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What best describes the all-or-nothing principle? All muscle fibers contract, or none at all do. A motor unit will either contract maximally or not at all. The switch from type IIa to type IIx muscle fibers The switch from type I to type II muscle fibers
A motor unit will either contract maximally or not at all.
Which division of the skeleton is made up of the arms, legs, and pelvic girdle? Lateral Peripheral Axial Appendicular
Appendicular
Which system supplies neural input to organs that run the involuntary processes of the body? Mechanoreceptors The brain Somatic nervous system Autonomic nervous system
Autonomic nervous system
What are the two divisions of the skeletal system? Axial and appendicular Upper and lower Osteoclasts and osteoblasts Anterior and posterior
Axial and appendicular
Which joint is the most mobile, able to move in all three directions? Hinge Ball-and-socket Pivot Saddle
Ball-and-socket
What is the correct order of segments for the spine, starting at the top? Thoracic, cervical, and lumbar Lumbar, cervical, and thoracic Cervical, thoracic, and lumbar Cervical, lumbar, and thoracic
Cervical, thoracic, and lumbar
Which of these is one of the major curvatures of the spine from a posterior view? Concave lumbar curve Convex lumbar curve Concave thoracic curve Convex cervical curve
Concave lumbar curve
A person walks differently when they move from a sidewalk onto the sand. This is regulated by what function? Muscle function Neuroplasticity Motor function Wolff's law
Motor function
Human movement is accomplished through the functional integration of three systems within the human body: the nervous system, the skeletal system, and what other system? Coronary Muscular Digestive Vascular
Muscular
What is the name of the specialized cell that is the functional unit of the nervous system? Neuron Spindles Nucleus Axon
Neuron
Humans can learn new things at any stage of life, due to which process that causes the brain to reform neural pathways? Neuroplasticity Neuromotor skills Remodeling Neurocircuitry
Neuroplasticity
What is the term for the chemical messengers that cross the synapse between the neuron and muscle and assist with nerve transmission? Synapses Adenosine triphosphate Sarcomeres Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters
Which joint has the simplest movement, moving either back and forth or side to side? Nonsynovial Synovial Condyloid Nonaxial
Nonaxial
Which type of joint includes the sutures of the skull? Ball-and-socket Condyloid Nonsynovial Pivot
Nonsynovial
Which term describes the movement of bones, such as flexion and extension? Osteoporosis Arthropathy Osteokinematics Arthrokinematics
Osteokinematics
Which system puts the body into a relaxed state, termed rest and digest? Parasympathetic nervous system Somatic nervous system Central nervous system Sympathetic nervous system
Parasympathetic nervous system
What is the name for projections protruding from the bone to which tendons and ligaments attach? Depressions Sulcus Processes Bone spurs
Processes
When a gymnast balances on a beam, they are aware of their body's general orientation and the relative position of its parts. This is due to which key sensory function? Wolff's law Proprioception Neuroplasticity Stretch reflex
Proprioception
Weight-bearing exercise helps strengthen bones through what process? Lengthening Osteoporosis Neuroplasticity Remodeling
Remodeling
What is the process by which bone is constantly renewed? Neuroplasticity Wolff's law Osteoporosis Remodeling
Remodeling
What activity is especially beneficial for combating the loss of muscle mass, power, and strength for aging adults? Resistance training Cardio Walking Aerobics
Resistance training
What is a characteristic of a type II muscle fiber? Short-term contractions Smaller in size Slow to fatigue Increased oxygen delivery
Short-term contractions
What are the three types of muscles in the body? Cervical, thoracic, and lumbar Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth Actin, myosin, and sarcomere Somatic, autonomic, and peripheral
Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
Which characteristic is exhibited by type I muscle fibers? Slow to fatigue Decreased oxygen delivery Short-term contractions Fewer capillaries
Slow to fatigue
When a client's heart rate is raised during cardio activities, this is being caused by which system? Central nervous system Somatic nervous system Parasympathetic nervous system Sympathetic nervous system
Sympathetic nervous system
Which joints are most associated with human movement? Nonaxial Synovial Nonsynovial Saddle
Synovial
What are the two components of the central nervous system? The somatic and autonomic nervous systems The brain and spinal cord The nerves and sensory receptors The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
The brain and spinal cord
What is explained by the sliding filament theory? The Z-lines moving farther apart The actin pulling the myosin toward the center of the sarcomere The shortening of a sarcomere to produce a muscle contraction The lengthening of a sarcomere after a muscle contraction
The shortening of a sarcomere to produce a muscle contraction
What is the function of the neuromuscular junction? The site of muscular contractions The sliding filament theory The site where the nervous system and muscle fibers communicate Exposing actin-binding sites
The site where the nervous system and muscle fibers communicate
What is the purpose of the intervertebral discs? They act as shock absorbers. They support most of the body's weight and are attached to many back muscles. They minimize movement of the spine. They provide support for the head.
They act as shock absorbers.
What are the two components of a sarcomere? Epimysium and endomysium Tropomyosin and troponin Actin and myosin Muscle fiber and muscle cell
Actin and myosin
At what age is the adolescent brain considered to be fully developed? 18 25 22 30
25
At what age is total peak bone mass reached? 25 30 35 18
30
Which of the following is the functional unit of a muscle cell? Myosin A sarcomere Endomysium Actin
A sarcomere
What is it called when a ligament is overstretched or torn? A sprain A strain A twist A pull
A sprain
What are the two categories of bone markings? Irregular and flat Surface and deep Short and long Depressions and processes
Depressions and processes
What surrounds the skeletal muscles and connects them to other surrounding muscles? Tendons Connective tissues Fascia Muscle spindles
Fascia
Which mechanoreceptor is sensitive to changes in muscular tension and rate of that tension change, causing the muscle to relax, which prevents the muscle from excessive stress and possible injury? Golgi tendon organs Muscle spindles Interneurons Joint receptors
Golgi tendon organs
Calcium is often associated with bone health, but why is it also important for muscular function? It helps transmit the motor signal. It converts ADP back to ATP. It stimulates actin and myosin activity. It helps the nerve impulse cross from the synapse into the muscle.
It stimulates actin and myosin activity.
What is the concept that describes the human body as a chain of interdependent links that work together to perform movement? Kinetic chain Proprioception Nervous system Golgi tendon organ
Kinetic chain
What is the fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone? Tendon Ligament Elastin Collagen
Ligament
What is the bone type of the clavicle, radius, and ulna? Short Irregular Flat Long
Long
Which part of a cell is responsible for using nutrients to create energy for the cell? Mitochondria Electrolytes Effector sites Organelles
Mitochondria
What is the primary purpose of the peripheral nervous system? To transmit impulses between afferent and efferent neurons To transmit nervous impulses from neuron to neuron To connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body To coordinate the activity of all parts of the body
To connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body
Which of the following protein structures is important for muscular contractions by providing a binding site? Myosin Troponin Fascicles Actin
Troponin
Which type of muscle fiber has a large number of capillaries? Type III Type I Type IIa Type IIx
Type I
Which type of muscle fiber is predominantly used during movements that require high levels of force and power, such as a sprint? Type I Type III Type II Type Ia
Type II