Communications ch 4-6

nonverbal communication

Behaviors, symbols, attributes, or objects whether intend or no intended to communicate messages with social meaning

facial management techniques

Control of facial muscles to conceal inappropriate or unacceptable responses

pendulum effect

Escalating conflict between two individuals or groups that results from their use of polar terms to describe and defend their perceptions of reality

jargon

Language used by certain groups or specific disciplines that may be technical or too specialized to be understood by the general population

slang

Language used by groups to keep the meaning of communication within the group. Slang words change frequently and are specific to specific regions or groups

Listening for enjoyment

Listening for pleasure, personal satisfaction, or appreciation

critical listening

Listening that judges the accuracy of the information presented, determines the reasonableness of its conclusions, and evaluates its presenter

Kinesics

Sometimes referred to as body language; any movement of the face or body that communicates a message

hearing

The passive physiological process in which sound is received by the ear

connotation

The subjective meaning of a work; what the word suggests because of feelings or associations it evokes

vocalics

The way we vocalize, or say, the words we speak

eye behavior

a category of kinesics and a subcategory of facial expressions that includes any movement or behavior of the eyes

listening

a cognitive activity that is defined as the active process of receiving, constructing meaning from, and responding to spoken or nonverbal messages

Low-context culture

a culture in which the meaning of the communication act is inferred from the messages being sent and not the location where communication occurs

high-context culture

a culture in which the meaning of the communication act is inferred from the situation or location

metaphor

a figure of speech that associates two things or ideas not commonly linked, as a means of description

dating

a form of indexing that sorts people, events, ideas, and objects- according to time

vocal pause

a hesitation, usually short in duration

bypassing

a misunderstanding that occurs between a sender and a receiver because of the symbolic nature of language

artifact

a personal ornament or possession that communicates information about a person

language

a structured system of sigs, sounds, gestures, or marks that are used and understood to express ideas and feelings among people within a community, nation, geographic area, or cultural tradition

concrete word

a symbol for a specific thing that can be pointed to or physically experienced

word

a symbol that stands for the object or concept that it names

indexing

a technique to reduce indiscrimination by identifying the specific persons, ideas, events, or objects a statement refers to

vividness

active, direct, and fresh language that brings a sense of excitement, urgency, and forcefulness to a message

saphir-whorf hypothesis

an explanation of how thought influences our reality and how our thought process is influenced by our language

silence

an extended period of time without sound

perception Checking

asking questions in order to see you if your interpretation is correct

understanding

assigning meaning to the stimuli that have been selected and attended to

facial expression

configuration of the face that can reflect, augment, contradict, or be unrelated to a speakers vocal delivery

descriptive feedback

describing to the sender what you perceived the message to mean

verbal immediacy

identifies and projects the speakers feelings and make the message more relent to the listener

style-switch

is a term that identifies when people from co-cultures speak the language of their own culture but switch to that of the dominant culture when needed and appropriate

sexist language

language that creates sexual stereotypes or implies that one gender is superior to another

gender-inclusive language

language that does not discriminate against males or females

listening for information

listening to gain comprehension

evaluative listening

listening to judge or analyze information

empathetic listening

listening to understand what another person is thinking and feeling

responding

overt verbal and nonverbal behavior by the listener, indicating to the speaker what has and has not been received

Perception

process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting information to give personal meaning to the communication we receive

deceiving

purposely misleading others by using nonverbal cues to create false impressions or to convey incorrect information

remembering

recalling something from stored memory; thinking of something again

grammar

rules that govern how words are put together to form phrases and sentences

Selection

sorting of one stimulus from another

oculesics

study of eye movement or eye behavior

muted group theory

suggests that under represented groups are not as free or as able as men to say what they mean, when and where they wish

haptics

tactile, or touch communication; one of the most basic forms of communication

proxemics

that study of the use of space and distance between individuals when they are communicating

critical thinking

the ability to analyze and asses information

doublespeak

the deliberate misuse of language to distort meaning

empathy

the intellectual identification with or vicarious experiencing of the feelings, thoughts, or attitudes of another

evaluating

the listener analyzes the evidence, sorts fact from opinion, determines the intent of the speaker, judges the accuracy of the speakers statements and conclusions, and judges the accuracy of his or her own decisions

territoriality

the need to identify certain areas of space as ones own

indiscrimination

the neglect of individual differences and overemphasis of similarities

denotation

the objective meaning of a word; the dictionary definition

interpreting

the process of understanding the meaning of the message from the speakers point of view and letting the speaker know that you understand

digital literacy

the set of attitudes, understanding, and skills needed to handle and communicate information and knowledge effectively, in a variety of media and formats

chronemics

the study of how people perceive, structure, and use time as communication

semantics

the study of meaning, or the association of words with ideas, feelings, and contexts

abstract word

the symbol for an idea, quality, or relationship

polarization

the tendency to view things in terms of extremes

linguistic determinism

the theory that language determines thought

Linguistic relativity

the theory that suggests that people from different language communities perceive the world differently

self-monitoring

the unwillingness to change behavior to fit situations, the awareness of effects on others, and the ability to regulate nonverbal cue and other factors to influence others impressions

substituting

the use if nonverbal cues in place of oral messages when speaking is impossible, undesirable, or inappropriate

euphemism

the use of an inoffensive or mild expression in place of one that might offend, cause embarrassment, or suggest something unpleasant

complementing

the use of nonverbal cues to complete, describe, or accent verbal cues

regulating

the use of nonverbal cues to control the flow of communication

repeating

the use of nonverbal cues to convey the same meaning as the verbal message

Functional approach

using more than one nonverbal message at a time to look for meaning

Repertoire

wide range of communication behaviors from which effective communicators make choices

idioms

words whose meanings cannot be understood according to ordinary usage