Communications ch 4-6
nonverbal communication
Behaviors, symbols, attributes, or objects whether intend or no intended to communicate messages with social meaning
facial management techniques
Control of facial muscles to conceal inappropriate or unacceptable responses
pendulum effect
Escalating conflict between two individuals or groups that results from their use of polar terms to describe and defend their perceptions of reality
jargon
Language used by certain groups or specific disciplines that may be technical or too specialized to be understood by the general population
slang
Language used by groups to keep the meaning of communication within the group. Slang words change frequently and are specific to specific regions or groups
Listening for enjoyment
Listening for pleasure, personal satisfaction, or appreciation
critical listening
Listening that judges the accuracy of the information presented, determines the reasonableness of its conclusions, and evaluates its presenter
Kinesics
Sometimes referred to as body language; any movement of the face or body that communicates a message
hearing
The passive physiological process in which sound is received by the ear
connotation
The subjective meaning of a work; what the word suggests because of feelings or associations it evokes
vocalics
The way we vocalize, or say, the words we speak
eye behavior
a category of kinesics and a subcategory of facial expressions that includes any movement or behavior of the eyes
listening
a cognitive activity that is defined as the active process of receiving, constructing meaning from, and responding to spoken or nonverbal messages
Low-context culture
a culture in which the meaning of the communication act is inferred from the messages being sent and not the location where communication occurs
high-context culture
a culture in which the meaning of the communication act is inferred from the situation or location
metaphor
a figure of speech that associates two things or ideas not commonly linked, as a means of description
dating
a form of indexing that sorts people, events, ideas, and objects- according to time
vocal pause
a hesitation, usually short in duration
bypassing
a misunderstanding that occurs between a sender and a receiver because of the symbolic nature of language
artifact
a personal ornament or possession that communicates information about a person
language
a structured system of sigs, sounds, gestures, or marks that are used and understood to express ideas and feelings among people within a community, nation, geographic area, or cultural tradition
concrete word
a symbol for a specific thing that can be pointed to or physically experienced
word
a symbol that stands for the object or concept that it names
indexing
a technique to reduce indiscrimination by identifying the specific persons, ideas, events, or objects a statement refers to
vividness
active, direct, and fresh language that brings a sense of excitement, urgency, and forcefulness to a message
saphir-whorf hypothesis
an explanation of how thought influences our reality and how our thought process is influenced by our language
silence
an extended period of time without sound
perception Checking
asking questions in order to see you if your interpretation is correct
understanding
assigning meaning to the stimuli that have been selected and attended to
facial expression
configuration of the face that can reflect, augment, contradict, or be unrelated to a speakers vocal delivery
descriptive feedback
describing to the sender what you perceived the message to mean
verbal immediacy
identifies and projects the speakers feelings and make the message more relent to the listener
style-switch
is a term that identifies when people from co-cultures speak the language of their own culture but switch to that of the dominant culture when needed and appropriate
sexist language
language that creates sexual stereotypes or implies that one gender is superior to another
gender-inclusive language
language that does not discriminate against males or females
listening for information
listening to gain comprehension
evaluative listening
listening to judge or analyze information
empathetic listening
listening to understand what another person is thinking and feeling
responding
overt verbal and nonverbal behavior by the listener, indicating to the speaker what has and has not been received
Perception
process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting information to give personal meaning to the communication we receive
deceiving
purposely misleading others by using nonverbal cues to create false impressions or to convey incorrect information
remembering
recalling something from stored memory; thinking of something again
grammar
rules that govern how words are put together to form phrases and sentences
Selection
sorting of one stimulus from another
oculesics
study of eye movement or eye behavior
muted group theory
suggests that under represented groups are not as free or as able as men to say what they mean, when and where they wish
haptics
tactile, or touch communication; one of the most basic forms of communication
proxemics
that study of the use of space and distance between individuals when they are communicating
critical thinking
the ability to analyze and asses information
doublespeak
the deliberate misuse of language to distort meaning
empathy
the intellectual identification with or vicarious experiencing of the feelings, thoughts, or attitudes of another
evaluating
the listener analyzes the evidence, sorts fact from opinion, determines the intent of the speaker, judges the accuracy of the speakers statements and conclusions, and judges the accuracy of his or her own decisions
territoriality
the need to identify certain areas of space as ones own
indiscrimination
the neglect of individual differences and overemphasis of similarities
denotation
the objective meaning of a word; the dictionary definition
interpreting
the process of understanding the meaning of the message from the speakers point of view and letting the speaker know that you understand
digital literacy
the set of attitudes, understanding, and skills needed to handle and communicate information and knowledge effectively, in a variety of media and formats
chronemics
the study of how people perceive, structure, and use time as communication
semantics
the study of meaning, or the association of words with ideas, feelings, and contexts
abstract word
the symbol for an idea, quality, or relationship
polarization
the tendency to view things in terms of extremes
linguistic determinism
the theory that language determines thought
Linguistic relativity
the theory that suggests that people from different language communities perceive the world differently
self-monitoring
the unwillingness to change behavior to fit situations, the awareness of effects on others, and the ability to regulate nonverbal cue and other factors to influence others impressions
substituting
the use if nonverbal cues in place of oral messages when speaking is impossible, undesirable, or inappropriate
euphemism
the use of an inoffensive or mild expression in place of one that might offend, cause embarrassment, or suggest something unpleasant
complementing
the use of nonverbal cues to complete, describe, or accent verbal cues
regulating
the use of nonverbal cues to control the flow of communication
repeating
the use of nonverbal cues to convey the same meaning as the verbal message
Functional approach
using more than one nonverbal message at a time to look for meaning
Repertoire
wide range of communication behaviors from which effective communicators make choices
idioms
words whose meanings cannot be understood according to ordinary usage