Image Identification, Imaging Equipment, Image Processing and Display EL
Which part of the radiographic system does a radiographer use to adjust the electrical energy that enters the x-ray tube? 1. Cassette 2. Collimator 3. Image receptor 4. Control console
.4. Control console
Which is the most important marker for limb projections? Select all that apply. 1. R 2. L 3. PA 4. AP 5. RPO 6. LPO
1 & 2
What are other terms for contrast resolution? Select all that apply. 1. Grayscale 2. Contrast-detail 3. Dynamic range 4. Exposure range 5. Screen-film imaging
1 & 3
What is the function of the thin-film transistor (TFT) array? Select all that apply. 1. Isolating each pixel element 2. Capturing the image for recording 3. Determining resolution of digital images 4. Sending electrical charges to the image processor 5. Controlling the total quantity of x-ray photons produced
1 & 4
Which are characteristic features of an active matrix liquid crystal display (AMLCD)? Select all that apply. 1. Flat display surface 2. Modulation of light 3. Veiling glare distortion 4. Curved display surface 5. Pixel cross-talk distortion
1,2,5
Which materials are used in a flat panel detector? Select all that apply. 1. Selenium 2. Aluminum 3. Pyrex Glass 4. Cesium iodide 5. Amorphous silicon
1,4,5
Which components are present in all general radiographic systems? Select all that apply. 1. Control console 2. Radiographic table 3. Collimator assembly 4. Overhead tubecrane 5. Photostimulable phosphor plate
1-3
What information should be included on all radiographs? Select all that apply. 1. Patient name 2. Date of exam 3. Institution identity 4. Right or left marker 5. Patient date of birth 6. Type of exam being displayed
1-4
Which are features of radiographic tables? Select all that apply. 1. Electric locks on table-top motions 2. Vertical and horizontal movements 3. Four-way "floating" table-top mobility 4. Motorized, variable-height adjustment 5. Table-top materials that are high in x-ray attenuation
1-4
What is the frequency range of a large silicon-controlled rectifier? 1. 1-10 kHz 2. 11-100 kHz 3. Less than 1 kHz 4. More than 100 kHz
1. 1-10 kHz
Which pixel arrangement is associated with the highest resolution monitor? 1. 2000 x 2500 2. 1000 x 1000 3. 1200 x 1800 4. 1500 x 2000
1. 2000 x 2500
What is the acceptable lossless compression for a digital radiographic image? 1. 3:1 2. 5:1 3. 10:1 4. 15:1
1. 3:1
What is the minimum number of identification markings that a radiograph must contain? 1. 2 2. 4 3. 5 4. 6
2. 4
How much voltage ripple is produced by three-phase, twelve-pulse power? 1. 0.9% 2. 4.0% 3. 14.0% 4. 100.0%
2. 4.0%
For what period of time should radiology records, report copies and printouts, films, scans, and other image records of adult patients be retained? 1. 3 years 2. 5 years 3. 7 years 4. 10 years
2. 5 years
A radiographic room is supplied with a three phase, six pulse generator. What could be the percentage of voltage ripple in the power supply? 1. 1% 2. 4% 3. 14% 4. 100%
3. 14%
How does digital radiography create a radiographic image? 1. It converts silver ions into atomic silver. 2. It maintains uniform brightness and contrast. 3. It converts x-ray energy into a digital electronic signal. 4. It captures the image on a photostimulable phosphor.
3. It converts x-ray energy into a digital electronic signal.
Which component measures the voltage provided to the x-ray imaging system? 1. Guard timer 2. Autotransformer 3. Line compensator 4. Carbon fiber couches
3. Line compensator
The lower jaw and associated teeth are radiographed in a patient complaining of a toothache. Which post-processing technique is useful for improving the visibility of the minutest roots of the teeth? 1. Subtraction 2. Partitioning 3. Magnification 4. Region of interest
3. Magnification
Which process helps to improve the visibility of a digital image? 1. Pixel shift 2. Image flip 3. Magnification 4. Window and level
3. Magnification
What is the formula for the turns ratio of a transformer used in an x-ray imaging system? 1. Is/Ip 2. Vp/Vs 3. Ns/Np 4. Np/Ns
3. Ns/Np
In which location is the marker best placed for anteroposterior (AP), posteroanterior (PA), or oblique chest projections? 1. On the patient's left side 2. On the patient's right side 3. On the upper-outer corner of the image 4. On the side down/nearest the image receptor (IR)
3. On the upper-outer corner of the image
What does computed radiography use as its image receptor? 1. Radiographic film 2. Rare-earth screen 3. Photostimulable phosphor plate 4. Direct conversion hard-wired plate
3. Photostimulable phosphor plate
Which material is used for the enclosure of the x-ray tube? 1. Rhenium 2. Aluminum 3. Pyrex glass 4. Cesium iodide
3. Pyrex glass
What is used in quantitative radiography for detection of some pathology types? 1. Highlighting 2. Edge enhancement 3. Region of interest (ROI) 4. Volume of interest (VOI)
3. Region of interest (ROI)
Although the radiographer associates the patient's identification and other data with each radiograph via the computer workstation, which image markers should still be physically placed on the image receptor (IR)? 1. Upright markers 2. Prone/supine markers 3. Right and left side markers 4. Anterior/posterior markers
3. Right and left side markers
Medicolegal requirements mandate that what piece of information is displayed on the image? 1. Patient name 2. Institution identity 3. Right or left marker 4. Patient date of birth
3. Right or left marker
Which accrediting agency sets the guidelines for medical record documentation? 1. The Joint Commission 2. The American Medical Association 3. The Healthcare Facilities Accreditation Program 4. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services
3. The Healthcare Facilities Accreditation Program
What is the characteristic of a single-phase generator? 1. The installation cost of a single-phase generator is greater than a three phase x-ray machine. 2. The x-ray beam intensity is greater for a single-phase generator than a high frequency generator. 3. The overall capacity is less for a single-phase generator as compared to a high frequency generator. 4. The technique charts for a single-phase generator and a three phase, twelve pulse generator are the same.
3. The overall capacity is less for a single-phase generator as compared to a high frequency generator.
Which is most accurate regarding proper workflow of a radiologic technologist regarding patient identification? 1. The radiologic technologist only adds patient information on the side marker of an image series. 2. The radiologic technologist should add the patient's name and insurance provider into the image receptor first. 3. The radiologist technologist should get into the habit of rechecking patient information on the side marker before adding it to the image receptor. 4. The radiologic technologist does not need to physically place patient information on the image receptor if the facility fully utilizes digital systems.
3. The radiologist technologist should get into the habit of rechecking patient information on the side marker before adding it to the image receptor.
Which is true when using photostimulable phosphor technology (PSP)? 1. The image-receptor material is amorphous silicon. 2. The PSP plate is removed by the radiographer for chemical processing. 3. The x-ray exposure is contained in "electron traps" in the phosphor layer. 4. Lengthy postexposure delays in plate processing will have little or no effect upon final image quality.
3. The x-ray exposure is contained in "electron traps" in the phosphor layer.
Which is true regarding the radiology facility's responsibility for retaining adult patients' imaging and radiology records? 1. They must be retained until handed off to another health-care provider. 2. They must be retained for at least 2 years after the last imaging procedure. 3. They must be retained for 5 years from the date that the patient is last seen by the facility. 4. They must be retained in physical storage for 3 years, and then moved to digital storage permanently.
3. They must be retained for 5 years from the date that the patient is last seen by the facility.
What is the role of positive beam limitation (PBL)? 1. To produce x-rays during radiography 2. To permit primary radiation to pass by reducing scatter radiation 3. To ensure the x-ray exposure field is no larger than the receptor size 4. To permit the acquisition of static images in a fluoroscopic examination
3. To ensure the x-ray exposure field is no larger than the receptor size
What effect is observed in a digital radiographic image after window and level adjustment? 1. Amplified image contrast 2. Compressed file size of the image 3. Reduced radiation fog on the image 4. Increased spatial resolution
1. Amplified image contrast
What should a radiologic technologist do when the optical path of the computed radiography imaging system is dirty due to dust? 1. Call a professional service. 2. Clean the imaging system from outside. 3. Open the imaging system and clean the separate parts. 4. Edit the unintended visual of dirt on the radiograph through software.
1. Call a professional service.
A radiologic technologist is viewing images taken from a fluoroscopy study, and notes that pertinent information is missing from the images. Which piece of information, if missing, indicates that an error has been made? 1. Date of exam 2. Insurance provider 3. Patient date of birth 4. Type of exam being displayed
1. Date of exam
Which circuit element allows electrons to flow only in one direction? 1. Diode 2. Battery 3. Capacitor 4. Transformer
1. Diode
Placing the marker in which location is contraindicated because the marker is likely to be distorted on the image? 1. Directly on the body part 2. Outside of any lead shielding 3. On the upper outer corner of the image 4. Within the edge of the collimated X-ray beam
1. Directly on the body part
What is the use of an automatic collimation system? 1. Minimize patient dose 2. Minimize motion on images 3. Absorb energies of the x-ray beam 4. Control the penetrating ability of the x-ray beam
1. Minimize patient dose
What organization requires the health record to contain sufficient information to identify the patient, support the diagnoses, justify the treatment, document the course and the results, and facilitate continuity of care? 1. The Joint Commission 2. The American Medical Association 3. The American Hospital Association 4. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services
1. The Joint Commission
Which preprocessing procedure converts an undesired effect, shown in image A, into a corrected form, as shown in image B? 8389792348 1. Flatfielding 2. Interpolation 3. Voltage correction 4. Application of offset voltage
1. Flatfielding
____________ spatial frequency indicates better spatial resolution, which is good to show _____________ objects. 1. Higher; smaller 2. Lower; smaller 3. Lower; larger 4. Higher; larger
1. Higher; smaller
What is the name of the preprocess that occurs to correct for dead pixels? 1. Interpolation 2. Flat fielding 3. Offset voltage 4. Signal suppression
1. Interpolation
What is the function of a retractable tape measure? 1. It measures the source-to-image distance. 2. It controls the size and shape of the x-ray field. 3. It holds the photostimulable phosphor imaging plate. 4. It connects the digital detector and the x-ray generator.
1. It measures the source-to-image distance.
Anatomic markers are placed directly on the image receptor or tabletop and are typically made of what material? 1. Lead 2. Plastic 3. Rubber 4. Tungsten
1. Lead
Only one of the projections needs to be marked in which projections performed with two images on one image receptor (IR)? 1. Limb projections 2. Skull projections 3. Pelvis projections 4. Abdomen projections
1. Limb projections
Placing markers on the image electronically from the workstation is not recommended because of the great potential for error and legal implications. This is especially true when patients are examined in what position? 1. Prone 2. Supine 3. Upright 4. Lateral
1. Prone
Which provides the optimal viewing conditions for a radiographic study? 1. Radiologist interpretation room 2. Quality control (QC) workstation 3. Technologist viewing station in the radiographic room 4. Remote workstation located in the emergency department
1. Radiologist interpretation room
Which post-processing option is used to reduce the display of noise in an image? 1. Smoothing 2. Subtraction 3. Window width 4. Image reversal
1. Smoothing
What is the most common position of an x-ray tube in fluoroscopic equipment? 1. Under the examination table 2. On an overhead movable crane 3. At an angle of 90 degrees to the foot side 4. At an angle of 30 degrees to the head side
1. Under the examination table
Although most patient information is automatically added to digital images, information may be added to the image after processing through what process? 1. Footnoting 2. Annotation 3. Explanation 4. Interpretation
2. Annotation
In addition to patient identification, what process is often helpful in informing the clinician about anatomy and exam information? 1. Flatfielding 2. Annotation 3. Window and level 4. Region of interest
2. Annotation
What are the primary components of the x-ray tube? 1. Diode and triode 2. Anode and cathode 3. Anode bearings and rotor 4. The high-voltage cables and tube support mechanism
2. Anode and cathode
What is the function of window width? 1. Decreasing fog 2. Controlling contrast 3. Decreasing penumbra 4. Controlling image brightness
2. Controlling contrast
The figure shows the unrectified voltage and current waveforms at the secondary side of the high-voltage step-up transformer. What does the arrow indicate? 8389805429 1. Voltage waveform 2. Current waveform 3. Positive portion of direct current (DC) waveform 4. Negative portion of alternate current (AC) waveform
2. Current waveform
What is a standard method of data storage that was developed by ACR and NEMA? 1. PACS 2. DICOM 3. RAM 4. RAID
2. DICOM
Which term is used to describe the random scattering of light on a digital display device? 1. Display noise 2. Diffuse reflection 3. Specular reflection 4. Geometric Distortion
2. Diffuse reflection
Which contains information regarding patient identity, diagnoses support, treatment justification, and any additional information regarding continuation of care or treatment? 1. Side marker 2. Health record 3. PSP cassette barcode 4. Patient information label
2. Health record
Which type of power generators are used to produce the maximum quantity and quality of x-ray image? 1. Single phase generator 2. High-frequency generators 3. Three phase, six pulse generators 4. Three phase, twelve pulse generators
2. High-frequency generators
What is a histogram? 1. It is a plot between the number of blank rows and the number of blank columns. 2. It is a plot between frequencies of occurrence versus the digital value of each pixel. 3. It is a plot between the digital values of each pixel versus the number of blank pixels. 4. It is a plot between the digital values of each pixel versus the number of blank columns.
2. It is a plot between frequencies of occurrence versus the digital value of each pixel.
Which statement regarding a rotating anode is true? 1. It is used in podiatric imaging systems. 2. It is used in a general purpose x-ray tube. 3. It is used in dental x-ray imaging systems. 4. It is used when low tube current is required.
2. It is used in a general purpose x-ray tube.
Which association provides the guidelines to transfer a radiographic image to various DICOM-compatible display devices without altering its gray scale? 1. Video Electronics Standard Association (VESA) 2. National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) 3. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) 4. Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE)
2. National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA)
The process of "annotating" a radiographic image is performed at which point? 1. Pre-processing 2. Post-processing 3. Prior to generating the image 4. During the radiographic exposure
2. Post-processing
Which component of the x-ray tube reduces the intensity of leakage radiation? 1. Metal enclosure 2. Protective housing 3. X-ray tube filament 4. Electromagnetic induction motor
2. Protective housing
What is the best thing a radiologic technologist can do in the event that an imaging plate is substantially scratched? 1. Clean the imaging plate. 2. Replace the imaging plate. 3. Use a grid with the imaging plate. 4. Use the imaging plate only for imaging soft tissue.
2. Replace the imaging plate.
For anteroposterior (AP) and posteroanterior (PA) projections that include the right and left sides of the body (head spine, chest, abdomen, and pelvis), which marker(s) are typically used? 1. Left marker only 2. Right marker only 3. Both right and left markers 4. Right, left, anterior, and posterior markers
2. Right marker only
What mechanism allows the radiographic technologist to make minor adjustments to the position of a ceiling-supported x-ray tube? 1. C-arm 2. Single-control lock system 3. Floor-to-ceiling support system 4. Cone extension to the x-ray tube
2. Single-control lock system
Which position is suitable for the best viewing of a radiographic image without reduction in the contrast? 1. Far from the device 2. Straight towards the device 3. Towards the left side of the device 4. Towards the right side of the device
2. Straight towards the device
What is the function of the autotransformer? 1. Displaying the radiation waveform 2. Supplying a precise voltage to the filament circuit 3. Terminating the exposure after a prescribed time 4. Determining the number of electrons emitted by the filament
2. Supplying a precise voltage to the filament circuit
What are the characteristics of a fluoroscopic examination table? 1. The table should be nontransparent to x-rays as much as possible. 2. The table may be flat or curved, but it must be uniform in thickness. 3. The table should be made of carbon fiber to absorb all x-ray radiation. 4. The table should have multiple openings beneath it to absorb radiation.
2. The table may be flat or curved, but it must be uniform in thickness.
What is the function of indirect capture digital radiography (DR)? 1. Changing image brightness 2. Permitting primary radiation to pass 3. Absorbing x-rays and converting them into light 4. Converting incident x-ray energy into an electrical signal
3. Absorbing x-rays and converting them into light
For limb projections where right and left sides are imaged side by side on one IR (eg, R and L, AP knees), how must the image be marked? 1. Left marker only 2. Right marker only 3. Both right and left markers 4. Right, left, anterior, and posterior markers
3. Both right and left markers
Of which type of study is patient identification most vital? 1. Trauma studies 2. Surgical studies 3. Comparison studies 4. Mammographic studies
3. Comparison studies
In what part of the equipment does the operator perform the selection of exposure factors such as milliampere-seconds (mAs) and kilovoltage peak (kVp)? 1. X-ray tube 2. Fluoroscope 3. Control console 4. Image receptor assembly
3. Control console
What is the purpose of image compression in digital radiography? 1. Easy detection 2. Easy processing 3. Easy file transfer 4. Easy identification of finer details
3. Easy file transfer
An x-ray image shows the presence of dark and bright areas upon exposure to raw x-ray beams. Which process helps correct this defect in the radiographic image? 1. Pixel shift 2. Image flip 3. Flat fielding 4. Voltage correction
3. Flat fielding
All radiographs must be permanently identified and should contain a minimum of how many identification markings? 1. Two 2. Three 3. Four 4. Five
3. Four
Which component maintains a vacuum inside the x-ray tube? 1. Filament 2. Focusing cup 3. Glass enclosure 4. Electromagnetic induction motor
3. Glass enclosure
Which type of generator has a percentage ripple of less than 1? 1. Full wave 2. Half wave 3. High frequency 4. 3 phase, 6 pulse
3. High frequency
What is the function of the photostimulable phosphor detector? 1. It improves spatial resolution. 2. It converts x-rays to electrical signals. 3. It captures the energy of the remnant beam. 4. It controls the penetrating ability of the beam.
3. It captures the energy of the remnant beam.
The radiologic technologist can change how many shades of gray are visible by using what postprocessing technique? 1. Flatfielding 2. Annotation 3. Window and level 4. Region of interest
3. Window and level
Which process helps to increase the gray scale visibility of a radiographic image? 1. Image flip 2. Annotation 3. Window and level adjustment 4. Region of interest (ROI) identification
3. Window and level adjustment
What are the functions of the anode? Select all that apply. 1. Reducing off-focus radiation 2. Protecting the x-ray tube from damage 3. Reducing the intensity of leakage radiation 4. Receiving electrons emitted by the cathode 5. Providing mechanical support for the target
4 & 5
What is the function of the area depicted [black arrow] in this indirect capture digital radiography thin-film transistor array? 8389802853 1. Determining resolution of digital images 2. Absorbing x-rays and converting them into light 3. Changing lightness and darkness of the image 4. Absorbing light and converting it into electronic charges
4. Absorbing light and converting it into electronic charges
Which component controls the size and shape of the x-ray exposure field? 1. Anode 2. Goniometer 3. X-ray tube housing 4. Collimator assembly
4. Collimator assembly
To ensure adaptability among different imaging systems, the American College of Radiology (ACR), in cooperation with the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA), has produced what standard imaging and interface format? 1. RIS 2. EMR 3. PACS 4. DICOM
4. DICOM
Which postprocessing technique helps provide the best view of a hairline fracture that is very thin? 1. Pixel shift 2. Highlighting 3. Region of interest 4. Edge enhancement
4. Edge enhancement
Which of these is the activator for barium fluorochloride phosphor? 1. Lead 2. Silver 3. Thulium 4. Europium
4. Europium
What is the reason for damage to the rotor assembly bearings? 1. Effect of space charge 2. Activation of the micro switch 3. Vaporization of the filament 4. Excessive heating of the anode
4. Excessive heating of the anode
The regulations set forth by which piece of legislation mandate both security of information and privacy of patient information? 1. Mammography Quality Standards Act 2. Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act 3. Emergency Treatment and Active Labor Act 4. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
4. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
A radiologic technologist finds it difficult to identify a patient's disease after seeing the radiographic film, which shows the bones as white in color. Which process helps the radiologic technologist change the color of the bones to black in the radiographic image? 1. Image flip 2. Pixel shift 3. Annotation 4. Image inversion
4. Image inversion
Aperture ratio is a measure of what characteristic of liquid crystal displays (LCDs)? 1. Image contrast 2. Image resolution 3. Image uniformity 4. Image luminance
4. Image luminance
Which component of the radiographic system absorbs x-rays and converts them into light? 1. Grid 2. Image receptor 3. Direct capture detector 4. Indirect capture detector
4. Indirect capture detector
What is the subtraction technique? 1. It is a technique that produces higher quality computer-enhanced images. 2. It is the ability of the system to magnify an image for better visualization of the structures. 3. It is a method of image display in which a specific fluoro image is held on the screen in combination with continuous fluoroscopy. 4. It is a technique in which an initial image recorded during continuous fluoroscopy is subtracted from all the other images produced.
4. It is a technique in which an initial image recorded during continuous fluoroscopy is subtracted from all the other images produced.
What is the ideal characteristic of a radiographic table? 1. It should reflect the x-ray beam. 2. It should absorb all the x-ray beams. 3. It should absorb low energy x-ray beams. 4. It should allow the x-ray beam to pass through.
4. It should allow the x-ray beam to pass through.
For decubitus positions of the chest and abdomen, where should the markers be placed? 1. Always on the right side 2. On the upper outer corner of the image 3. On the side down (the side laid on) and toward the anatomy of interest 4. On the side up (opposite the side laid on) and away from the anatomy of interest
4. On the side up (opposite the side laid on) and away from the anatomy of interest
Which term refers to the images in which dynamic patient motion is visualized instantly as fluoroscopic imaging occurs? 1. Fog 2. Umbra 3. Latent image 4. Real-time image
4. Real-time image
Pivoting the x-ray tube assembly at the point at which it is attached to its transverse support is called what? 1. Coning 2. Collimation 3. Vertical travel 4. Tube angulation
4. Tube angulation
What component supports and permits the x-ray tube to be moved in different directions? 1. Collimator assembly 2. Upright image receptor 3. Bucky mechanism and cassette tray 4. Tube stand or overhead tube crane assembly
4. Tube stand or overhead tube crane assembly
When the correct right or left marker is used for anteroposterior (AP) limb projections, where should the marker be placed? 1. Anterior to the anatomy 2. Posterior to the anatomy 3. On the upper outer corner of the image 4. Within the edge of the collimated X-ray beam
4. Within the edge of the collimated X-ray beam