheral sites 5. city centers are seen as dirty or lacks infrastructure

factors that may change retail

1. demographics 2. social change (such as more women in paid work) 3. population change (ex more elderly or young people) 4. economic change (increased standard of living) 5. Congestion or inaccessibility to retail

Cons of slums

1. overcrowding 2. Low hygiene 3. Often hazardous (this is because the land for slums is unwanted by everyone else) 4. absence of basic services such as water and sanitation

characteristics of urban places

1. population 2. CBD and residential zones 3. economic activities 4. administratie function

Causes of Urbanization

1. rural to urban migration 2. higher rates of natural increase 3. reclassification of rural areas as urban areas

desirable factors for a site

1. source of water 2. level sites to build on 3. resources 4. trade potential 5. soil for cultivation

Ways to reduce air pollution

1. using energy efficient technologies such as electric cars 2. Use public transport 3. Walking or car pooling 4. Enforce emission standards

Smart cities

A city that has investments that enables a sustainable development and has a high quality of life. Performs well in six categories: economy, environment, people, living conditions governance, and mobility.

resilient city

A city that is economically productive but also environmentally friendly. They need an efficient energy source, water and waste infrastructure, and functioning transport to accommodate the high population.

Urban heat island

An area of an urban city or metropolitan that is warmer due to human activity

Urban system growth

As urban areas grow, demand for clean water, sanitation, and waste disposal increases. As well as expanding their transport facilities and telecommunications. They will not attract economic activity without.

Ways to reduce ecological footprint

Burning less fossil fuel. Increasing number of recyclable resources.

Contested land and Example

Contested land is when two sides have interest in using the same area of land. An example would be the land in Dharavi. Dharavi is home to many people in slums and a developer wants to use the land for business. This would displace those slum people. The slums are important because it is home to the informal sector and it includes many jobs for people because of it.

Rural Area

Countryside

Urban Crime

Crime is associated with cities because of the young, poor, and overcrowding population. There is also less security because of the larger number of people.

What causes growth in megacities?

Economic growth, migration, and natural increase. People migrate to megacities in search of jobs, because they are young adults, they often have kids which brings natural increase.

Bed Zed Summary

Environmentally friendly housing system that includes stuff like solar panels, high thermal insulation, and building materials from renewable sources. While it has done a great job with its goal of doing better for the environment, it is super expensive.

Urban microclimate

Local climate observed in urban areas.

Deindustrialization

Long term decline in employment (loss of jobs) in the manufacturing sector.

characteristics of deprivation

Low incomes, low employment, ill health, law education, high crime, and low access to housing

How to manage urban crime?

More patrol officers, more cameras, better lighting, and better taxi service for bars and clubs

Air pollution

New Delhi in India is considered the most polluted city due to fuel usage. Leads to increased risk of cancer

types of deindustrialization

Positive- when industries replace workers with machines, this means the industry is more competitive Negative- Loss in numbers of workers but there is no rise in productivity or machines

Counter urbanization

Process of the movement of population from large urban areas to rural areas. (opposite of urbanization)

Noise pollution effects

Raised blood pressure, heart disease, stress and annoyance

Gentrification

Regeneration or improvement of inner city areas by its own residents. May lead to the displacement of poor people because they can no longer afford the increased prices. Gentrification leads to more young and mobile people in their population.

land values

Residential density in the city center is low due to high land value but the highest residential density is found in the inner city. As distance from city center increases, residential land density decreases.

Process of Urbanization

Rural society has on economic takeoff that matures and steadily grows the area. After the peak of urbanization, advanced economies may begin to counter urbanization for lifestyle reasons.

Shanghais urban system growth

Shanghai's population increased significantly but their systems had to grow as well. They used rail transport, increased water supply, treated more waste, and increased the number of mobile telephones. This allowed them to accommodate the large populations and urbanize.

Are larger or smaller cities more likely to be more sustainable?

Smaller because the smaller it is: the less space it takes up, less infrastructure is required, easier for public transport networks, and minimal travel distances.

Ethnicity in settlements

Some ethnics groups may choose to live together, creating positive segregation. They an advantage by locating together

Smart cities belief

Some see smart cities as the solution to populations and low resources but others think that most cities that exist in the future already exist today so it is more important to improve those than create new ones.

Road traffic noise causes

TRAFFIC VOLUME, speed, distance, weather conditions and road surface

relationship for hierarchy of settlements

The bigger population, and urban area, the more functions, and footprint. But there a fewer of these types in the world. The smaller the population and urban area, the less functions and footprint. More of these types in the world.

Push factors

The negatives features that cause someone to move away from rural areas. Ex: unemployment and low wages

Suburbanization

The outward expansion of towns and cities, largely due to the improvement in transports systems.

Pull Factors

The positive features that attract people to urban areas. Ex: better wages, more jobs, and better schools

What is happening to Urban green space?

There is a depletion in it. While green space varies from place to place, green space in urban areas has depleted to create things such as parking lots, stadiums and bus stations.

Geopolitical risks

Urban areas have an increased geopolitical risks. These risks include nationalism, terrorist attacks, and inter-state warfare.

Urban traffic Congestion

Varies with the days of the week but is worse during weekdays, when a school year starts, and on holidays

Physical factors on residential land

Wealthier people may live in attractive landscapes that are safe. They also might live in outer areas because they can commute to work. Poor people may live in areas that have risks (such as potential flooding or unwanted areas). They also might live in the inner city so they can live near work.

Natural increase

When the birth rate is higher than the death rate. This is found in urban areas due to the young adult population. Rural areas tend to have an aging population

Can functions change? Example?

Yes, they change over time. An example would be fishing villages that change to tourist resorts

Urbanization

an increase in the portion of people living in urban areas

Reindustrialization

growth in high-technology industries

footprint

land covered by the urban area

SIte

the actual land on which a settlement is built

ecological footprint

the impact a person or community has on their environment

Rural-urban migration

the movement of people from the countryside to the city because they believe they will be better off in the urban area

urban situation

the relationship between a city and its surrounding area

Urban sprawl

uncontrolled growth of urban areas at their edges