ICA Chapter 7& 8

The nucleus of a human cell contains ____________ Chromosomes.

23 pairs of

Children are considered to be fluent in their native language by the time they are ____________ years of age.

5-6

) Psychologists adhering to the perspective believe that language is acquired through reinforcement and modeling.

Behaviorist

The language acquisition device (LAD) is associated with

Chomsky.

1) What is the mental activity associated with obtaining, converting, and using knowledge:

Cognition

The tendency to look for evidence that upholds our beliefs and overlook evidence that runs counter to them is called __________?

Confirmation bias

The cognitive process of choosing from alternatives that might be used to reach a goal is called ________?

Decision making

What is a specific reading disability that is characterized by difficulty reading, writing, spelling, and/or pronouncing?

Dyslexia

A barrier to problem solving that occurs when familiar objects can only be imagined to function in their normal or usual way.

Functional fixedness

) The rules associated with word and sentence structure is ______________ and the rules used to bring meaning to words and sentences is

Grammar; semantics

An understanding or solution that occurs in a sudden stroke of clarity (the feeling of "aha!") is called

Insight

The study of insight is associated with the German psychologist __; he studied problem solving among .

Kohler; chimpanzees

________ concepts are defined mental representations of categories resulting from experience in daily life.

Natural

) The concept of an innate language acquisition device (LAD) is associated with:

Noam Chomsky.

What depicts the frequency of values of a variable along a continuum; bell-shaped symmetrical distribution, with the highest point reflecting the average score?

Normal Curve

) A decision-making strategy used to evaluate the degree to which the primary characteristics of a person or situation are similar to our prototype of that type of person or situation is called________?

Representative heuristics

Who is associated with triarchic theory of intelligence which suggests that humans have varying degrees of analytical, creative, and practical abilities.

Robert Sternberg

_____________ is the weakest sense in newborns

Sight

_______________believed that intelligence could be described by a single general factor that he called "g."

Spearman

What is the name of the intelligence test that Lewis Terman translated and adjusted to the culture of the Unitied States?

Stanford-Binet Test

35. How might adolescents' tendency to engage in such risky behaviors as street racing and experimental drug use reflect brain development phenomena?

The prefrontal cortex matures slowly, retarding adolescents' ability to weigh potential consequences

2) Mental activity associated with coming to a decision, reaching a solution or forming a belief is called _________________?

Thinking

43. Does fertility decline in men?

Yes, fertility declines in men around age 50.

32. Derwood is 8 years old and likes to do art projects at school. However, the projects he has completed so far haven't received good grades, and in several instances his friends have laughed at the things he has done. Based on Erikson's theory, Derwood may develop:

a sense of inferiority

12) An approach to problem solving using a formula or set of rules that, if followed, ensures a solution is called a(n):

algorithm

A teratogen is

an environmental agent that can produce a birth defect.

If one wished to predict an individual's ability or potential for success in a given area, one would use an _______test. If one wished to measure an individual's level of knowledge in a given area, one would use an _________test

aptitude; achievement

22. In Piaget's theory, the process of fitting new experiences into existing schemas is called . The process of restructuring ideas to make room for new information is called ____________.

assimilation; accommodation

30. Mary Ainsworth devised the "strange situation" to assess

attachment.

45. Jody is completing a test in which she has to name as many state capitals as she can in 1 minute. Aditi is trying to complete analogies between pairs of abstract diagrams. Jody is completing a test of ______ intelligence, whereas Aditi is completing a test of intelligence.

authoritarian; authoritative

Emotional intelligence is positively associated with

both academic and occupational success

3) Mental representations of categories of objects, situations, or ideas that belong together based on their central features or characteristics are called:

concepts.

24. Jay complains to his father that he does not have enough juice. There is no more juice in the house, so his father takes the juice Jay has in his glass and pours it into a taller, narrower glass. Jay believes that he has more juice because he has not yet developed an understanding of:

conservation

26. A teacher who pushes children to go just beyond what they are competent and comfortable doing is using:

conservation.

31. According to Mary Ainsworth, a child with ambivalent attachment will:

continue to show signs of distress when the mother returns after a brief absence.

Samantha is creating a language development timeline for a class presentation. Along the top of a display board, she writes the following ages in sequence: 2 months> 4 months> 12 months> 18 months How should she label these ages, from youngest to oldest?

cooing> babbling > first words > telegraphic speech

) How are critical and sensitive periods related?

critical period is a type of sensitive period.

Mark is a graduate student who is studying identity formation. He interviews a group of 5- year-olds, a group of 10-year-olds, and a group of 15-year-olds, and asks them what they plan to be when they finish school. In this example, Mark is using a __ research design.

cross-sectional

In Kubler-Ross's theory, acceptance of death is most immediately preceded by:

depression.

Psychologists use the term __ to refer to the patterns of physical, cognitive, and socioemotional change occurring throughout life.

development

The field of psychology that examines physical, cognitive, and socioemotional changes across the life span is called __________?

developmental psychology

12. Two weeks after conception, the developing fertilized egg is called _________ a(n):

embryo

42. Grace is a 19-year-old college sophomore. She is living away from home for the first time and is trying to decide on a major. Grace is in a phase of life many developmental psychologists call adulthood

emerging

11. The field of __ explores how the environment affects the expression of genetic attributes.

epigenetics

38. At Kohlberg's preconventional level of moral reasoning, moral decisions are based on:

external consequences

. The longest part of a pregnancy, from the eighth week to birth, is called the period

fetal

5) Triangles are three-sided polygons with interior angles that sum to 180 degrees. Based on this definition, "triangle" is a __ concept.

formal

33. Formal instruction in the scientific method usually begins when students are between 11 and 13 years of age. At this point, students are capable of the abstract thinking and deductive reasoning characteristic of Piaget's stage of cognitive development.

formal operational

34. During adolescence, brain development proceeds relatively slowly in the_________lobe, a region implicated in self-regulation.

frontal

An individual's complete collection of genes is called his or her:

genotype

Problem-solving approaches that incorporate a rule of thumb or broad applications of a strategy are called:

heuristics.

36. In Erikson's view, adolescent development is largely defined by the search for:

identity.

Collectivist cultures, such as Taiwan's, place a high priority on how individuals relate to each other. It might be reasonable to hypothesize that Taiwanese adults would outscore American adults on a test of Gardner's __________ intelligence.

interpersonal

. The outdated term "hermaphrodite" has been replaced by the term:

intersexual .

The linguistic relativity hypothesis states that:

language influences thought

Dawn is a graduate student investigating the development of fine motor skills. She selects one group of children and assesses their fine motor skills every 6 months over a 2-year period. In this example, Dawn is using a __ research design.

longitudinal

Heuristics used to determine how to decrease the distance between a goal (the means) and the current status, leading to the solution of a problems (the end) is called:

means-end analysis

A psychological test is valid to the extent that it:

measures what it is supposed to measure.

) Imagine that, on average 6-year-olds can complete a particular block design puzzle in 5 minutes. It takes 6-year-old Bailey almost 8 minutes to complete the task. In Binet's terms, Bailey's age is than 6.

mental; lower

25. Compared with Piaget, Vygotsky placed emphasis on the foundations of cognitive development

more; social

A persisting issue or controversy in psychology that is especially relevant to the study of intelligence is that of:

nature versus nurture

Heredity versus environment is another of way of referring to the debate.

nature versus nurture

44. According to the text, physical exercise in late adulthood encourages the birth of new neurons in areas responsible for learning and memory. In other words, exercise facilitates ___________________ in the ______________________.

neurogenesis; hippocampus

10. The textbook relates the story of Dr. Jill Bolte Taylor, a Harvard neuroscientist who suffered a stroke. After the stroke, the healing of Jill's brain began with changes to neurons. The general term for these kinds of changes is:

neuroplasticity.

. Gavin has brown hair and green eyes. He is outgoing and a risk-taker, and he excels at his job as a financial analyst. All of these observable traits are part of his:

phenotype.

) In written language, letters most closely represent __whereas sentences may be said to reflect _________.

phonemes; syntax

The number of words young children hear at home is correlated with family income.

positively

Mavis has advanced rapidly in the corporate world, despite her middle scores on such tests as the WAIS-IV, the SAT, and GRE. Sternberg would infer that Mavis has high intelligence.

practical

With respect to the elements of language reviewed in the textbook, cultural influences are probably MOST apparent at the level of:

pragmatics

39. During the Vietnam War, Michael moved from the United States to Canada to avoid the draft. He didn't want to go to war because he was afraid he might be killed or seriously injured. Michael's reasons for not going to war reflect Kohlberg's _________moral reasoning

preconventional

29. Harry Harlow and his colleagues completed a number of studies in which baby macaque monkeys were raised with two artificial surrogate mothers. One of the mothers was made of wire, and the other was made of soft cloth. Either mother could provide food. Harlow found that when the infant monkeys were startled or frightened, they:

preferred the cloth surrogate, even if it provided no food.

The variety of approaches that can be used to achieve a goal is called:

problem solving.

37. According to the textbook, online communities provide teens with a space to explore their identities. In Erikson's terms, online communities may therefore counteract __ among adolescents.

role confusion

. Baby Hannah automatically turns her head in the direction of a touch on the cheek. This is the __ reflex; it helps an infant to .

rooting; obtain food

23. Which sequence accurately reflects the order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development, from birth through adolescence?

sensorimotor> preoperational > concrete operational > formal operational

4) The level is the broadest or topmost level of the concept hierarchy

superordinate

."All gone milk," says 2-year-old Wesley, placing the empty glass on the table. Wesley's remark exemplifies the language acquisition phenomenon called:

telegraphic speech.

27. Characteristic differences in behavioral patterns and emotional reactions make up a person's:

temperament.

When people are asked which is more common, death by homicide or death by stroke, they often choose homicide because they hear about more murders than they do about strokes. In this instance, people are led astray in their judgments by

the availability heuristic.

Critical periods suggest that

they are a type of sensitive period of development, during which "certain capacities are readily shaped or altered by experience"

41. An individual who seeks or undergoes a social transition to the other gender is called:

transsexual.

40. According to the textbook, "gender roles can be acquired through observational learning." This means that gender roles may be acquired through:

watching others