Image Identification Imaging Equipment Image Processing and Display
Which process helps reduce the heel effect on digital radiographic images? 1. Flatfielding 2. Collimation 3. Interpolation 4. Proper screen-film contact
1. Flatfielding
What is the consequence of a small amount of gas present inside an x-ray tube? 1. Generates more heat 2. Produces more x-rays 3. Extends x-ray tube life 4. Increases electron flow
1. Generates more heat
The workstation should not be used to add what piece of information to the image? 1. Attending physician 2. Right and left markers 3. Name of radiographer 4. Position of the patient
2. Right and left markers
Offset images and gain images are automatic calibration images designed to make the response of the image receptor uniform. What are these preprocessing calibration techniques identified as? 1. Smoothing 2. Rendering 3. Flatfielding 4. Interpolating
3. Flatfielding
Which accrediting agency sets the guidelines for medical record documentation? 1. The Joint Commission 2. The American Medical Association 3. The Healthcare Facilities Accreditation Program 4. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services
3. The Healthcare Facilities Accreditation Program
Which postprocessing function increases noise that is already present in an image? 1. Inversion 2. Smoothing 3. Subtraction 4. Edge enhancement
4. Edge enhancement
Which postprocessing technique helps provide the best view of a hairline fracture that is very thin? 1. Pixel shift 2. Highlighting 3. Region of interest 4. Edge enhancement
4. Edge enhancement
What is the minimum number of identification markings that a radiograph must contain? 1. 2 2. 4 3. 5 4. 6
2. 4
Which contains information regarding patient identity, diagnoses support, treatment justification, and any additional information regarding continuation of care or treatment? 1. Side marker 2. Health record 3. PSP cassette barcode 4. Patient information label
2. Health record
How much heat energy (in kilojoules [KJ]) is produced during a single high-frequency exposure operated at 100 kVp, 30 mAs? 1. 2.8 KJ 2. 3.5 KJ 3. 4.2 KJ 4. 5.0 KJ
3. 4.2 KJ The heat energy is calculated as the product of voltage (in kilovoltage peak [kVp]) and current (in milliampere-seconds [mAs]). Therefore, as per the formula: 100 kVp × 30 mAs = 3000 heat units (HU) Per the standard formula: 1 HU = 1.4 J (3Ø, HF) 3000 HU × 1.4 J/HU = 4200 joules (J) = 4.2 KJ Per the formula calculation, 2.8 KJ, 3.5 KJ, and 5.0 KJ are incorrect. STUDY TIP: Develop a realistic plan of study. Do not set rigid, unrealistic goals.
What is the consequence of using additional lead in the grid? 1. Increases fog in x-ray film 2. Controls image brightness 3. Increases radiation dose of the patient 4. Controls the penetrating ability of the x-ray beam
3. Increases radiation dose of the patient
Which materials are used in a flat panel detector? Select all that apply. 1. Selenium 2. Aluminum 3. Pyrex Glass 4. Cesium iodide 5. Amorphous silicon
1,4,5
Which components are present in all general radiographic systems? Select all that apply. 1. Control console 2. Radiographic table 3. Collimator assembly 4. Overhead tubecrane 5. Photostimulable phosphor plate
1-3
Which process helps to improve the visibility of a digital image? 1. Pixel shift 2. Image flip 3. Magnification 4. Window and level
3. Magnification
Aperture ratio is a measure of what characteristic of liquid crystal displays (LCDs)? 1. Image contrast 2. Image resolution 3. Image uniformity 4. Image luminance
4. Image luminance
Which part of the radiographic system does a radiographer use to adjust the electrical energy that enters the x-ray tube? 1. Cassette 2. Collimator 3. Image receptor 4. Control console
.4. Control console
Which is most important for the radiologic technologist to consider regarding a PSP system that utilizes a barcode system for patient information? 1 No part of the barcode should obstruct essential anatomy of the body part being imaged. 2 The information should be confirmed before and after the imaging study has been completed. 3 Information that generates the barcode must be entered correctly into the system before the barcode is developed; it cannot be changed after. 4 A barcode is only utilized as an extra form of organization; the facility must also include clearly labeled side markers and patient information tabs on all images.
1 No part of the barcode should obstruct essential anatomy of the body part being imaged.
A company manufactures x-ray tubes with graphite layers under the tungsten target, rather than solely tungsten. What could be the reason for this intervention? Select all that apply. 1. To easily rotate the anode 2. To make the anode lighter 3. To improve spatial resolution 4. To withstand the effects of thermal contraction 5. To withstand the stresses of high-speed rotation
1 & 2
What is the function of the thin-film transistor (TFT) array? Select all that apply. 1. Isolating each pixel element 2. Capturing the image for recording 3. Determining resolution of digital images 4. Sending electrical charges to the image processor 5. Controlling the total quantity of x-ray photons produced
1 & 4
Health records and radiology reports are retained by a facility for a specific amount of time according to which requirements? Select all that apply. 1. State law 2. Facility policy 3. HIPAA guidelines 4. Accrediting bodies 5. Code of Federal Regulations 6. Medicare and Medicaid policies
1,4,5
What are the post-processing functions associated with the fluoroscopic technique? Select all that apply. 1. Windowing 2. Spatial filtering 3. Image annotation 4. Trendelenburg tilt 5. Fluoroscopic drape
1-3
What information should be included on all radiographs? Select all that apply. 1. Patient name 2. Date of exam 3. Institution identity 4. Right or left marker 5. Patient date of birth 6. Type of exam being displayed
1-4
Which are features of radiographic tables? Select all that apply. 1. Electric locks on table-top motions 2. Vertical and horizontal movements 3. Four-way "floating" table-top mobility 4. Motorized, variable-height adjustment 5. Table-top materials that are high in x-ray attenuation
1-4
What is the frequency range of a large silicon-controlled rectifier? 1. 1-10 kHz 2. 11-100 kHz 3. Less than 1 kHz 4. More than 100 kHz
1. 1-10 kHz
After how much time does an imaging plate exposed to radiation start losing its energy when used in computed radiography? 1. 10 minutes 2. 120 minutes 3. 150 minutes 4. 240 minutes
1. 10 minutes
Which pixel arrangement is associated with the highest resolution monitor? 1. 2000 x 2500 2. 1000 x 1000 3. 1200 x 1800 4. 1500 x 2000
1. 2000 x 2500
How many heat units (HU) are generated if the fluoroscopic examination is performed with a single-phase imaging system operated at 60 kVp and 2.1 mA for 4 min? 1. 30,240 HU 2. 40,040 HU 3. 55,150 HU 4. 62,320 HU
1. 30,240 HU (convert 4min to secs. then multiple mA and secs.) Finally multiple everything!
What is the acceptable lossless compression for a digital radiographic image? 1. 3:1 2. 5:1 3. 10:1 4. 15:1
1. 3:1
Which circuit element allows electrons to flow only in one direction? 1. Diode 2. Battery 3. Capacitor 4. Transformer
1. Diode
Placing the marker in which location is contraindicated because the marker is likely to be distorted on the image? 1. Directly on the body part 2. Outside of any lead shielding 3. On the upper outer corner of the image 4. Within the edge of the collimated X-ray beam
1. Directly on the body part
Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) are designed to better reduce the influence of ambient light on what image characteristic? 1. Image contrast 2. Image resolution 3. Image uniformity 4. Image luminance
1. Image contrast
What phenomenon can be troublesome when switching from high-dose to low-dose techniques, such as switching from digital subtraction angiography (DSA) to fluoroscopy? 1. Image lag 2. Line noise 3. Flatfielding 4. Defective pixels
1. Image lag
What is the name of the preprocess that occurs to correct for dead pixels? 1. Interpolation 2. Flat fielding 3. Offset voltage 4. Signal suppression
1. Interpolation
Which is true regarding anatomic markers on images? 1. It is legally required that they are present on radiographs. 2. Handwritten L or R on the image after processing is acceptable. 3. Markers are typically made from plastic and placed on the table. 4. Senior radiologic technologists need not insert anatomic markers.
1. It is legally required that they are present on radiographs.
What is the function of a look-up table? 1. It is used for auto rescaling. 2. It sets the appropriate technical factors for the exam. 3. It is used to select the correct body part prior to exposure. 4. It allows the radiologic technologist to manually adjust window and level.
1. It is used for auto rescaling.
What is the function of a retractable tape measure? 1. It measures the source-to-image distance. 2. It controls the size and shape of the x-ray field. 3. It holds the photostimulable phosphor imaging plate. 4. It connects the digital detector and the x-ray generator.
1. It measures the source-to-image distance.
Which is the long-standing principle of health record documentation? 1. Not documented, not done 2. Do it first, then document later 3. Don't document unless it's done 4. Document it while you're doing it
1. Not documented, not done
Placing markers on the image electronically from the workstation is not recommended because of the great potential for error and legal implications. This is especially true when patients are examined in what position? 1. Prone 2. Supine 3. Upright 4. Lateral
1. Prone
Which provides the optimal viewing conditions for a radiographic study? 1. Radiologist interpretation room 2. Quality control (QC) workstation 3. Technologist viewing station in the radiographic room 4. Remote workstation located in the emergency department
1. Radiologist interpretation room
Which material is used in the manufacturing of solid-state rectifiers in an x-ray circuit? 1. Silicon 2. Copper 3. Arsenic 4. Zinc oxide
1. Silicon
Which post-processing option is used to reduce the display of noise in an image? 1. Smoothing 2. Subtraction 3. Window width 4. Image reversal
1. Smoothing
Which postprocessing function helps with viewing small anatomical parts by removing image noise? 1. Smoothing 2. Subtraction 3. Equalization 4. Edge enhancement
1. Smoothing
What organization requires the health record to contain sufficient information to identify the patient, support the diagnoses, justify the treatment, document the course and the results, and facilitate continuity of care? 1. The Joint Commission 2. The American Medical Association 3. The American Hospital Association 4. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services
1. The Joint Commission
Which is true regarding marker conventions? 1. The marker should never obscure anatomy. 2. R and L markers only need to be used with CR digital imaging. 3. The marker should never be placed outside of the lead shielding. 4. The marker should never be placed on the edge of the collimation border.
1. The marker should never obscure anatomy.
What happens if the Coolidge tube becomes gassy? 1. The x-ray production falls. 2. The microswitch is activated. 3. The anode gets cracked or pitted. 4. The electrical properties of the tube are altered.
1. The x-ray production falls.
What is the role of voltage rectifiers in x-ray circuitry? 1. To convert the alternating current to direct current 2. To increase the output voltage from the autotransformer 3. To step down the voltage and provide current to heat the filament 4. To measure the quantity of radiation that reaches the image receptor
1. To convert the alternating current to direct current
What is the most common position of an x-ray tube in fluoroscopic equipment? 1. Under the examination table 2. On an overhead movable crane 3. At an angle of 90 degrees to the foot side 4. At an angle of 30 degrees to the head side
1. Under the examination table
How are signals created in computed radiography converted to a viewable image? 1. Using an ADC 2. The use of bright light 3. Electronic gate release 4. Quantization of scattered photons
1. Using an ADC
Which is true regarding R and L markers? Select all that apply. 1. They should be placed inside lead shielding. 2. They may be used with both CR and DR digital imaging. 3. They must be placed electronically from the workstation. 4. They should be placed at the edge of the collimation border. 5. Not all radiographs require the use of the R and/or L marker.
2 & 4
What preprocessing actions are automatically applied with most systems? Select all that apply. 1. Magnification 2. Lag correction 3. Noise correction 4. Pixel interpolation 5. Window and level 6. Region of interest
2,3,4
How much voltage ripple is produced by three-phase, twelve-pulse power? 1. 0.9% 2. 4.0% 3. 14.0% 4. 100.0%
2. 4.0%
For what period of time should radiology records, report copies and printouts, films, scans, and other image records of adult patients be retained? 1. 3 years 2. 5 years 3. 7 years 4. 10 years
2. 5 years
In addition to patient identification, what process is often helpful in informing the clinician about anatomy and exam information? 1. Flatfielding 2. Annotation 3. Window and level 4. Region of interest
2. Annotation
What are the primary components of the x-ray tube? 1. Diode and triode 2. Anode and cathode 3. Anode bearings and rotor 4. The high-voltage cables and tube support mechanism
2. Anode and cathode
For lateral projections, the side closest to the image receptor should be marked. The marker should be placed in what relationship to the anatomy? 1. Inferior to the anatomy 2. Anterior to the anatomy 3. Posterior to the anatomy 4. Superior to the anatomy
2. Anterior to the anatomy
What is the function of window width? 1. Decreasing fog 2. Controlling contrast 3. Decreasing penumbra 4. Controlling image brightness
2. Controlling contrast
The figure shows the unrectified voltage and current waveforms at the secondary side of the high-voltage step-up transformer. What does the arrow indicate? 8389805429 1. Voltage waveform 2. Current waveform 3. Positive portion of direct current (DC) waveform 4. Negative portion of alternate current (AC) waveform
2. Current waveform
What is a standard method of data storage that was developed by ACR and NEMA? 1. PACS 2. DICOM 3. RAM 4. RAID
2. DICOM
Which term is used to describe the random scattering of light on a digital display device? 1. Display noise 2. Diffuse reflection 3. Specular reflection 4. Geometric Distortion
2. Diffuse reflection
Which component of the x-ray tube reduces the intensity of leakage radiation? 1. Metal enclosure 2. Protective housing 3. X-ray tube filament 4. Electromagnetic induction motor
2. Protective housing
What is the best thing a radiologic technologist can do in the event that an imaging plate is substantially scratched? 1. Clean the imaging plate. 2. Replace the imaging plate. 3. Use a grid with the imaging plate. 4. Use the imaging plate only for imaging soft tissue.
2. Replace the imaging plate.
For anteroposterior (AP) and posteroanterior (PA) projections that include the right and left sides of the body (head spine, chest, abdomen, and pelvis), which marker(s) are typically used? 1. Left marker only 2. Right marker only 3. Both right and left markers 4. Right, left, anterior, and posterior markers
2. Right marker only
What mechanism allows the radiographic technologist to make minor adjustments to the position of a ceiling-supported x-ray tube? 1. C-arm 2. Single-control lock system 3. Floor-to-ceiling support system 4. Cone extension to the x-ray tube
2. Single-control lock system
Which position is suitable for the best viewing of a radiographic image without reduction in the contrast? 1. Far from the device 2. Straight towards the device 3. Towards the left side of the device 4. Towards the right side of the device
2. Straight towards the device
Which is true regarding AP or PA projections of the head? 1. The L marker is typically used. 2. The R marker is typically used. 3. Both the L and the R marker are used. 4. Neither the L or the R marker are used.
2. The R marker is typically used.
What is the most likely outcome of the incorporation of a correction circuit to counteract the space charge effect? 1. The kVp is reduced. 2. The kVp is increased. 3. The mA is reduced. 4. The mA is decreased, but kVp is increased.
2. The kVp is increased.
What are the characteristics of a fluoroscopic examination table? 1. The table should be nontransparent to x-rays as much as possible. 2. The table may be flat or curved, but it must be uniform in thickness. 3. The table should be made of carbon fiber to absorb all x-ray radiation. 4. The table should have multiple openings beneath it to absorb radiation.
2. The table may be flat or curved, but it must be uniform in thickness.
In which modality is the amount of dose of the X-ray or radioactive material administered, as well as the date and time required to be documented in the medical record? 1. Diagnostic radiology 2. Therapeutic radiology 3. Computed tomography 4. Magnetic resonance imaging
2. Therapeutic radiology
While manufacturing the x-ray tube, the manufacturer adds a material to the tungsten filament to enhance the efficiency of thermionic emission. What is the material added? 1. Copper 2. Thorium 3. Rhenium 4. Molybdenum
2. Thorium
Why is the window level adjusted during postprocessing of an image? 1. To control image contrast 2. To control image brightness 3. To magnify all the parts of the image 4. To alter the pixel value of the image
2. To control image brightness
For what type of radiography exam would the level of the fulcrum be marked? 1. Fluoroscopy 2. Tomography 3. Mammography 4. Digital Radiography
2. Tomography
Where would a radiologic technologist most likely encounter the RIS? 1. Working on a PACS station 2. Worklist in the radiographic exam room 3. Registration of patient upon arrival to the department 4. When accepting payment for services in the radiography department
2. Worklist in the radiographic exam room
Which factors can extend x-ray tube life? Select all that apply. 1. Use of long exposure time 2. Use of a gassy Coolidge tube 3. Use of faster image receptors 4. Use of minimum peak kilovoltage setting 5. Expansion of oil in the x-ray tube housing
3 & 4
An autotransformer is connected to a 420-V supply and contains 3000 turns. These turns are enclosed by the primary connections. What voltage is supplied to the high-voltage generator if 2000 turns are enclosed by secondary connections? 1. 260 V 2. 300 V 3. 280 V 4. 400 V
3. 280 V
Which image receptor system does not use light during exposure? 1. Computed radiography 2. Film/screen radiography 3. Direct capture digital radiography (DR) 4. Indirect capture digital radiography (DR)
3. Direct capture digital radiography (DR)
An x-ray image shows the presence of dark and bright areas upon exposure to raw x-ray beams. Which process helps correct this defect in the radiographic image? 1. Pixel shift 2. Image flip 3. Flat fielding 4. Voltage correction
3. Flat fielding
All radiographs must be permanently identified and should contain a minimum of how many identification markings? 1. Two 2. Three 3. Four 4. Five
3. Four
Which component maintains a vacuum inside the x-ray tube? 1. Filament 2. Focusing cup 3. Glass enclosure 4. Electromagnetic induction motor
3. Glass enclosure
Which type of generator has a percentage ripple of less than 1? 1. Full wave 2. Half wave 3. High frequency 4. 3 phase, 6 pulse
3. High frequency
What is the function of the photostimulable phosphor detector? 1. It improves spatial resolution. 2. It converts x-rays to electrical signals. 3. It captures the energy of the remnant beam. 4. It controls the penetrating ability of the beam.
3. It captures the energy of the remnant beam.
How does digital radiography create a radiographic image? 1. It converts silver ions into atomic silver. 2. It maintains uniform brightness and contrast. 3. It converts x-ray energy into a digital electronic signal. 4. It captures the image on a photostimulable phosphor.
3. It converts x-ray energy into a digital electronic signal.
Which component measures the voltage provided to the x-ray imaging system? 1. Guard timer 2. Autotransformer 3. Line compensator 4. Carbon fiber couches
3. Line compensator
The lower jaw and associated teeth are radiographed in a patient complaining of a toothache. Which post-processing technique is useful for improving the visibility of the minutest roots of the teeth? 1. Subtraction 2. Partitioning 3. Magnification 4. Region of interest
3. Magnification
What is the formula for the turns ratio of a transformer used in an x-ray imaging system? 1. Is/Ip 2. Vp/Vs 3. Ns/Np 4. Np/Ns
3. Ns/Np
In which location is the marker best placed for anteroposterior (AP), posteroanterior (PA), or oblique chest projections? 1. On the patient's left side 2. On the patient's right side 3. On the upper-outer corner of the image 4. On the side down/nearest the image receptor (IR)
3. On the upper-outer corner of the image
What does computed radiography use as its image receptor? 1. Radiographic film 2. Rare-earth screen 3. Photostimulable phosphor plate 4. Direct conversion hard-wired plate
3. Photostimulable phosphor plate
Which material is used for the enclosure of the x-ray tube? 1. Rhenium 2. Aluminum 3. Pyrex glass 4. Cesium iodide
3. Pyrex glass
What is used in quantitative radiography for detection of some pathology types? 1. Highlighting 2. Edge enhancement 3. Region of interest (ROI) 4. Volume of interest (VOI)
3. Region of interest (ROI)
Although the radiographer associates the patient's identification and other data with each radiograph via the computer workstation, which image markers should still be physically placed on the image receptor (IR)? 1. Upright markers 2. Prone/supine markers 3. Right and left side markers 4. Anterior/posterior markers
3. Right and left side markers
Medicolegal requirements mandate that what piece of information is displayed on the image? 1. Patient name 2. Institution identity 3. Right or left marker 4. Patient date of birth
3. Right or left marker
Which is most accurate regarding proper workflow of a radiologic technologist regarding patient identification? 1. The radiologic technologist only adds patient information on the side marker of an image series. 2. The radiologic technologist should add the patient's name and insurance provider into the image receptor first. 3. The radiologist technologist should get into the habit of rechecking patient information on the side marker before adding it to the image receptor. 4. The radiologic technologist does not need to physically place patient information on the image receptor if the facility fully utilizes digital systems.
3. The radiologist technologist should get into the habit of rechecking patient information on the side marker before adding it to the image receptor.
Which is true when using photostimulable phosphor technology (PSP)? 1. The image-receptor material is amorphous silicon. 2. The PSP plate is removed by the radiographer for chemical processing. 3. The x-ray exposure is contained in "electron traps" in the phosphor layer. 4. Lengthy postexposure delays in plate processing will have little or no effect upon final image quality.
3. The x-ray exposure is contained in "electron traps" in the phosphor layer.
Which is true regarding the radiology facility's responsibility for retaining adult patients' imaging and radiology records? 1. They must be retained until handed off to another health-care provider. 2. They must be retained for at least 2 years after the last imaging procedure. 3. They must be retained for 5 years from the date that the patient is last seen by the facility. 4. They must be retained in physical storage for 3 years, and then moved to digital storage permanently.
3. They must be retained for 5 years from the date that the patient is last seen by the facility.
What is the role of positive beam limitation (PBL)? 1. To produce x-rays during radiography 2. To permit primary radiation to pass by reducing scatter radiation 3. To ensure the x-ray exposure field is no larger than the receptor size 4. To permit the acquisition of static images in a fluoroscopic examination
3. To ensure the x-ray exposure field is no larger than the receptor size
The radiologic technologist can change how many shades of gray are visible by using what postprocessing technique? 1. Flatfielding 2. Annotation 3. Window and level 4. Region of interest
3. Window and level
Which process helps to increase the gray scale visibility of a radiographic image? 1. Image flip 2. Annotation 3. Window and level adjustment 4. Region of interest (ROI) identification
3. Window and level adjustment
What are the functions of the anode? Select all that apply. 1. Reducing off-focus radiation 2. Protecting the x-ray tube from damage 3. Reducing the intensity of leakage radiation 4. Receiving electrons emitted by the cathode 5. Providing mechanical support for the target
4 & 5
Which is a reason for alloying the tungsten with rhenium in x-ray equipment? Select all that apply. 1. To prolong x-ray tube life 2. To make the anode lighter 3. To enhance efficiency of thermionic emission 4. To withstand the stresses of high-speed rotation 5. To withstand effect of repetitive thermal expansion
4 & 5
What is the current through the primary coil of the filament transformer if it has a turns ratio of 1/12 and provides 7.5 amperes (A) to the filament? 1. 0.300 A 2. 0.375 A 3. 0.542 A 4. 0.625 A
4. 0.625 A
Which turns ratio from the choices below is an example of a step-up transformer in an x-ray imaging system? 1. 25/100 2. 125/1,000 3. 100/1,000 4. 4,000/100
4. 4,000/100
What is the function of the area depicted [black arrow] in this indirect capture digital radiography thin-film transistor array? 8389802853 1. Determining resolution of digital images 2. Absorbing x-rays and converting them into light 3. Changing lightness and darkness of the image 4. Absorbing light and converting it into electronic charges
4. Absorbing light and converting it into electronic charges
Why does the anode crack? 1. Because of its short exposure time 2. Because of the space charge effect 3. Because of the vaporization of the filament 4. Because of the single excessive exposure of the x-ray tube
4. Because of the single excessive exposure of the x-ray tube
Why is the high voltage transformer termed as the "step-up transformer"? 1. Because the primary voltage is higher than the secondary voltage 2. Because the current is increased proportionately with the turns ratio 3. Because the voltage decrease is proportional to that of the turns ratio 4. Because the secondary windings are more than that of primary windings
4. Because the secondary windings are more than that of primary windings
How is postprocessing controlled? 1. By a worklist 2. By a histogram 3. By the computer 4. By the radiologic technologist
4. By the radiologic technologist
The figure shows an indirect capture digital radiography thin-film transistor array. Which material is used to prepare the part indicated [black arrow] in the figure? 8389804432 (first arrow) 1. Copper 2. Thorium 3. Rhenium 4. Cesium iodide
4. Cesium iodide
Which component controls the size and shape of the x-ray exposure field? 1. Anode 2. Goniometer 3. X-ray tube housing 4. Collimator assembly
4. Collimator assembly
To ensure adaptability among different imaging systems, the American College of Radiology (ACR), in cooperation with the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA), has produced what standard imaging and interface format? 1. RIS 2. EMR 3. PACS 4. DICOM
4. DICOM
Which of these is the activator for barium fluorochloride phosphor? 1. Lead 2. Silver 3. Thulium 4. Europium
4. Europium
What is the reason for damage to the rotor assembly bearings? 1. Effect of space charge 2. Activation of the micro switch 3. Vaporization of the filament 4. Excessive heating of the anode
4. Excessive heating of the anode
The regulations set forth by which piece of legislation mandate both security of information and privacy of patient information? 1. Mammography Quality Standards Act 2. Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act 3. Emergency Treatment and Active Labor Act 4. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
4. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
A radiologic technologist finds it difficult to identify a patient's disease after seeing the radiographic film, which shows the bones as white in color. Which process helps the radiologic technologist change the color of the bones to black in the radiographic image? 1. Image flip 2. Pixel shift 3. Annotation 4. Image inversion
4. Image inversion
Which component of the radiographic system absorbs x-rays and converts them into light? 1. Grid 2. Image receptor 3. Direct capture detector 4. Indirect capture detector
4. Indirect capture detector
What is the subtraction technique? 1. It is a technique that produces higher quality computer-enhanced images. 2. It is the ability of the system to magnify an image for better visualization of the structures. 3. It is a method of image display in which a specific fluoro image is held on the screen in combination with continuous fluoroscopy. 4. It is a technique in which an initial image recorded during continuous fluoroscopy is subtracted from all the other images produced.
4. It is a technique in which an initial image recorded during continuous fluoroscopy is subtracted from all the other images produced.
For decubitus positions of the chest and abdomen, where should the markers be placed? 1. Always on the right side 2. On the upper outer corner of the image 3. On the side down (the side laid on) and toward the anatomy of interest 4. On the side up (opposite the side laid on) and away from the anatomy of interest
4. On the side up (opposite the side laid on) and away from the anatomy of interest
Which term refers to the images in which dynamic patient motion is visualized instantly as fluoroscopic imaging occurs? 1. Fog 2. Umbra 3. Latent image 4. Real-time image
4. Real-time image
Which statement regarding the line-focus principle is true? 1. It creates one projected focal spot. 2. It provides decreased heat dispersion at the anode. 3. The effective focal spot is larger than the actual focal spot. 4. The effective focal spot is smaller than the actual focal spot.
4. The effective focal spot is smaller than the actual focal spot.
What happens if the oil in an x-ray tube expands too much? 1. The anode gets cracked. 2. Vaporization of the filament. 3. The x-ray tube gets damaged. 4. The microswitch is activated until tube cools.
4. The microswitch is activated until tube cools.
Pivoting the x-ray tube assembly at the point at which it is attached to its transverse support is called what? 1. Coning 2. Collimation 3. Vertical travel 4. Tube angulation
4. Tube angulation
What component supports and permits the x-ray tube to be moved in different directions? 1. Collimator assembly 2. Upright image receptor 3. Bucky mechanism and cassette tray 4. Tube stand or overhead tube crane assembly
4. Tube stand or overhead tube crane assembly
When the correct right or left marker is used for anteroposterior (AP) limb projections, where should the marker be placed? 1. Anterior to the anatomy 2. Posterior to the anatomy 3. On the upper outer corner of the image 4. Within the edge of the collimated X-ray beam
4. Within the edge of the collimated X-ray beam
Which is the most important marker for limb projections? Select all that apply. 1. R 2. L 3. PA 4. AP 5. RPO 6. LPO
1 & 2
What are other terms for contrast resolution? Select all that apply. 1. Grayscale 2. Contrast-detail 3. Dynamic range 4. Exposure range 5. Screen-film imaging
1 & 3
Which is (are) true of fluoroscopy? Select all that apply. 1. It permits "real-time" imaging of dynamic patient functions 2. Digital fluoroscopy systems record images electronically rather than using cassettes 3. The lead protective apron attached to the fluoroscopic carriage is of little value in reducing operator dose 4. Dose-reduction features such as last image hold (LIH), pulsed fluoroscopy, and electronic shuttering are essential
1,2,4
What are the functions of a Bucky mechanism in an imaging system? Select all that apply. 1. It increases the contrast of the image. 2. It avoids appearance of grid lines on the image. 3. It helps in digital image creation and amplification. 4. It defines the directions and dimensions of a beam. 5. It decreases the amount of scatter radiation reaching the image receptor.
1,2,5
Which are characteristic features of an active matrix liquid crystal display (AMLCD)? Select all that apply. 1. Flat display surface 2. Modulation of light 3. Veiling glare distortion 4. Curved display surface 5. Pixel cross-talk distortion
1,2,5
Name the principle components of a picture archiving and communication system (PACS). Select all that apply. 1. Network 2. Image digitizer 3. Display system 4. Storage system 5. Acquisition system 6. Rotated beam splitter
1,3,4,5
What effect is observed in a digital radiographic image after window and level adjustment? 1. Amplified image contrast 2. Compressed file size of the image 3. Reduced radiation fog on the image 4. Increased spatial resolution
1. Amplified image contrast
What occurs if the filament in the x-ray tube gets vaporized? 1. Arcing 2. Pitting of the anode 3. Warping of the anode 4. Cracking of the anode
1. Arcing
What should a radiologic technologist do when the optical path of the computed radiography imaging system is dirty due to dust? 1. Call a professional service. 2. Clean the imaging system from outside. 3. Open the imaging system and clean the separate parts. 4. Edit the unintended visual of dirt on the radiograph through software.
1. Call a professional service.
What is the function of a photodiode? 1. Converts light into electrical energy 2. Converts the x-rays into light 3. Determines the highest energy level 4. Changes alternating current to direct current.
1. Converts light into electrical energy
A radiologic technologist is viewing images taken from a fluoroscopy study, and notes that pertinent information is missing from the images. Which piece of information, if missing, indicates that an error has been made? 1. Date of exam 2. Insurance provider 3. Patient date of birth 4. Type of exam being displayed
1. Date of exam
Which preprocessing procedure converts an undesired effect, shown in image A, into a corrected form, as shown in image B? 8389792348 1. Flatfielding 2. Interpolation 3. Voltage correction 4. Application of offset voltage
1. Flatfielding
In tomographic imaging, the level of which must be marked? 1. Fulcrum 2. Flashing 3. Patient positioning 4. Time after completion of contrast medium
1. Fulcrum
____________ spatial frequency indicates better spatial resolution, which is good to show _____________ objects. 1. Higher; smaller 2. Lower; smaller 3. Lower; larger 4. Higher; larger
1. Higher; smaller
Anatomic markers are placed directly on the image receptor or tabletop and are typically made of what material? 1. Lead 2. Plastic 3. Rubber 4. Tungsten
1. Lead
Only one of the projections needs to be marked in which projections performed with two images on one image receptor (IR)? 1. Limb projections 2. Skull projections 3. Pelvis projections 4. Abdomen projections
1. Limb projections
What is the most likely cause of warping and rotational friction of the anode? 1. Long exposure time 2. Vaporization of the filament 3. Diaphragm in the tube housing 4. Absence of protective housing guards
1. Long exposure time
What is the use of an automatic collimation system? 1. Minimize patient dose 2. Minimize motion on images 3. Absorb energies of the x-ray beam 4. Control the penetrating ability of the x-ray beam
1. Minimize patient dose
Which is most important for the radiologic technologist to consider regarding a PSP system that utilizes a barcode system for patient information? 1. No part of the barcode should obstruct essential anatomy of the body part being imaged. 2. The information should be confirmed before and after the imaging study has been completed. 3. Information that generates the barcode must be entered correctly into the system before the barcode is developed; it cannot be changed after. 4. A barcode is only utilized as an extra form of organization; the facility must also include clearly labeled side markers and patient information tabs on all images.
1. No part of the barcode should obstruct essential anatomy of the body part being imaged.
What correctly describes the termination of exposure when electronic timers are used in x-ray tube circuits? 1. The exposure is terminated when the capacitor reaches a preprogrammed charge. 2. The current is monitored and the exposure is terminated when the intended mAs is achieved. 3. A shaft turns reduction gears and the exposure is terminated as the selected disk moves from the "on" to "off" switch. 4. The exposure is terminated when 1.5 times the set exposure time has been reached.
1. The exposure is terminated when the capacitor reaches a preprogrammed charge.
The marker is placed on the upper-outer corner of the image so as not to obscure thoracic anatomy in which projections? Select all that apply. 1. L limb 2. AP chest 3. PA chest 4. AP abdomen 5. Oblique chest
2,3,5
Which is true regarding partitioning in digital radiography? Select all that apply. 1. It helps reduce pixel malfunction. 2. It helps in proper separation of the images. 3. It results in proper collimation of the images. 4. It helps increase the contrast of multiple images on the imaging plate. 5. It helps in proper projection of multiple fields onto a single imaging plate.
2,3,5
Which statements are true about the circuit containing resistors in a parallel operation? Select all that apply. 1. The sum of the individual resistances gives the total resistance of the circuit. 2. The total circuit current is the sum of the currents through each circuit element. 3. The voltage across each circuit element is the same and is equal to the total circuit voltage. 4. The current through each circuit element is the same and is equal to the total circuit current. 5. The total resistance is the inverse of the sum of the reciprocals of each individual resistance.
2,3,5
Which rights do patients have regarding their medical record? Select all that apply. 1. The right to alter their medical record 2. The right to have access to their medical record 3. The right to request a copy of their medical record 4. The right to request ownership of their medical record 5. The right to request an amendment to their medical record 6. The right to request their medical record be released to an outside facility
2,3,5,6
Which are characteristics of tungsten? Select all that apply. 1. It easily pits. 2. It has a high melting point. 3. It has a high atomic number. 4. It has a high efficiency x-ray production. 5. It has a thermal conductivity less than copper.
2-4
The turns ratio of a filament transformer is 1/12. If the voltage supplied to the filament is 12 volts (V), what is the filament voltage? 1. 1 V 2. 144 V 3. 1/12 V 4. 1/144 V
2. 144 V
What is the total heat generated if six sequential skull films are exposed with a three-phase generator, operated at 75 kVp and 100 mAs? 1. 52,000 HU 2. 63,000 HU 3. 75,000 HU 4. 97,000 HU
2. 63,000 HU Per the formula for number of heat units/film is the product of the voltage and the milliampere-seconds (mAs), a correction factor of 1.4 must be used for a three phase generator. Therefore: Number of heat units/film= 1.4 X kilovoltage peak (kVp) X mAs = 1.4 X 75 kVp X 100 mAs = 10,500 heat units (HU) Total HU= 63,000 HU The total heat generated is 63,000 HU. According to the formula calculation of total heat generation, 52,000 HU, 75,000 HU, and 97,000 HU are incorrect.
Radiographic examination of the lateral lumbar spine with a single-phase imaging system requires 80 kilovolts peak (kVp) and 100 milliampere-seconds (mAs). How many heat units are generated by this exposure? 1. 7,000 HU 2. 8,000 HU 3. 10,000 HU 4. 13,000 HU
2. 8,000 HU (Per the formula: Number of heat units = kVp X mAs = 80 kVp ×100 mAs = 8,000 HU Per the calculation, 7,000 HU, 10,000 HU, and 13,000 HU are incorrect.)
What is the significance of the equalization postprocessing option? 1. Magnifying all the parts of the image 2. Altering the pixel values across the image 3. Making more prominent edges of structure 4. Reversing the dark and light pixel values of the image
2. Altering the pixel values across the image
Although most patient information is automatically added to digital images, information may be added to the image after processing through what process? 1. Footnoting 2. Annotation 3. Explanation 4. Interpretation
2. Annotation
Which type of power generators are used to produce the maximum quantity and quality of x-ray image? 1. Single phase generator 2. High-frequency generators 3. Three phase, six pulse generators 4. Three phase, twelve pulse generators
2. High-frequency generators
What is a histogram? 1. It is a plot between the number of blank rows and the number of blank columns. 2. It is a plot between frequencies of occurrence versus the digital value of each pixel. 3. It is a plot between the digital values of each pixel versus the number of blank pixels. 4. It is a plot between the digital values of each pixel versus the number of blank columns.
2. It is a plot between frequencies of occurrence versus the digital value of each pixel.
Which statement regarding a rotating anode is true? 1. It is used in podiatric imaging systems. 2. It is used in a general purpose x-ray tube. 3. It is used in dental x-ray imaging systems. 4. It is used when low tube current is required.
2. It is used in a general purpose x-ray tube.
Which association provides the guidelines to transfer a radiographic image to various DICOM-compatible display devices without altering its gray scale? 1. Video Electronics Standard Association (VESA) 2. National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) 3. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) 4. Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE)
2. National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA)
Which component of the x-ray imaging system would one use to control the exposure time and milliamperes (mA) during a radiographic examination? 1. Autotransformer 2. Operating console 3. Carbon fiber couches 4. High voltage generator
2. Operating console
What postprocessing technique would be used to reregister an image to correct for patient motion? 1. Image flip 2. Pixel shift 3. Subtraction 4. Image inversion
2. Pixel shift
The process of "annotating" a radiographic image is performed at which point? 1. Pre-processing 2. Post-processing 3. Prior to generating the image 4. During the radiographic exposure
2. Post-processing
Which is the application that will improve image contrast? 1. Image flip 2. Subtraction 3. Magnification 4. Edge enhancement
2. Subtraction
What is the function of the autotransformer? 1. Displaying the radiation waveform 2. Supplying a precise voltage to the filament circuit 3. Terminating the exposure after a prescribed time 4. Determining the number of electrons emitted by the filament
2. Supplying a precise voltage to the filament circuit
Why is cesium iodide used as a detector material in fluoroscopy? Select all that apply. 1. To prevent chemical fog 2. To reduce quantum mottle 3. To lower the patient's dose 4. To improve image resolution 5. To control scattering of radiation
3 & 4
A radiologic technologist demonstrates the functioning of an x-ray imaging system to a group of radiologic technologists. What statements does the radiologic technologist make during the demonstration? Select all that apply. 1. The net effect is to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. 2. The current is supplied to the rotating shaft to induce magnetic field. 3. The x-ray tubes use an induction motor consisting of a rotor and stators. 4. The electromagnets surrounding the rotor produce a changing magnetic field. 5. The induced current produced in the rotor windings generates a magnetic field.
3,4,5
Identification is absolutely vital in what type of studies? Select all that apply. 1. Trauma studies 2. Surgical studies 3. Follow-up studies 4. Medicolegal cases 5. Comparison studies 6. Mammographic studies
3-5
What is the purpose of preprocessing in digital radiography? Select all that apply. 1. It helps add text to the radiographic image. 2. It helps magnify the image for easy viewing. 3. It helps eliminate artifacts on the digital radiographs. 4. It helps improve the contrast of the radiographic image. 5. It helps providing a uniform response on the image receptor.
3-5
Which are characteristics of photostimulable phosphor (PSP) technology? Select all that apply. 1. It scans the plate with a high-energy laser beam. 2. It is extremely expensive, but uses a lower dose. 3. It erases the remaining electron traps by conditioning. 4. It stores the captured energy in the form of electron traps. 5. It produces a signal strength that represents the radiation exposure.
3-5
The power rating of an interventional radiology system using a high-voltage generator is 100 kilowatts (kW). What is the maximum current capacity of the radiology system when it is operated at a potential of 100 kilovoltage peak (kVp)? 1. 10 mA 2. 100 mA 3. 1000 mA 4. 10000 mA
3. 1000 mA
A radiographic room is supplied with a three phase, six pulse generator. What could be the percentage of voltage ripple in the power supply? 1. 1% 2. 4% 3. 14% 4. 100%
3. 14%
What is the power rating of aradiology system capable of 1500 mA current when operated at 100 kVp for 100 ms? 1. 100 kW 2. 120 kW 3. 150 kW 4. 180 kW
3. 150 kW
What is the function of indirect capture digital radiography (DR)? 1. Changing image brightness 2. Permitting primary radiation to pass 3. Absorbing x-rays and converting them into light 4. Converting incident x-ray energy into an electrical signal
3. Absorbing x-rays and converting them into light
Which material is used for filtration in diagnostic radiography? 1. Thorium 2. Rhenium 3. Aluminum 4. Cesium iodide
3. Aluminum
For limb projections where right and left sides are imaged side by side on one IR (eg, R and L, AP knees), how must the image be marked? 1. Left marker only 2. Right marker only 3. Both right and left markers 4. Right, left, anterior, and posterior markers
3. Both right and left markers
Of which type of study is patient identification most vital? 1. Trauma studies 2. Surgical studies 3. Comparison studies 4. Mammographic studies
3. Comparison studies
In what part of the equipment does the operator perform the selection of exposure factors such as milliampere-seconds (mAs) and kilovoltage peak (kVp)? 1. X-ray tube 2. Fluoroscope 3. Control console 4. Image receptor assembly
3. Control console
What is the purpose of image compression in digital radiography? 1. Easy detection 2. Easy processing 3. Easy file transfer 4. Easy identification of finer details
3. Easy file transfer
What postprocessing technique is useful and effective for identifying fractures and small, high-contrast tissues? 1. Highlighting 2. Region of interest 3. Edge enhancement 4. Pan, scroll, and zoom
3. Edge enhancement
The Radiology Information System (RIS), which is responsible for functions including message and mail utilities, calendar reporting, storage of text data, and financial accounting and planning, is the information management and database portion of what system? 1. HIS 2. EMR 3. PACS 4. DICOM
3. PACS
When fully implemented, what system allows not only the acquisition but also the interpretation and storage of each medical image in digital form without resorting to film (hard copy)? 1. RIS 2. EMR 3. PACS 4. DICOM
3. PACS
What is flat fielding used for? 1. Recognition of collimated borders 2. Changes contrast and brightness on the monitor 3. Preprocessing function equalizing each pixel response 4. Compensation for a dead pixel by assigning an estimated value to the area
3. Preprocessing function equalizing each pixel response
What is the characteristic of a single-phase generator? 1. The installation cost of a single-phase generator is greater than a three phase x-ray machine. 2. The x-ray beam intensity is greater for a single-phase generator than a high frequency generator. 3. The overall capacity is less for a single-phase generator as compared to a high frequency generator. 4. The technique charts for a single-phase generator and a three phase, twelve pulse generator are the same.
3. The overall capacity is less for a single-phase generator as compared to a high frequency generator.
For oblique projections that include the right and left sides of the body (spine, chest, and abdomen), which area is typically marked? 1. Left side only 2. Right side only 3. The side down/nearest the image receptor (IR) 4. The side up/furthest from the image receptor (IR)
3. The side down/nearest the image receptor (IR)
Which is the best explanation for not placing markers on an image electronically from the workstation, specifically when the patient is imaged in the prone position? 1. The marker is likely to become distorted in the image. 2. The marker is likely to cover the patient's identification. 3. There is an increased risk for error and potential legal implications. 4. Markers should only be placed on body parts when imaging in the prone position.
3. There is an increased risk for error and potential legal implications.
What is the use of a guard timer that is activated on every radiographic exposure? 1. To irradiate a patient continuously for an extensive period 2. To immediately terminate patient exposure to the radiation 3. To not allow excessive patient exposure due to equipment failure 4. To terminate the exposure after a duration of approximately 60 seconds
3. To not allow excessive patient exposure due to equipment failure
Which is the best explanation of the term "annotation" in regards to image identification? 1. When physical labels are affixed to printed images 2. When patient information is initially added to a digital image 3. When further information is added to an image after processing 4. When notes regarding the patient file are recorded by voice and later transcribed
3. When further information is added to an image after processing
What is the function of the area depicted [black arrow] in this indirect capture digital radiography thin-film transistor array? 8389802853 1. Determining resolution of digital images 2. Absorbing x-rays and converting them into light 3. Changing lightness and darkness of the image 4. Absorbing light and converting it into electronic charges
4. Absorbing light and converting it into electronic charges
What term in digital imaging is used to describe the process the computer uses to produce a uniform brightness and contrast regardless of the exposure? 1. Window level 2. Window width 3. Exposure latitude 4. Automatic rescaling
4. Automatic rescaling
What is the function of a cassette? 1. It converts images to a digital format. 2. It permits the acquisition of static images. 3. It permits the manipulation of the x-ray tube. 4. It holds the photostimulable phosphor imaging plate.
4. It holds the photostimulable phosphor imaging plate.
What is the ideal characteristic of a radiographic table? 1. It should reflect the x-ray beam. 2. It should absorb all the x-ray beams. 3. It should absorb low energy x-ray beams. 4. It should allow the x-ray beam to pass through.
4. It should allow the x-ray beam to pass through.
What should a radiographer do to prevent radiographic fog? 1. Use a larger focal spot 2. Increase the kilovolt peak 3. Select a smaller pixel size 4. Limit the size and shape of the primary beam
4. Limit the size and shape of the primary beam
While installing an x-ray machine in a hospital, the technician observes that the power voltage reads 231V at one time and 209V at another time. Which component corrects this variation? 1. Voltage rectifier 2. Autotransformer 3. Correction circuit 4. Line compensator
4. Line compensator
Quantitative radiology, which is finding application in bone mineral assay, calcified lung nodule detection, and renal stone identification, requires what process to determine the numeric value of pixels to help in diagnosis? 1. Pixel shift 2. Annotation 3. Magnification 4. Region of interest identification
4. Region of interest identification
What preprocessing technique would be used to correct for defective individual pixels or individual pixels that respond differently or not at all? 1. Lag correction 2. Noise correction 3. Window and level 4. Signal interpolation
4. Signal interpolation
Which timer makes use of a device that drives a shaft at precisely 60 revolutions per second (rps) as a timing mechanism? 1. mAs timer 2. Guard timer 3. Electronic timer 4. Synchronous timer
4. Synchronous timer (A synchronous drives a shaft at precisely 60 revolutions per second (rps). The mAs timer is a special kind of electronic timer and does not use a synchronous device. A guard timer is used to terminate radiation exposure at approximately 6 seconds. An electronic timer consists of complex circuitry based on the time used to charge a capacitor through variable resistance.)
