immune system
Which one of the following is NOT true of the constant (C) regions of antibodies?
The constant regions form an antigen-binding site.
What is the best graft to have so as to avoid rejection of a transplanted tissue?
an autograft
Due to a recent respiratory illness from a viral infection , Jennifer has now developed ________.
naturally acquired active immunity
How do plasma cells assist with humoral immunity?
plasma cells secrete highly-specific antibodies
What is the body's first line of defense against the invasion of disease-causing microorganisms?
skin and mucous membranes
For which of the following would a vaccine NOT be suitable?
snake bites
Where do B cells develop immunocompetence?
bone marrow
Hannah has an auto-immune disease in which the beta cells of the pancreas are destroyed. As a result, she does not make enough insulin. What disease does she have?
type I diabetes mellitus
A(n) ________ is any substance capable of mobilizing our immune system and provoking an immune response.
antigen
Which of the following is NOT one of the four most common indicators of the inflammatory response?
chills
Which portion of the antibody's structure determines the antibody's class?
constant region
Which of the following are harmful or disease-causing microorganisms from which nonspecific defenses protect the body?
pathogens
What are T lymphocytes (T cells) and B lymphocytes (B cells) self-tolerant of?
the body's own cells
What does fever accomplish?
Fever inhibits bacteria reproduction and speeds the repair process.
Which statement is true of antibody IgE?
IgE is involved in allergies.
Which abundant antibody is the only one to cross the placental barrier?
IgG
Antigen presentation is essential for the activation and clonal selection of ________.
T cells
Which statement regarding the role of T lymphocytes (T cells) is true?
T lymphocytes (T cells) constitute the cell-mediated arm of the adaptive defenses.
Which of the following is NOT applicable to the third line of defense?
The injection of serum containing antibodies will always provide immunity against disease.
Redness, heat, swelling, and pain are the four most common indicators of ________.
acute inflammation
Which antibody-antigen interaction results when a foreign blood type is transfused and clumped?
agglutination
Which one of the following is NOT an autoimmune disease?
allergic contact dermatitis
Systemic (body-wide) acute allergic response caused by allergens that directly enter the blood, as with certain bee stings or spider bites, is called ________.
anaphylactic shock
Humoral immunity is provided by ________.
antibodies
Which one of the following is NOT one of the nonspecific body defenses?
antibody production
Which of the following is often used to treat allergies?
antihistamines
Membrane attack complexes (MAC) form holes in attacked cells causing them to burst; this is a result of ________.
complement fixation
The binding of complement proteins to certain sugar or proteins on a foreign cell's surface is called ________.
complement fixation
What is the chief way the body responds to cellular antigens, such as bacteria or mismatched red blood cells?
complement fixation
What type of cell specializes in killing virus-infected, cancer, or foreign graft cells directly?
cytotoxic T cells
Allergic contact dermatitis following skin contact with poison ivy would normally lead to ________.
delayed hypersensitivity
The process by which neutrophils are squeezed through the capillary walls during the inflammatory process is called ________.
diapedesis
What are troublesome small molecules or incomplete antigens that may mount an attack that is harmful rather than protective called?
haptens
AIDS cripples the immune system by interfering with the activity of cells called ________.
helper T cells
What type of T cell releases cytokines to indirectly rid the body of antigens?
helper T cells
T cells or B cells that are capable of responding to a specific antigen by binding to it with antigen-specific receptors that appear on the lymphocyte's surface are considered ________.
immunocompetent
The specific foreign substances that an individual's immune system has the ability to recognize and resist are determined by ________.
individual genetic makeup
What inhibits viruses from entering and attacking healthy cells?
interferons
What small proteins are secreted by virus-infected cells to help defend cells that have not yet been infected?
interferons
The adaptive (specific) defense system ________.
issues an attack specific to particular foreign substances
What mediates the adaptive defense system (specific defense system)?
lymphocytes
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) present fragments of cells so they can be recognized by ________.
macrophages
The process by which antibodies bind to specific sites on bacterial exotoxins (toxic chemicals secreted by bacteria) to block their harmful effects is called ________.
neutralization
Antibodies provided by serum from an immune donor or an animal donor do not challenge the B cells and thus provide ________.
passive immunity
Large antigen-antibody complexes can become insoluble and settle out of solution, a reaction called ________.
precipiation
Which of the following substances is NOT likely to trigger the immune response?
self-antigens
The inflammatory process begins with release of chemicals, which do all of the following EXCEPT ________.
stimulate the release of lysozyme
Which of the following best describes positive chemotaxis?
the movement of cells toward a high concentration of signaling molecules
Active immunity to tetanus, whooping cough, and polio can be artificially acquired when we receive ________.
vaccines
What is the region of the antibody that varies from antibody to antibody?
variable or V region
Which of the following is NOT a cell that behaves as an antigen-presenting cell (APC)?
virus
What are tissue grafts harvested from a different animal species called?
xenografts
